Yang Zengxin: Loyal to Xinjiang and Finally Xinjiang (on the composite version)
Du Xuewei
introduction
In 1924, Yang Zengxin, the overseer and governor of Xinjiang for thirteen years, said in a telegram to Yang Yinghuan, the eldest daughter of Beijing: "Zengxin is old, born into the Yumen Pass, and death is unknown." I should be loyal to Xinjiang, and finally Xinjiang! There was a wisp of helplessness and a wisp of sadness in his words.
Before he could think, Yang Zengxin's words became a slur. Four years later, on July 7, 1928, at a luncheon after attending the first student graduation ceremony held by the Xinjiang Russian Law and Politics School, he was suddenly shot, shot seven times, and died of blood. At this point, Yang Zengxin, who had protected the border and the people and ruled Xinjiang for 17 years, was martyred in an instant, at the age of 64.
Hexi Corridor
One. Reputation in River State
Yang Zengxin (1864--1928) was born in the third year of Qing Tongzhi (1864) in Mobie Village, Mengzi, Yunnan. His ancestors were shangyuan people from Jiangsu (present-day Nanjing), and later went to Yunnan to become officials, so he brought his family to Yunnan. The Yang family first settled in Jianshui County, Yunnan, and later moved to Mengzi County, Yunnan. His father's name was Ji Yuan, xiaoting, and his mother's surname was Yin. Yang Zengxin has a total of three brothers, and he ranks second. His elder brother Yang Zengling (杨增龄), who was raised in the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1873), was later appointed as Xuezheng of Xuanwei Prefecture; his younger brother Yang Zengbing, graduated from xiangxue, and later served as an alternate Dao of Sichuan and a member of the Senate. Yang Zengxin's brother and brother both died successively. Yang Zengxin is "young and extremely intelligent, highly talented, Zhuo Has great ambitions, and is tested by Chinese students.". In the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888), when Yang Zengxin was 24 years old, he participated in the Yunnan Township Examination, and the next year he went to Beijing to participate in the examination, and was the twenty-seventh soldier of the Second Division. "Because of the cold and miserable family situation, he requested to be released and sent to Gansu."
Before taking office in Gansu, Yang Zengxin returned to his hometown in Yunnan and then went to Gansu to take office. Because his family was poor and had no travel expenses, he could not afford to hire a car from Yunnan to Lanzhou, but hired a donkey to carry simple luggage to his post. He led the donkey, "The wife rode on it, and thus walked through Sichuan to Tianshui." "While resting in front of the Tianshui Taxation Bureau, I met an old man who sent him a travel fee, and he was able to take a stagecoach to Lanzhou. Soon after arriving in Lanzhou, Yang Zengxin was appointed governor of Weiyuan County, and was actually responsible for the work of Pingyuan County. But before he could take office, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out, and Yang Zengxin was transferred to Qinwang by the Ningxia general Zhong Tai.
Therefore, since the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889), Yang Zengxin first entered the career and successively served as the governor of Weiyuan, Tianshui, and Zhongwei County, although he did not hold office for a long time, he showed Yang Zengxin's outstanding wisdom and talent in governance.
During this period, Yang Zengxin's father died, and he returned to his hometown for 27 months. During the period of Ding Worry, Yang Zengxin carried a small basket to the market to buy vegetables, just like a rural pastoral life.
Mobie Village under lion mountain
Transformed from Yang Zengxin's former residence, "Watching the Tianshan Mountain: Yang Zengxin Deeds Exhibition Hall"
In the nineteenth year of Guangxu (1894), Yang Zengxin returned to Lanzhou after returning to Lanzhou after the expiration of his period of worry. According to the "Seventy Years of Storms in Xinjiang", the Ningxia general Zhong Tai was ordered to recruit the king of qin, and he knew that Yang Zengxin was shrewd and capable, so he put him in charge of the battalion affairs of the whole army and managed a battalion. Yang Zengxin trained soldiers during the day, and at night he also had to pick up lights and fight at night, sorting out and writing documents. "The verdict is like a stream, and Zhong Da laizhi." Later, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War ended with the Qing court signing the Treaty of Maguan, which humiliated the country. After the end of the war, Yang Zengxin also led his troops back to Lanzhou and served as the governor of Zhongwei County.
For Yang Zengxin, who has just entered the career path, it is necessary to deal with the ethnic, religious, and sectarian issues left over from the "Hehuang Incident" in a timely, decisive, and prudent manner, so that society can settle down as soon as possible. In a very short period of time, Yang Zengxin solved the very difficult sectarian dispute problem in Zhongwei County, and the social order soon settled down. The remarkable changes in Zhongwei County soon attracted the attention and weight of Tao Mo, the former governor of Xinjiang and later promoted to the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. Naturally, this is indispensable to the strong sponsorship of ningxia general Zhong Tai. As a result, Yang Zengxin was soon promoted to the position of governor of the battalion.
Yang Zengxin believes that the economic backwardness and sectarian disputes in Zhongwei County are all due to the backwardness of culture. Cultural backwardness is also due to the backwardness of education, the ignorance of the people, and the lack of wisdom of the people, and the fundamental reason is still the backwardness of education. Therefore, Yang Zengxin held several positions, set up a college, and taught the children of local Hui and Han gentry to enroll. For a time, Zhongwei County respected teachers and re-taught and established education.
In the twenty-second year of Guangxu (1896), the viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu abolished Zhongwei County, which was deeply affected by the "Hehuang Incident", and Yang Zengxin returned to the provincial capital and was immediately promoted to the prefect of Hezhou.
At this time, Hezhou was in turmoil and chuping, "the thorns of the earth and the earth, a hundred wastes are waiting to be revived", and the troops stationed in Hezhou alone included the Xiang army of Wei Zhongcheng, the Yu army of Niu Zongbing, the troops of Lei Zhengxuan, the viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu, and the troops of Dong Fuxiang, the governor of Ganzhou, adding up to no less than hundreds of battalions, which became a great public security hazard in Hezhou. Yang Zengxin maneuvered among several units, did not favor one over the other, and the military and the people were harmonious and peaceful. Especially in dealing with the contradictions of the Hanhui dispute, Yang Zengxin's handling of things can be accepted and satisfied by all parties.
There was originally a long-deserted Fenglin Academy in Hezhou, and Yang Zengxin donated his own silver to repair it and expand it on a large scale. Later, he added Longquan and Ailian Colleges, invited local scholars to come and teach, and greatly changed and created a social atmosphere of Attaching Importance to Education and Talents in Hezhou.
Yang Zengxin worked in Hezhou for five years and won the reputation of "Yang Qingtian". The townspeople of Hezhou scrambled to erect a "Monument to Virtue and Politics" and a shrine to him. "Yang's rule of Hezhou is simply to the point of not closing the house at night, the road is not left behind, Enwei goes hand in hand, loves the people like a son, especially running schools, building roads, dredging canals, reclaiming wasteland, and the people of Hezhou are Xiandefuti."
In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901), due to Yang Zeng's outstanding achievements in the new policy, his intellect was soon promoted to Daotai. At that time, all provinces were practicing the New Deal, and the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Song Ling, sent Yang Zengxin to Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other provinces to investigate academic affairs, and hired teachers to come to Gansu to establish higher schools, and then founded armed equipment, army, teachers, patrols, and industrial schools. When he founded these academies, Yang Zengxin personally wrote charters, formulated rules, prescribed courses, planned training, and handled personnel affairs. In the face of such complicated affairs, Yang Zengxin not only showed outstanding ability to manage affairs, but also handled various affairs freely and in an orderly manner. As a result, the prosperity of education in Gansu Province has benefited from Yang Zengxin's active planning in that year. At that time, Yang Zengxin was also the general office of each school, and also managed the unified donation, patrol police and other positions, and also managed nine errands. Every day, he carries nine seals side by side, uses different seals for different things, and also receives guests, personally writes documents, handles government affairs, fast and fast, and never leaves a backlog of documents on the table. In his spare time, he also went to the academy to lecture and read. At that time, Yang Zengxin was in his prime, with excellent energy, diligent administration and love for the people, so he was quickly promoted.
The city of Lanzhou on the banks of the Yellow River
Yang Zengxin, who was originally generous and open-minded, rigorous in his handling, diligent, honest and self-sustaining, selfless, and well-known, had a good future in Gansu's political circles, but all this was changed by the appointment of the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. Seung-yoon is surrounded by a group of jealous villains who are hypnotic and slander Yang Zengxin. Therefore, Shengyun is also extremely distrustful of Yang Zengxin, and gradually opposes him. Yang Zengxin was very depressed, had nothing to do, and slowly became depressed.
Under these circumstances, Wang Shufeng, who had been transferred to Xinjiang as an official with Yang Zengxin in Gansu and then to serve as a vassal, soon learned of this situation and made suggestions to Lian Kui, the governor of Xinjiang, to bring Yang Zengxin, who was shrewd and capable and excellent in learning, to Xinjiang. At that time, Yang Zengxin had been an official in Gansu for eighteen years, and many years of experience had enabled Yang Zengxin to cultivate an open-minded and generous character. In Yang Zengxin's view, since he is depressed in Gansu, why not go to Xinjiang to develop?!
Two. The old and new regimes alternated
In May of the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), the 44-year-old Yang Zengxin arrived in Dihua (Urumqi), the capital of Xinjiang, in the name of xie pay.
After Yang Zengxin arrived in Xinjiang, he first served as a new candidate as a Daoist and served as a senator for the General Office of the Army Academy. At that time, the Qing court was ordering the governors of the provinces to actively sponsor officials with excellent talents in an attempt to refresh the rule of officials. On December 18, 1907, the Governor of Xinjiang recommended Yang Zengxin to be edicted. The reasons why Liankui recommended Yang Zengxin are:
"Reading and studying the history of the scriptures on weekdays is not a useless study. Resident officials are based on loving the people, have served in various dramas, are loyal and determined, and indeed have political achievements to be attributed. The official Zhishi is good at expertise, but also pays attention to the current affairs, flooding the East and the West, and becoming a useful talent in the world. ”
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Yang Zengxin was appointed as the Aksu Bingbei Dao, and he had not yet arrived. In September, the Qing court summoned Yang Zengxin, so Yang Zengxin rushed to Beijing to meet with the empress dowager of the two palaces. The empress dowager of the two palaces asked Yang Zengxin about Xinjiang, and Yang Zengxin replied with a flow of views. Therefore, the empress dowager of the two palaces praised Yang Zengxin's talent, and the official's evaluation of Yang Zengxin at that time was:
"The officer is young and talented, talented, and has made a great contribution to the pastoral order. In the year of Long, the situation is familiar. When inquiring about side affairs, everything is appropriate. Xun is called a powerful official outside the Guanwai. ”
Many people believe that Yang Zengxin will be reused immediately, but in the end he was still sent to Xinjiang, only to hang a number at the military plane, so that he can still return to Aksu. Yang Zengxin "Ruled A as he did when he ruled Gan, the officials feared the people's hearts, and the deeds of Xian Xi". Soon, Yang Zengxin was convenient for the third year of xuanun (1911) in March to transfer the town of Di Dao and the envoy of the Law, becoming the most powerful person in Xinjiang.
Overlooking the Lanxiu Garden in Urumqi
Yang Zengxin is in an era of great changes in Xinjiang. At that time, the Qing government in China was about to collapse and the Republic of China was about to be established. The Qing court's preparatory constitution finally failed to catch up with the storm of the Xinhai Revolution, and with the gunshots of the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, the Qing government, which had ruled China for 269 years, collapsed in an instant.
On November 9, the second month after the success of the Wuchang Uprising, the Wuchang revolutionaries sent Liu Xianjun and others to infiltrate Dihua, Xinjiang, to instigate an uprising. Due to the rush of time, the news of the uprising was leaked, the matter was not secret, the people were informed, and the righteous banner was extinguished by Yuan Dahua in one fell swoop, and the 29-year-old Liu Xianjun and 134 people were executed, and the Yu Dang fled to Ili, and the Dihua uprising failed.
Although the Dihua uprising led by Liu Xianjun ended in failure, after all, it sounded the death knell of the Qing Dynasty's rule in Xinjiang, and also accumulated experience and lessons for the Ili uprising in Xinjiang.
The leader of the Ili Uprising, Yang Yixu, a native of Jiangxia (present-day Wuchang), Hubei Province, studied at the Hubei General Bentang in his early years and later studied at the Tomoyama Army University in Japan. When he studied in Japan, he joined the League Organized by Sun Yat-sen, and successively served as a military camp instructor in Hubei and the forty-two standard commanders (regimental commanders) of the Hubei Army. Although he was a Qing Dynasty officer, he secretly engaged in anti-Qing activities. When he was transferred to Xinjiang in early 1908, he served as the commander (regimental commander) of the Hubei Army's Forty-two Standards. In the summer of 1908, after Yang Yixu led his troops into Ili, Xinjiang, he was first appointed as the infantry standard commander of the New Army, and then promoted to co-commander. Most of the backbone elites of these new armies are from Hubei, which is located in the "thoroughfare of the nine provinces", and they themselves are quite influenced by the Wuchang Shouyi. What's more, a considerable number of leaders in this new army, such as Feng Temin, Li Fuhuang, Hao Kequan, and Feng Dashu, all studied in Japan to study military affairs, and were deeply influenced by the early alliance to "overthrow the imperial system and establish the Republic of China." After they entered Ili, in March 1910, they founded the "Ili Vernacular Newspaper" to spread revolutionary ideas, inspire the people's wisdom, and brew revolution.
In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, Xinjiang in northwest China was plagued by internal and external troubles, social crises, and turmoil. The Dihua uprising led by Liu Xianjun shook the revolutionaries in Ili and also panicked the Ili general Zhirui in Xinjiang.
After qianlong quelled the rebellion of the Dzungar nobles and the southern Xinjiang and Zhuomu, the Qing Dynasty established the Ili General's Mansion in Huiyuan, Ili, with Ili as the capital of Xinjiang, and granted the supreme commander of the entire military administration of Xinjiang to General Ili. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution, it had been 150 years, during which there were about 42 people including temporary care and acting, and 60 people had served as generals of Ili, and Zhirui was the last general of Ili. Zhi Rui, who had originally been "hostile to the revolution and fierce and stubborn," actively conspired with Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, the general Shengyun of Xi'an, and Yuan Dahua, the governor of Xinjiang, in an attempt to support Emperor Xuantong's move west to the northwest of Anhui, and was deliberately rectifying the revolutionaries. This further intensified the pace of the outbreak of the Ili Uprising.
Ili Yuanyuan Bell Tower
On the evening of January 7, the first year of the Republic of China (1912), some of the uprising troops gathered in Huiyuan City to form an "iron-blooded regiment" and officially declared the uprising. The rebel troops attacked the South Treasury, the East Gate, the General's Office, the Deputy Governor's Mansion, and the North Treasury in five ways. The rebel army quickly occupied the south gate and seized a large number of guns and ammunition, and then successively occupied the east gate, the general's office, and the deputy governor's office, leaving only the northern treasury to be unable to attack for a long time. Yang Yixu and others asked the outgoing general Guangfu to mediate the stalemate between the rebel army and the officers and men of the Xinman battalion. The officers and men of the Xinman Battalion saw that the general trend had gone, and under the persuasion of Guangfu, they finally laid down their weapons. Zhirui was eventually captured and later executed. The Ili revolutionaries declared the uprising successful.
After the victory of the Ili Uprising, they immediately established the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan "Five Ethnic Groups Advancement Association", with Yang Yixu as its president. On January 8, the rebel army held an emergency meeting with the participation of the leaders, local groups, and the ministers of the four leaders, the new and old Manchurian camp assistants, and the adjutants. The meeting proclaimed the establishment of the new Governor's Office of the Republic of China Military Government. The meeting elected Guangfu as the interim governor, Yang Yixu as the director of the General Headquarters, Hao Kequan and Li Mengbiao as the chief and vice ministers of the Military Affairs Department, Feng Temin as foreign minister and minister of civil affairs, and Li Fuhuang as the commander-in-chief of the former enemy. Feng Dashu served as the president of Pingzheng, and Zhang Yingjie served as a staff officer of the General Staff. He Jiadong, a military and political official who originally supported the revolution, served as chief of staff and minister of political participation, "Huang Lizhong was appointed vice minister of finance, and Huang Xinzhai was appointed vice minister of civil affairs." Xu Xinwu, the leader of the Brotherhood, served as deputy director of the General Staff Department. ”
After the establishment of the new Governor's Office, the whole country was electrified and a republic was declared. At the same time, Yuan Dahua was electrified to urge him to break with the Qing government. At the same time, it also declares: Support the new regime, reward those who keep to themselves, and severely punish those who resist and make trouble; resume running newspapers, change the "Ili Vernacular Newspaper" to "New Newspaper", publish in both Chinese and Uyghur languages, and continue to create public opinion for the revolution; abolish the old system of the Qing Dynasty; advocate national equality and oppose discrimination; uphold diplomatic equality, give notes to the Russian government, and recognize the new Yidu Governor's Office. This has played a positive role in stabilizing the social situation.
Under the pressure of the situation, Yang Yixu and others decided to lead an army to the east. Yuan Dahua wanted to suppress the Ili rebel army and sent Wang Peilan's brigade and various battalions along the way to attack Ili. Ili was attacked on all sides, and on January 21, when Li Fuhuang led the Eastern Expeditionary Army to Wutai in the west of Jinghe, it met the Qing army, and a fierce battle broke out, and the Qing army was defeated and retreated from Wutai to the daheyan, Jinghe, Shaquanzi and then to Gurtu west of Wusu, and the two armies faced each other outside the city of Wusu.
At this time, the national situation has undergone major changes. February 12, 1912, the first year of the Republic of China. Emperor Puyi of the Qing Dynasty abdicated, and Yuan Shikai and Li Yuanhong were appointed as the presidents and vice presidents of the Provisional Government. On March 15, the Central Provisional Government sent a telegram to Xinjiang to change its governorship to governor. On March 27, another telegram was sent to Xinjiang to "order a quick truce of war." Yuan Dahua was forced to ask Ili for peace and decided to negotiate peace at Tacheng. At first, Yuan Dahua wanted to delay the time in order to observe the changes in the situation behind him and act opportunistically. In April, representatives of the two sides gathered in Tacheng and began peace talks, and Yuan Dahua saw that the general trend was gone, so he announced his resignation on April 25.
During this period, when confronting the Ili New Army at Jinghe, Yuan Dahua ordered Yang Zengxin's newly formed 3 battalions to return to the front line, but Yang Zengxin judged the hour and sized up the situation and did not move.
On April 25, Yuan Dahua, who had long since retreated, was the first to recommend Yuan Hongyou, the governor of Kashgar Province, to take over the post of governor of Xinjiang, but before Yuan Hongyou could take office, he was killed by the local elderly congregation. In desperation, Yuan Dahua, who was anxious to leave Xinjiang, had no choice but to recommend Yang Zengxin, who had a heavy army in Xinjiang, to take over his post as the governor of Xinjiang and concurrently serve as a political envoy in Xinjiang.
"On June 5 of the first year, that is, on the eighteenth day of the fourth month of the old calendar, when the army and horse troops led by the provincial capital Cai Leshan mutinied and destroyed, Chen Jitang and Du Tong, the scholar of the clan, had already entered the pass, and Yuan Duhua also returned to the east the day after Cai Leshan's mutiny."
Yuan Dahua was originally presiding over the peace talks between the provincial government and the Ili Revolutionary Army, but forced by the tremendous changes in the domestic political situation, the anxious Yuan Dahua insisted on resigning, and he assigned Yang Zengxin to preside over peace talks with the Ili revolutionaries. Not only that, Yuan Dahua had already made up his mind, and even Chen Jitang, the head of the provincial government, and Du Tong, who was in charge of education work, resigned one after another, and the provincial government was leaderless for a while.
Even so, in order to ensure his safe departure from Xinjiang, Yuan Dahua did not immediately hand over the "Guanfang" to Yang Zengxin, but on June 5, the first year of the Republic of China (1912), when he arrived at xingxingxia and prepared to march east into the customs, convinced that he was safe and sound, Fang sent someone to send the "guanfang" to Yang Zengxin. On June 21, when Yuan Dahua first arrived in Hami, he was warmly received by ShamuHusut, the king of Hami. King Hami asked him to help deal with the rebellion of Timur and his men stationed at the South Pass, and Yuan Dahua sent his guards to suppress it, but this did not achieve its goal. On July 23, Yuan Dahua left Hami and headed east into Guanguan.
Where would Yuan Dahua have expected that as soon as he left Dihua, Yang Zengxin used his newly engraved "Xinjiang Governor Guanfang" and took up his post.
Portrait of Yuan Dahua
Three. Peace talks with the Governor's Office of Ili
When we look back at the reasons for the outbreak of the Ili Xinhai Revolutionary Uprising today, we find that although it was influenced by the Wuchang Uprising, it was a microcosm of the world situation and trend, and even the overall situation in China in the western border of Ili. The direct trigger for the uprising of the Ili Revolutionary Party was the excesses of general ZhiRui of Ili, which provoked an instant mutiny and uprising of the revolutionaries.
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" says: "Zhi Rui (1853--1912), the character Bo Yu, also the word Gongying, Kuo Xuan, also known as the Poor Lord, the late trumpet, the Tara clan, the Manchurian Red Banner Man. Yu Taisun, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, was the governor of Suiding Province, Sichuan. Guangxu sixth year (1880) jinshi. Selected Ji Jishi and taught editing. Because of his outspokenness, his career is stagnant. Later, he served as Zhan Shi and Cabinet Scholar; in the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894), he was the Right Attendant of the Ministry of Ceremonies. Later, because of the demotion of his sister Jin and Zhen to nobles, he was demoted to the rank of Counselor General of Uria Sutai. In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu (1899), he was transferred to the ili Solun Battalion Assoren Battalion Leader Minister, and later served as the deputy governor of Ningxia. In the second year of Xuan unification (1910), he was promoted to general of Hangzhou, and in the first month of the following year, he was transferred to the general of Yili and added the title of Shang Shu. ”
Zhirui first arrived in Yili in the autumn of the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), and was handed over and unloaded into the customs in the summer of the thirty-second year of Guangxu. During this period, he served as a counselor for six years as the leader of the Uria Sutai Solon, which was also a test or punishment for him by the Qing court. At the beginning of the third year of Xuan reunification (1911), Zhirui was transferred to the post of general of Ili, and soon afterwards he was rewarded with the title of horse riding and Shangshu in the Forbidden City. The Qing court said in the instructions, "Ili is the gateway to the northwest, and it is urgent to operate with strength." After Zhi Rui arrived at his post, he conscientiously straightened out all the civil and military officials in the nearby Ili region, and all the civil and military officials in the nearby Ili region should be examined under the general's moderation, and all the small yi of his military training officers should be consulted with Yuan Dahua, properly handled, and played at any time." It can be seen that the Qing court was extremely satisfied with Zhirui's talent, loyalty and experience, and gave him a great responsibility to guard the western frontier of the empire.
Zhi Rui took over the post at Huiyuan on September 25 (lunar calendar). The first thing he did after taking over was to order the suspension of the "Ili Vernacular Newspaper", which "ridicules current affairs," in order to suppress public opinion. At this time, the Wuchang Uprising had already broken out, and the situation in the whole country was shaking. Zhi Rui was also suspicious of the new army under his command, so he ordered all of them to be disbanded.
Statue of Zhi Rui, the last Ili general in Xinjiang
As soon as Zhirui arrived in Ili, the first thing he encountered was the emptiness of the clan treasury. From the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), it was stipulated that the three places of the New Army, Ili and Tacheng needed a total of 3.36 million taels per year. The forces nouvelles were 600,000 taels, which later increased to 2.6 million taels. In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), it was changed to three places with a total of 2.98 million taels. During the xuanun years, the number of co-pays was insufficient, and the new army also needed to bear the annual indemnity of Gengzi 400,000 yuan (220,000 taels were saved in the salary of the old army and 180,000 taels were spent on the issuance of additional silver reserves), and later the school administration and the new policy were established, and the clan treasury had exceeded 920,000 taels. Guangfu later set up a first division of the army, which required more than 622,000 taels of military expenses and silver.
In 1912, the revolutionary trend in the interior was everywhere, and 18 provinces responded one after another and became independent. Xinjiang originally relied on the inland salary to operate, and once it became independent, the salary was cut off. The central finances are even more stretched, on the one hand, they have to cut land and pay compensation, on the other hand, they have to borrow debts to survive, and Zhirui has become a general who wants food.
Zhi Rui dismissed the New Army and did not pay repatriation fees, causing the officers and men of the New Army to sit in Ili and suffer from poverty and resentment. What's more, Zhirui also ordered all checkpoints to forcibly strip off the leather clothes and pants of the dismissed officers and men in the harsh winter and let them freeze to death. Zhi Rui originally wanted to strictly guard against the revolutionary party uprising, but inadvertently accelerated the outbreak of the uprising. Of course, this is related to Zhi rui's noble and impatient personality, doing things extremely and leaving no way back. How can we not provoke a mutiny by dismissing the new army, collecting our weapons, and not even paying for repatriation, and stripping off the clothes and pants that officers and men use to keep warm in the winter?!
Zhi Rui was self-conscious, arrogant, impatient, and mean to others, and only 54 days after his second visit to Yili, he was in a different place and died at the age of 59.
Although Yang Zengxin took over as the governor of Xinjiang and was also an envoy, according to Wang Shuliang, "When it is, the governor has the right to do so, but turpan in the south and Jinghe in the west." "Because the situation in Xinjiang is extremely complicated, the various forces occupy one side, and Yang Zengxin, as the governor of a province, has little jurisdiction, but Yang Zengxin has a very clear understanding of the whole of Xinjiang, and only when the problem of ruling power is solved first, and other problems are solved by means of cocooning and stripping away the silk, one by one.
As soon as Yang Zengxin took office, he took over the negotiations with the Ili revolutionaries. The peace talks between the two sides were conducted very difficultly, the disputes between the two sides were very fierce, and the contradictions and differences were also very large. The focus of the controversy is on three aspects: First, "division and rule" or "joint rule"; second, who presides over the military and political issues of the whole of Xinjiang; and third, specific personnel arrangements. Obviously, the first two issues are the focus and core of the dispute. The Ili side proposed: With the Tianshan Mountains as the boundary, the division of the north and the south will be implemented, and the north will be under the control of the Ili Revolutionary Party; and the south of the Tianshan Mountains will be controlled by the provincial government. Yang Zengxin's regime proposed: merging governance. Not only the two districts of Ili and Dihua should be combined to govern, but even the Tacheng and Altay regions should be merged into a unified governance. This also raises the question of who will unify whom, is it the Ili Revolutionary Party that unifies Yang Zengxin's regime? It is also a question of the unification of the Ili Revolutionary Party by the Yang Zengxin regime. Finally, it is clear that the Yang Zengxin regime, because it has the legitimate authorization and support of the central government, has taken the initiative in the peace talks.
After more than two months of negotiations, the two sides finally reached the eleventh article of the peace agreement on July 8 after more than two months of negotiations. In the terms of the peace talks, the two sides recognized the democratic republic; the two sides affirmed that Dihua was the capital of Xinjiang, recognized Yang Zengxin as the governor, and Yang Zengxin presided over the military and political affairs of Xinjiang; unified the domestic and foreign policies with the provincial government, abolishing the original organs of both sides; abolishing the new Yidu Governor's Office and bringing it into one; setting up the Ili Town Border Office to replace the new Yidu Governor's Office; the two sides truceed, withdrew the army, and protected the peace of the election; and unified the finances and finances of the whole of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin persuaded the Ili Revolutionary Party to reach eleven articles in the name of establishing the Xinjiang Provincial Assembly and formally electing the governor of Xinjiang, which must be forwarded to the official appointment of the president. In all the negotiation process, although Yang Zengxin did not directly participate in the peace talks, the details involved can be seen in Yang Zengxin's wit, meticulousness, and meticulous thinking in using telegraph remote control command.
In fact, in the course of negotiations with the Ili Revolutionary Party, the situation in Xinjiang was very unfavorable to Yang Zengxin's regime. At that time, outside the area occupied by the New YiDu Governor's Office and the peasant uprisings in Hami and Turpan, the Xinjiang Brotherhood of Elders frequently caused incidents of officials in various places, which greatly deterred and threatened Yang Zengxin's regime. Yang Zengxin believes that "in the case of officials in southern Xinjiang, alarms are still frequent, and rumors are rife in provincial cities, and dangers are rife." In order to survive in danger, Yang Zengxin was very eager to reach an early agreement with the Ili Revolutionary Party. However, the Ili Revolutionary Party did not see this, and gave way to the terms of the agreement proposed by Yang Zengxin, so that the final agreement clauses developed in the direction of completely favoring Yang Zengxin's side.
Yang Zengxin was very satisfied with the peace talks agreement reached between the two sides and immediately submitted it to the "presidential review." When Yuan Shikai, the The President of the Republic of China, approved this clause, Yang Zengxin believed that "the matter of peace negotiation ends here, and the matter of organization begins here." Then, Yang Zengxin immediately telegraphed Yuan Shikai's approval message to Feng Temin, Li Fuhuang, and other representatives of the Ili side, asking them to "exchange another official document and sign it for settlement."; he also demanded that Feng and Li immediately return to Iraq and, in accordance with the "official document of the treaty," work with He Jiadong to resolve the "organizational outline."
In September of the first year of the Republic of China (1912), He Jiadong, a revolutionary party in Ili, went to Dihua to discuss the selection of the provincial government. The terms of the agreement reached by Feng Temin, Li Fuhuang and Yang Zengxin's regime before, the Ili side rebounded very fiercely, believing that the Ili side had completely lost the victorious achievements of the Ili Xinhai Revolution. The Ili side also hopes to take the initiative in the organization and personnel of the back and can recover the losses of the Ili side. In order to achieve this goal, the Ili side did not hesitate to send troops to follow He Jiadong to Dihua.
The controversy over the organization and personnel of the negotiations is still very fierce, and the biggest controversy is still the issue of the ownership of the leading power in Xinjiang's military and political affairs. The Ili side proposed that the leading power of xinjiang's military and government belongs to the Ili side. Yang Zengxin refused this request, insisting that only the military and political power on the Ili side be transferred to the prerogative of the governor. Unable to argue, Yang Yixu, in the name of defending Dihua, threatened to lead an army to Dihua to reorganize the provincial government and force Yang Zengxin to make concessions. The Brotherhood of Elders also echoed the Ili Revolutionary Party in Dihua, and Yang Zengxin felt pressure.
On the one hand, Yang Zengxin used the five battalions in his hands to return to collect the guns secretly hidden by the Dihua people; on the one hand, he telegraphed Toulbat Prince Paletta to act as a mediator with the Ili side, and on the other hand, he adopted the method of differentiation and inducement to disintegrate the strength of the Ili Revolutionary Party.
Group photo of the new army in Ili
First of all, Yang Zengxin asked Yang Zhixu not to lead the army to Dihua to reorganize the provincial government, claiming that "respecting the office (army), Xi Xin would not want him to go to Xin (Dihua) and be intimidated by his origins" and "consolidate the frontiers", but transferring the Ili army to Dihua, it was impossible to "accommodate things" without conflict, so "the time has not yet arrived, there is a southward movement", and "the telegram is slowed down" At the same time, Yang Zengxin promised Yang Yilu to yang Miaoxu and transferred him to be the governor of Kashgar and the envoy of Xuanfu. On the other hand, "the shortage of personnel in various places should also be gradually subordinated" to meet the requirements of Ili. Yang Zengxin said all the good things about Ili, but he was unwilling to hand over military and political power to Ili. He said that if the military and political posts were handed over to the Iraqi side, it would be equivalent to letting him hand over the power of the governor. This is absolutely unacceptable. He said: "Responsibility can be discharged, reputation can be complete, and advance and retreat can also be free", and he is also willing to "push the meritocracy and let the ability, do not think about the stack".
Through Yang Zengxin's "bitter mouth" activities, he and Ili reached another 20 organizational agreements. On the surface, it seems that the Governor of Kashgar, Hami, Tacheng, and the Civil Affairs Department, the Financial Department, and the Foreign Affairs Department of the provincial government all belong to the Ili side, and the Ili side is "scattered", but in fact it is not. The terms of this agreement, for Yang Zengxin, are just a temporary delay in the army.
Yang Zengxin, in the name of the very important geographical location of Kashgar, entrusted Yang Yixu to serve as the viceroy of Kashgar, "its meaning is that southern Xinjiang is important, and non-brothers are not competent", brothers are "prestigious, shocking southern Xinjiang, and will be able to be effective"; I "have no bad feelings with the Ili princes", as long as "the two sides do not open suspicion and understand each other, then the wind and waves will be at peace.". Even so, Yang Yixu remained vigilant against Yang Zengxin, and instead of listening to Yang Zengxin's "hospitality" of asking him to go to Dihua to meet him, he led some officers and men of the Ili New Army to "go through hardships, cross the Tianshan Mountains and ice and secretly arrive in Kashgar by small road" on the grounds that the situation in Kashgar was tense and urgently needed to take up his post. As soon as Yang Yixu left Ili, Yang Zengxin immediately abolished the establishment of the Ili Military Affairs Department and handed over the post of division commander of Yang Yixu to Guangfu, seizing the opportunity to seize the military and military command rights of the Ili revolutionaries.
One of the most effective things Yang Did after arriving in Kashgar was to use peaceful deterrence to successfully resolve the Cele Village incident.
The ancient city of Kashgar
The "Celle Village Incident" is a microcosm of the competition between Russian and British forces in southern Xinjiang. Cele Village is a village of more than 1,300 households in Khotan, Xinjiang, and in order to divide up Chinese territory, Tsarist Russia indiscriminately issued "overseas Chinese certificates" in the local area, evaded local taxes, cut off water, triggered clashes among villagers, and killed and injured many people.
In the summer of 1912, the "Celle Village Incident" was distorted and amplified by the Russian government, and a non-governmental incident in China quickly fermented into a diplomatic incident. As soon as Yang Yixu arrived in Kashgar, he took over the letter from Yang Desheng, the deputy general of Kashgar's return to the city, and took over as the viceroy of Kashgar, and succeeded King Bingwei of Kashgar to handle the "Cele Village Incident". On the pretext that the "Celle Village Incident" had harmed the interests of the Russian diaspora, the Tsarist Russia arrogantly sent troops stationed in Kashgar to blow up the northern gate of Kashgar City, and more than 300 people entered the city in one fell swoop, offering compensation for a pension of 8 million taels to the Russians, and executing more than 180 people, including Tang Yunzhong of Khotan, Shen Yongqing, governor of Khotan, and Su puerge and Xiong Gaosheng.
Faced with provocation, Yang Miaoxu, who had been experienced in the battlefield for a long time and was not afraid of power, resolutely recruited Young Uighurs and Han Chinese from Kashgar, Shache, Khotan, and other places to organize and train a brigade of the New Army. The units are divided into two battalions of one regiment of infantry, two battalions of one regiment of horses, one company of guard horses, one battalion of artillery, and one team of military bands. After the troops had completed their training, they took the opportunity of the exercise to invite Sokov, the Russian Consul General in Kashgar, to accompany them for a review. When Sokov saw that Kashgar's troops had increased sharply, and that the army was neat and well-trained, his arrogance suddenly narrowed a lot, and he repeatedly backed down in the subsequent negotiations and made major concessions.
Yang Zengxin was first happy and then shocked when he got the news. It was gratifying that the "Celle Village Incident" had finally been satisfactorily resolved, and to the surprise, Yang Yixu suddenly appeared as a new army of a brigade by handling the "Celle Village Incident." Xinjiang has two brigades of troops in Xinjiang, one in the south and one in the north, Ili and Kashgar for them to mobilize, and if Yang Yixu supports the troops and respects themselves, it is indeed a great threat. In order to prevent accidents, Yang Zengxin sent Ma Fuxing to lead 20 battalions back to Kashgar in the starry night.
Before Ma Fuxing and his troops arrived in Kashgar, in order to avoid the destruction of life, Yang Yixu resigned in the name of filial piety to his mother. In order to prevent the pursuit, Yang Yixu changed his clothes and detoured to Russia to return to the interior from Siberia.
Former site of the Russian Consulate in Kashgar
Yang was appointed on October 27, the first year of the Republic of China, and arrived on January 28 of the following year, less than three months later, and returned to the mainland on August 15, the second year of the Republic of China (1913). After Yang Yixu returned to the interior, he never forgot Xinjiang, and still actively engaged in the activity of overthrowing Yang (Zengxin), hoping to return to Xinjiang and replace Yang Zengxin, but without success. After Yang Zengxin was assassinated, he actively tried to return to Xinjiang, but still did not succeed.
After Yang Returned to the Mainland, he also did a disgraceful thing, that is, in 1915, he defected to Yuan Shikai and was appointed senior adviser to the Presidential Office. On February 25 of the following year, he went to Yuan Shikai and persuaded him to ascend the throne as emperor. In addition, in the contest between Yang Zengxin and Yang Yixu, because Li Yuanhong, who was then vice president of the Republic of China, was Yang Yuanxu's immediate superior in the Eighth Town of the Army, and his brother Yang Kaijia was Li Yuanhong's personal aide, Yang Yixu was a person in the DPRK, and it was not easy to overthrow Yang Yuanxu. After Yang Yixu left Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin also sent people to Beijing to accuse Yang Yixu of privately developing troops, but none of them were able to do so.
On September 10, 1956, Yang Died of Illness at the Former Residence of Haishouli in Hankou, Wuhan, at the age of 83. Before his death, he wrote "Diary of the Army in Ili", "Xinjiang Discussion", "Now Xinjiang", etc., which have become valuable materials for people to understand that era.
In January of the third year of the Republic of China (1914), when Yang Zengxin took advantage of the Ili town border envoy Guangfu to be seriously ill, he sent a telegram to the Beijing government to propose "reorganizing the official position of Ili", "abolishing the town border envoy, and replacing it with a town guard envoy", and "putting it under the jurisdiction of the governor of Xinjiang". On February 1 of that year, Guangfu fell ill and died, and Yang Zengxin sent another telegram to the Beijing government, ordering that the border envoy of Ili Town be changed to the town guard envoy, and it would come under the jurisdiction of the governor of Xinjiang. In this way, Yang Zengxin ordered his compatriot Yang Feixia to serve as the guardian of Ili Town, with the authority to manage the Ili army and not to interfere in local affairs, and major local affairs must be reported to the Governor's Office of Xinjiang. In this way, Yang Zengxin firmly grasped Yili in his hands.
Countryside of Yining City
Feng Temin was the director of the Ili Foreign Affairs Department and concurrently the itta observation envoy and the adviser to the border envoy of Ili Town, Li Fuhuang was the chief of staff of the Ita Town Tai and Ili Town Border Envoy Office, Feng Dashu was the representative of Ili in Beijing, He Jiadong was the director of the Xinjiang Civil Affairs Department, Hao Kequan was the director of the Xinjiang Military Affairs Department, Huang Lizhong was the director of the Finance Department, Jiang Guosheng, the commander of the Ili Uprising Army, and Tan Zhonglin, the assistant commander, were transferred to Hami and Tacheng as deputy generals, respectively, and Ma Shuxiao, the commander of the standard, was transferred to Altay. On the surface, the Ili revolutionaries all seemed to have their own place, but in fact, Yang Zengxin dispersed them in order to completely disintegrate the strength of the Ili revolutionaries. Soon after He Jiadong and Hao Kequan arrived in Dihua, they took a leave of absence to return to the interior on the grounds that their families were seriously ill, and left Xinjiang one after another. Before leaving, Yang Zengxin paid them a "heavy fee" and hoped that they would not come back. For Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang, who disobeyed the arrangement, Yang Zengxin finally killed them in Yili.
In order to stabilize the situation in Ili, Yang Zengxin adopted the method of "cooperating with Ili and assisting in paying" to stabilize the hearts and minds of the army. Yang Zengxin said, "Because of Feng Li's fusure, the order was chaotic for a while, and the battalions were anxious to pay kong, and they were sincerely afraid of not having branches, so they had to build the treasury of the new province to maintain it, because they sent Yili to observe and make Xu Guojie deliver 100,000 taels of silver." Yang Zengxin sent troops to escort The silver to Ili in batches, and after escorting the troops, they stayed in the local area. In this way, after escorting the salary silver many times, he also quietly completed the change of defense of Yili. It was precisely because Yang Zengxin met the needs of the Ili army for money and silver that the situation in Ili turned dangerous and there was no more chaos.
Later, Yang Zengxin said at a banquet in front of all his colleagues: "Xinjiang is isolated and isolated, and since the Han and Tang Dynasties, when there has been rebellion, the autumn of the Central Plains of Gaiding is troubled, and if there is no time to take care of it, the natives will take advantage of the gap and rebel." To the Central Plains is calm, powerless to enrich, and then things are followed. Because there was no external invasion at that time, and the relationship with the Central Plains was relatively shallow. It can be seen that although Yang Zengxin has been in Xinjiang for a short time, he still has a deep understanding and sober understanding of the environment and the situation facing Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin was decisive in killing political enemies who could threaten him, and showed no mercy.
In the face of Yuan Dahua, Chen Jitang, Du Tong, and other officials all leaving Xinjiang and the political situation in Xinjiang was in a mess, Yang Zengxin said generously with the arrogance of a big husband who gave up his own and others: "Today's situation is not the case, dating back to the opening up of the western region at the end of the Qing Dynasty to the reconstruction of the provinces, the military expenses and annual salaries of the Western Expeditions, and the export of money from the Central Plains to the indigenous people, let alone the counting, is the burden of the Central Plains provinces on the operation of Xinjiang, which cannot be said to be a major burden." Now, once the political program is out of control, there is the tiger's eyes of a strong neighbor on the outside, and there is a wolf greed on the inside, and I am afraid that this great river and mountain will fall into the hands of a foreign race, and it will not be obtained after tens of hundreds of years as it was in the past. Looking around the world, if the poverty of the Non-Austrians, the ice oceans of the north and the south, are all divided and divided, and the countries are rich in money and force, and they have to break up the land in foreign lands, then the country is ecstatic. Am I climbing tens of thousands of miles of territory and abandoning it like a, and I am not heavy to be afraid of? In the autumn of this crisis and survival, Zhengda's husband will take on the cause of the meeting, and as for success or failure, it does not matter..." From this, we can see Yang Zengxin's far-sightedness and broad-mindedness.
Tianshan Mountain
Four. Recruit and pacify the peasant revolts in Hami and Turpan
The peasant revolts in Hami and Turpan lasted for a long historical period, because the Qing court adopted the method of using the upper echelons of the local ethnic group, King Hami, to manage local affairs. Moreover, King Hami was canonized by the Qing court and has been hereditary for more than a hundred years. After the establishment of Xinjiang in the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), a direct subordinate office was established in Hami, but the privileges of the Hami royal palace were still retained. Its hereditary territory 13 Sumu (district, township) are all administered by Durga. King Hami had the right to dispose of the land, people, taxes, and servitude under his rule.
Located at the eastern gate of Xinjiang, Hami is the only way to enter and exit Xinjiang, and its geographical location is extremely important. However, large areas of land in Hami were concentrated in the hands of the Hami king, and the local peasants in Hami not only had to bear heavy taxes on the hami king, but also had to bear very heavy servitude every week.
Hami returned to the palace
Hami Royal Palace Memorial Hall
In 1907, the Hami Uyghur peasants led by the Turpak brothers staged an uprising against the Hami king Shamuhu Sot and demanded that the heavy servitude be alleviated, which was suppressed by the Qing government.
In 1912, in order to suppress the revolutionary uprising in Ili, Yuan Dahua ordered 500 soldiers to be recruited from Hami to rush to the Ili front. At that time, there were frequent incidents of elderly officials in various parts of Xinjiang, and this group of poor peasants composed of poor peasants in Hami held an uprising in response to the call of the leader Timur on the way to the march, proposing to no longer serve as an errand for the Hami royal palace and requesting that the servitude be reduced. They surrounded the Hami palace, threw stones, besieged the hami palace, and the provincial government ordered Barikun Zhentai to lead a team to suppress it. Tai Yishengfu of the town of Barikun led his troops to suppress it, but was ambushed by the peasant army and completely annihilated. The size of the Hami peasant army also grew rapidly to several thousand.
Affected by this, the vast number of peasants in Turpan, under the leadership of Muyideng, also held a large-scale uprising in the Second Fort. Yuan Dahua once sent Qian Guanghan, who had defected during the uprising of the Ili Revolutionary Army, to lead more than 2,000 people to go into the mountains to suppress the Peasants' Rebel Army in Hami, but was defeated again, and Qian Guanghan was blinded in his left eye and fled back to Hami.
Yuan Dahua arrived in Hami on June 21, and only left Xinjiang to enter Guannei on July 23, and stayed in Hami for only one month, that is, at the invitation of King Hami, he sent a guard to the mountains to encircle and suppress the peasant army, and returned without success.
After Yang Zengxin took over the xinjiang government, he wanted to take the form of appeasement to solve the peasant uprisings in Hami and Turfan. He first sent Zhang Caiting, who knew Uighur, and Li Fushou, who believed in Islam, to negotiate with the peasant army, "preparing to change the travel time of the Hami palace from 7 days to 3 days." In March 1913, Li Fushou swore an oath to the rebels with the Quran in his hand, guaranteeing the safety of the rebels after being appeased. Timur agreed to "stroke". Soon Muyideng of Turpan also agreed to "appease". After Timur was appeased, he led more than 200 people to Be transferred to Dihua as the battalion commander of the third battalion of the Provincial Army's Dingbian Horse Brigade, and the rest were disbanded and returned to their hometowns. The Turpan peasant army led by Muyideng was transformed into a battalion, with Muyideng as its commander. In this way, the peasant uprisings in Hami and Turpan were completely disintegrated.
After Timur and Mu Yideng were transferred to Dihua, Yang Zengxin's initial promise to the rebel army to "change the 7-day servitude to 3-day service" was not fulfilled. Not only that, but those who participated in the uprising were prosecuted and, in some cases, imprisoned. Timur and others also felt that they had been deceived, so they actively prepared for another uprising. They were discovered while they were mixing their weapons in firewood and grass to transport them out of Dihua City, and in September, Timur and Muyideng were brutally killed by Yang Zengxin, and their troops were also killed on the way back to the countryside.
Cover book of "Memoirs of Saifuding"
In the chapter "Armed Rebellion in Xinjiang during the Xinhai Revolution", the Memoirs of Saifuding combine the Ili Revolution, the Brotherhood Movement, and the Timur Revolution. The Helipa Riots were arranged in parallel. He said, "The outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, and the vigorous launch of the Ili Revolution, such as the assassination of corrupt officials and corrupt officials from all over the country by the cameras of the 'Brotherhood of elders,' s traditional concept of 'the sacredness and supremacy of the prince' in the minds of the Peasants of Hami, and the increasingly heavy exploitation and oppression forced them to be cornered. ”
"The Hami Rebellion was a full-time dictatorship of the Hami peasants in order to rebel against the Hami Prince Shamuhusot, in Timur. An armed uprising led by Helippa. It was part of the anti-Qing revolutionary struggle that was surging throughout the country at that time, and it was part of the anti-feudal old democratic revolution. Cui Baoxin, author of "Xinjiang 1912", further concluded: "First, the Hami peasant uprising and the Cele village incident echoed each other, although there was no lofty revolutionary goal and ideal such as establishing a republic and realizing the Three People's Principles, but in terms of equalizing land rights and launching a land revolutionary war, it was consistent with the goal of the Xinhai Revolution; second, the object of the Hami peasant uprising revolution was the outdated feudal Huiwang system, which was the legacy of the Qing Dynasty, and the peasants demanded that the land be changed and returned to the stream, and the land and people get rid of their attachment to the Hui rulers. The demand for the reduction of miscellaneous taxes on bad service is a requirement and manifestation of social progress. Third, because the Hami peasant uprising and the purpose of the Xinhai Revolution were not in parallel, both adopted the method of violent revolution, and the feudal forces that wanted to maintain the feudal system were fighting against each other, so they received the support and response of the main brotherhood of the Xinjiang Xinhai Revolution. Fourth, Hami is the eastern gate of Xinjiang, and when Hami is in turmoil, Xinjiang's road to the interior is extinguished. The Hami peasant uprising, which shocked the last governor Yuan Dahua, was objectively conducive to Xinjiang's recognition of the republic and the launch of new-Iraq negotiations, ending the turmoil in Xinjiang as soon as possible and not giving foreign officials an opportunity. Fifth, the Hami peasant uprising not only promoted the reform of Hami's return to the land, but especially the next anti-tyranny accumulated strength and experience. ”
In June 1930, 23 years after the Hami peasant uprising, the controversial Prince Sha died. Under strong social pressure, Hami carried out land reform, and the Hui dynasty system, which had been practiced for hundreds of years, was completely abolished. However, in the process of "changing the land and returning to the stream", Jin Shuren transferred a large area of fertile land to the hands of his relatives and relatives, which once again provoked the uprising of the local peasants, and from then on, Ma Zhongying entered Xinjiang and fought with Sheng Shicai for the leadership of Xinjiang.
In a certain sense, the success of Yang Zengxin's recruitment of the Hami peasant uprising directly affected the historical process of Xinjiang.
Bari Kun Han City
Bari Kun fills the city
Five. Purging the Brotherhood Party
At the same time as the Xinhai Revolutionary Uprising broke out in Ili, various incidents of the Brotherhood of the Elders assassinating officials at all levels of the Qing government in order to overthrow the Qing government's rule also broke out throughout Xinjiang. When the Dihua and Ili revolutionaries revolted, the revolutionaries sent people to contact the Brotherhood of elders everywhere, disrupt the rear of the Qing army in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and cooperate with the revolutionaries in fighting. In Ili, the revolutionary Liu Qiming led 31 people to contact the Brotherhood of Elders in various parts of southern Xinjiang. Organize armed forces, kill officials, and eradicate reactionary forces in southern Xinjiang. After contact, not only did the leaders of the Brotherhood of Southern Xinjiang exchange information with the Ili side, but even the Aksu general Cha Chunhua also sided with the Brotherhood and confronted Inspector Yuan Dahua.
From April 13 to May 7, 1912, in Aksu, Yanqi, Kucha, Luntai, Bachu, Kashgar, and other places, a series of incidents of officials, especially the killing of Yin Chen Zhengyuan of Aksu Province, Wang Naifa of Wensu Prefecture, Zhang Qiao of Yanqi Prefect, and Ma Hongbin, a member of the Committee, broke through the blockade road from southern Xinjiang to Ili. They killed officials, seized guns and ammunition, formed a civil army, seized military and political power, and openly opposed the government. "The bandits of the Old Society of Cha Ge indiscriminately coveted the former QingXian at the same time, and the tributaries of the later qing dynasty spread out in various provinces." During the Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods of the Qing Dynasty (1851--1874), a secret anti-Qing organization that began in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and spread throughout the country, the Brotherhood of elders, had a great influence on the Sichuan army and the Xiang army. There is great appeal among the officers and men at the lower levels of the Qing Dynasty. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang, a large number of Hunan officers and soldiers stayed in various parts of Xinjiang, which formed the social basis for the development of the Brotherhood in Xinjiang.
Yang Zengxin once said: "Since the founding of the Republic of China, the yanqi, Luntai, Kucha, Aksu, Bachu, Kashgar, Ruoqiang, and Zhenxi of the North Road on the South Road of Xinjiang have all been killed by the ElderLy Club of the Bone Ring of the Chaotic Party. ”
Yang Zengxin's "Supplementing the Zai WenMu"
The Brotherhood of Elders set up docks in various parts of Xinjiang, with hundreds of strongholds. "The members are mainly Han Chinese, but there are also some Manchu, Hui, Uyghur, Kazakh and Mongolian ethnic minorities, and even a small number of foreigners. With the aim of opposing the Qing Dynasty, the Brotherhood of elders secretly formed groups and paid attention to righteousness; helped the needy and the needy, and practiced mutual assistance; one person was unfortunate and went to the trouble in groups. At that time, from the scattered soldiers and unemployed refugees, to some Qing Dynasty officials, they all rushed to join the Brotherhood of Elders and were proud of it. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, these people gathered a huge force and became some of the most basic mass bases in the camp of the emerging classes.
Before Yuan Dahua left Xinjiang, he handed over the post of Governor of Xinjiang to Yuan Hongyou, the Daoyin of Kashgar. When the news reached Kashgar, the members of the Brotherhood were indignant and vowed to cut the grass and remove the roots, and immediately carry out the assassination. On May 7, 1912, under the leadership of Bian Yongfu and Wei Dexi, members of the Brotherhood directly broke into Yuan Hongyou's Daotai Mansion and killed him, along with Yuan Hongyou's wife, as well as the general Tang Dianheng and the governor of Shule, Zhang Bingduo, and others. After Yuan Hongyou was killed, the 200,000 taels of silver he had prepared for Yuan Dahua were also robbed.
After Yang Zengxin came to power, he knew very well that the central force of the Ili revolutionaries was the Brotherhood Party, and in order to completely contain the revolutionary party's power, it was necessary to eliminate the Brotherhood party in various places. At that time, the greatest power of the Brotherhood party was in Kashgar. After Yang Yixu took over as the governor of Kashgar, in order to deter the Russians from encroaching on the southern xinjiang of Xinjiang, he armed a well-disciplined army in a short period of time, and most of the backbone of the troops were members of the Brotherhood.
From April 1912 onwards, Governor Zhang Qiao of Yanqi, Mao Yingwei of Kucha Zhizhou, Governor Li Huasong of Luntai, Yin Chen Zhengyuan of Aksu Province, and Wang Naifa, the prefect of Yanqi, were executed, which greatly deterred Yang Zengxin's rule. It was also in the three years from the third year of the Republic of China to the eight years of the Republic of China that Yang Zengxin alone had 37 documents involving the punishment and suppression of the Elder Brotherhood Party in the third episode of his "Supplementing the Zai Wen Mu". For example, "Instructing all local officials belonging to the civil and military forces to investigate and ban the bandits of the Elder Brotherhood", "Yang Shenghua, a bandit of the Telegraph Association, came to set up a wharf in the Xinjiang area of Gansu to spread the bandit party to ask the Gansu capital to supervise the forbidden text", "The ancient city of Electric City, Ma Branch Commander Fu Ming Na Office Bandit Su Jinyu and other documents" and so on.
In order to suppress the Brotherhood Party, Yang Zengxin contacted Gansu to cooperate and worked with Xinjiang to eliminate the Brotherhood Party. He said: "The two provinces are bordered, the ethnic groups are complex, the defense is not secret, and bandits will sneak in, and it will increase the danger of disturbing public order." Yang Zengxin first started with Gansu, where the Brotherhood Party entered and exited Xinjiang and led to the interior, and behind closed doors, he implemented his plan of annihilation from region to region. He demanded that "all armies and local civil and military personnel should conduct strict inspections in all parts of the city, in the postal post, and in all villages on the dangyao road, and if there are bandits who set up docks and secret organs, they must be strictly punished, and they are strictly prohibited from opening mountains and setting up churches." When analyzing the situation of the spread of the Brotherhood of elders, Yang Zengxin said, "In the past, the trouble in Gansu was the disharmony between the Han and Hui, and the trouble in Gansu today lies in the spread of bandits. Bendu governor of Gansu for more than 20 years, deeply wish Gansu to enjoy the blessings of peace for a long time. All Gansu people in Xinjiang are not allowed to join the Brotherhood of elders. Second, "the exclusion of military personnel will be a common practice in the Republic of China for a long time" Yang Zengxin ordered that the party of the Elder Brothers' Association be strictly investigated in various transportation arteries and post stations in Xinjiang, and then use affection to impress people, divide and disintegrate a part of the masses who have come to Xinjiang from Gansu, and then understand and persuade and indoctrinate most of the confused masses with affection and reason, and finally achieve the goal of severely punishing the leaders of a small number of Elder Brothers' Associations. When dissuading the ordinary people in Xinjiang, he said, "Xinjiang is different from the interior, the Han people Dingkou is less than one-tenth of the way back than the Mengha Hui, if the Han people all join the Brotherhood of the Elderly, chaos is triggered, affecting the overall situation, the Han people cannot occupy the dominant force, but the loss is still in the Han people, the indigenous Han people have their own wealth, since they are different from the wanderers who have no roots, they must not mistakenly join the party, they will not be able to leave the root of the disaster in vain, and there is no benefit." ”
After Yang Zengxin ordered Ma Fuxing to lead the return team into Kashgar and forced Yang Toxu away, he began to go all out to suppress the Brotherhood party in various parts of southern Xinjiang. Because Bian Yongfu and Wei Dexi, the leaders of the Kashgar Brotherhood who assassinated Yuan Hongyou, had military power in their hands, Yang Zengxin had to send them out of Kashgar in the name of "conscription" and "transfer to Kobudo to serve". As for the cases of officials in Yanqi, Luntai, Ruoqiang, and other places, Yang Zengxin ordered the "Xinjiang Hui" battalions An Yiyuan, Ma Zhihe, and Tong Mingcai, the sub-commanders, to resolutely suppress them. In Ruoqiang alone, Tong Mingcai hunted down and killed more than 40 Brotherhood party members. As for Yang Jinhua, Su Jinyu, and other elders leaders of the Brotherhood in Dihua, Qitai, and other places, Ma Fuxing and Ma Fuming, who were 'returning to Xinjiang', were used to 'correct the Fa'." According to rough statistics, "in the three years since the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Yang relied on the 'Xinjiang Return Team' to execute more than 200 members of the Brotherhood of Elders", which lasted until the eighth year of the Republic of China (1919). That is, by the end of the year, the Brotherhood of Elders in Yanqi, Aksu, Kucha, Luntai, Kashgar, Khotan, Yecheng, Luopu, Ruoqiang, Barikun, Gucheng, Dihua, Manas, Tacheng, Bortala and other places had basically been suppressed.
As for Bian Yongfu and Wei Dexi, who were previously transferred to Kobudo, Yang Zengxin did not let go. Yang Zengxin first sent Wei Dexi and his men and horses to Fight in Kebudo and let them die. In October 1913, Yang Zengxin transferred Bian Yongfu to Aksu as deputy general. When Bian Yongfu passed by Kucha, Ma Shaowu, the governor of Kuqa County, was secretly ordered to arrest and detain him. Ma Shaowu acted in accordance with Yang Zengxin's secret orders, collected all the weapons of the soldiers led by Bian Yongfu, and then dismissed all his troops.
In accordance with Yang Zengxin's instructions, Ma Shaowu put Bian Yongfu's hands and feet in shackles, put them into wooden cages, and sent troops to escort Bian Yongfu back to his native Gansu. When Bian Yongfu was escorted back to his hometown in Gansu, Yang Zengxin telegraphed in advance to Inspector Zhang of Gansu, and as soon as the people arrived, they were shot on the spot.
Altay Ancient City Gate Tower
Six. Rush to the aid of Kobdo and defend Altay
After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising of the Xinhai Revolution, the interior and 18 coastal provinces broke away from the Qing government, supported the republic, and declared independence. Taking advantage of this chaotic situation, the "Eight Banners" of Outer Mongolia also declared independence from the "Chinese nation". On the ninth day of November (December 28, 1911) of the third year of Xuanun reunification, the Qing imperial family abdicated. Soon, the living Buddha Jebtsundamba from Tibetan areas announced that he would expel the Qing government minister in Kulun, and Outer Mongolia would become independent from the Republic of China and establish a "gongdai", with the capital at Kulun (Ulaanbaatar City) in Outer Mongolia.
In the spring of 1912, following the expulsion of the Qing government general in Ulyasutai, there was also a rebellion in Kobdo in collusion between the Prince of Durbert and Lama Danbi Zhancan and others. In June of the same year, representatives sent by the Kulen authorities came to Kobdo to persuade him to surrender, but was killed by Kobdo Counselor Minister Pu Kun. Jebtsundamba became angry and mobilized more than 3,000 men to attack Kobdo. As a result, pu kun on the one hand urgently asked for help from Altay and Xinjiang, and on the other hand, he held and repelled the enemy's attack. However, the Kulen authorities did not abandon their attempt to annex Kobdo, and once again sent the "Mongol Brigade" to take on the main force of the attack on Kobdo. Kobdo was in a hurry again, and the Beijing government ordered the new Counselor General of Kobdo to rush to his post, while on the other hand urgently telegraphing Paleta, the chief of the Altay Office, and Yang Zengxin, the governor of Xinjiang, sent troops to rescue him.
Outer Mongolia's "Eight Banners" declaration of independence involves the sovereignty of the two tribes of Kebudo, which is adjacent to Xinjiang, and the stakes are very high. "Kecheng is interdependent and shields the new province. If Ko ruo falls, Abi will inevitably be affected by the new. "Kobdo and Altay are cold lips, and the importance of sending troops to rescue Kobdo is very clear in Yang Zengxin's heart." If the military handling of Ko'a fails, it is bound to disturb Xinjiang. Most of the places in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng, Jinghe, Wusu, and Yanqi, are pastures of various tribes in the old Turbat, and they are easily connected with the Mongolian people in Kodi, and if the Mongolian people everywhere are incited by it, the matter of affecting Xinjiang will be unmanageable. ”
The Kulen authorities, with the support and encouragement of Tsarist Russia, declared the independence of Outer Mongolia, which also caused internal chaos in the Altay region of Xinjiang. After Outer Mongolia declared independence, the local tribal leaders of Altay approached the Provincial Capital of Xinjiang, which bordered Altay, to demand continued annexation to China. Moreover, the tribes also hope that the Chinese government will intervene with the Kulen authorities to eliminate the various kinds of servitude imposed on them. Yang Zengxin said in the "Telegram Petition to the Envoy of the Electric Kulun Chen Du Protector to Transfer to the Outer Mongolian Officials After The Ministry of Arab Mongolia Shall Not Violate the Law and Interfere in the Document": In April this year, the Altay Ulianghai managed the right-wing affairs of the Zasak Beizi Banner to protect the Indah Lama Churatuma, and brought the young Beizi Jiamuyang Zhabu into the province to express their feelings, saying that they originally belonged to the right-wing Zazak Town Duke Vazir Zabu and other banners, and because of their proximity to Outer Mongolia, they are still being held back by Outer Mongolia. "Recently, the outer Mongolian officials in Kobdo, Such Asong, ordered each flag to coordinate the supply of four stations, and urged them to act as messengers. The two banners of poverty had reached the extreme, and they really could not supply the same situation, and although the two banners had no power to resist the foreign Mongols, they relied on the sincerity of the enshuai to protect them, and wanted to make them sincere and introverted. "After Outer Mongolia declared its independence, two Mongol tribes that were about to be adjacent to the Altai region were also included, but these two banners were oriented toward China and did not want to be included in Outer Mongolia," the two banners disassociated themselves from Outer Mongolia to clear the boundaries. According to this investigation, the two flags are within the scope of Altai and are not under the jurisdiction of Kobdo. Outer Mongolia should not apportion the messengers, and should ask for a telegram to kulun Chen Du to protect the envoy, according to the conditions set by the China-Russia-Mongolia Council, note that the outer Mongolian officials stationed in Kobdo should not violate the law in the future, and should be completely under the jurisdiction of Altai, so as not to infringe on the authority." The leaders of these two banners both asked Yang Zengxin to preside over justice. Therefore, Yang Zengxin was obliged to stand up in order to safeguard the territorial integrity and unity of the motherland.
Map of Xinjiang
According to Chen Yi, the last General of the Qing Court, Ulaanbaatar, Kobdo and Altay were in "the world of the Qing Dynasty... Under the control of the left deputy general of Uria Sutai Dingbian. "In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), he ruled the territory and ruled with the counselor minister stationed in The section and the minister of affairs in Afghanistan, so he knew his authority and was specifically responsible for it."
The Qing court had counsellors in Kobdo. In March of the third year of the Republic of China, when Outer Mongolia declared independence, the Counselor General Pu Kun urgently told the Republic of China government and the Governor of Xinjiang: "The Outer Mongolian cavalry surrounded Kobdo and attacked the city day and night. Pu Kun held firmly on the city, and sent a steward to travel thousands of miles, over the mountains and mountains, to Dihua to be anxious. ”
At that time, the situation in Xinjiang was also in the chaos of regime change, and Yuan Dahua was unable to maintain the situation in Xinjiang, and instead recommended Yang Zengxin as the governor and overseer of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin took up his new post, there were uprisings of the Ili revolutionaries in the north, peasant revolts in Hami and Turpan in the east, picking quarrels and provoking troubles by ethnic separatists supported by Tsarist Russia in Cele Village in the south, and incidents in which brothers and elders were killing officials in various places, xinjiang was simply a pot of porridge. Not only have these problems not been resolved, but the problem of the split between Kobdo and Altay, which is directed by Tsarist Russia behind the scenes, has emerged. At that time, the mainland's co-payment to Xinjiang had been cut off, and in the past, the annual co-salary given to Xinjiang by the mainland should be 2.4 million taels, and the last batch of co-salaries received by Xinjiang was 60,000 taels delivered by Tan Yanmin in Hunan. Although Yang Zengxin has taken over as governor of Xinjiang, his decrees have not achieved true unification. Ili, Altay, and Tacheng all sit on an equal footing with Yang Zengxin's Dihua provincial capital, and have no substantive subordination, but are closely related and interdependent in geography, economy and traditional politics. In this case, although Yang Zengxin was unusually calm on the surface, the anxiety in his heart was still conceivable.
As soon as the Altay war broke out, Yang Zengxin, who had many years of work experience in ethnic areas, keenly felt the complexity of ethnic relations. He understood the stakes very well, and the slightest mistake was a hatred for eternity. Yang Zengxin used his skillful political skills of outer softness and inner rigidity to first advise the Beijing government to appoint the Mongol king of The New Turbat as a consolation envoy for the branch, so that he could appease the nomadic people of Zahaqin and Durbert, attack the heart, and strive to recover the city of Kobdo without a fight. Yang Zengxin persuaded yuan shikai's government in Beijing to appoint all turquoise officials to the rank of knight, and to give them titles in order to show their weight and arouse their inner attachment. Prince Sheng of Junwang, Duke of Beizisheng. This method is very clever, and the Altay Mongols have longed to return to the motherland in their hearts. Therefore, Yang Zengxin is taking advantage of the momentum to push and win people's hearts. Yang Zengxin said: "If the Adjacent Turbat has surrendered, Zahaqin should be easily appeased, and after Zahaqin has been taken care of, and then try to take care of Durbert, then kecheng can be recovered without a fight." "Altay stabilized first, and it would not be difficult to recover the city of Kobdo.
Yang Zengxin's judgment and decision-making also quickly played a role, and soon the New Turk tribe Wusu Mucheng handed over 170 Russian Mauser guns and more than 24,000 rounds of ammunition. Yang Zengxin immediately sent someone to give tea to the Mongol princes as a reward. In his reply to the telegram, Yang Zengxin said: "Sincerely attaching the sponsorship of the republic is a profound righteousness, and it is not tolerant to destroy the lives of people, and the Governor of Hondu is deeply pleased, but the Zahaqin Mongol Banner was originally adjacent to the Guijing, and all the circumstances your king will know very well, especially hoping to push the sincerity of this attachment, and persuade the Mongolian banner to be attached together, and to ensure public order for all kinds of people to work together to ensure peace and order, so as to avoid military disasters... Governor Pontus had high hopes. On the one hand, Yang Zengxin implemented a policy of gentleness toward the Mongol tribes, on the other hand, he sent Yan Baoqing and Li Huazhen to assist Kobdo, and when the troops reached Wuliang, some local Mongolian tribes sent people to sincerely attach themselves and hand over eighty guns. Since then, there has been a chain reaction, and zahaqin in the territory of the branch has also surrendered thirty fast guns and six boxes of bullets to indicate that they are attached. Yang Zengxin once again sent someone to send tea and food to show his appreciation.
The annexation of the Mongol tribes made the rebels such as Jebtsundamba uneasy, and also made the Tsarist Russia extremely afraid. Yang Zengxin immediately sent a telegram ordering Yan Baoqing and Li Huazhen's two battalion commanders to drive straight in and garrison not far from Kobdo, forming a posture of troops approaching the city. At the same time, Yuan Shikai's government in Beijing also sent an urgent telegram, asking Yang Zengxin not to send troops to Kobudo. Yang Zengxin also judged the hour and sized up the situation, worried that the lone army would go deep and there would be no follow-up support and lead to a failure. He sent a telegram to the front, "The reinforcements on the rear road cannot be received, that is, they are fortunate to recover Kecheng, the grain is exhausted, and they cannot defend, and the relationship between victory and defeat is the greatest, and the two battalions of Fei Rao and Li will follow the rules, and stop being stubborn and preoccupied and risk greedy." Yang Zengxin sent troops to the city, the Kulen puppet government and Tsarist Russia were very alarmed, and quickly dispatched a large army to the west, and the Tsarist Russia also responded, quickly taking over the defense of Uriasutai and Kulen. Altay formed a confrontational situation for a while.
At that time in Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin's peace with the Ili revolutionaries on behalf of the provincial government had not yet been finally successful, the peasant revolts of Hamin had to be suppressed, and the incidents of the Elderly Brothers' Association in southern Xinjiang were frequent, and the only troops in the provincial government were scattered everywhere, and it was almost impossible to draw extra troops to assist Kobdo and Altay. In the face of the crisis situation, Yang Zengxin 's reinforcement corps, in addition to the two battalions of horses and infantry, was deeply afraid that the troops were weak and had mistaken the opportunity; he also added horses, the second battalion of the infantry team, and the first battalion of the artillery team, and instructed the deputy general Zhang Hongzuo to take them all." "Because the provincial government's finances are empty and the money in his hands is tight, Yang Zengxin has to make careful calculations and make painstaking efforts," This time the aid section should take stability as the first priority, and it is urgent for the infantry to be sent if it can send a battalion of army infantry, otherwise at least two hundred infantry troops must be sent to ask Wang Zhenjun (Wang Peilan) to dispatch a camel, and Zheng Ling will quickly prepare camels to ride a camel each, and each carry more than 100 catties of food for February and March. In this way, the infantry team is more effective than the horse team. At that time, the ancient city of Qitai became a logistics supply base for aiding Science and Argentina, and Zhu Ruiqi was responsible for the camp of aiding Science and Technology and aiding Afghanistan in the ancient city.
Qitai Ancient City Commercial Street Gate Tower
In July 1912, Yang Zengxin first ordered the ancient city defender Zhongzhi to recruit scattered banner soldiers, a total of 128 officers and soldiers, organized into a first battalion of horses and the first battalion of the horse team of the ancient town army Wang Peilan on August 14 and marched to Kobdo. In late August, Yang Zengxin sent another team of horses and infantry and 50 artillerymen from the provincial army, and Zhang Hongzuo was the second echelon to march to Kebudo. Thus, all troops assisting Kobdo amounted to more than 1,000 troops. At the same time, Yang Zengxin also recruited displaced people in Dihua, Ancient City and other places to form a battalion of infantry, ready to be handed over to the new Counselor General of Kobudo Yannian. In addition, Yang Zengxin also persuaded the border of Ili Town to send a battalion of troops to assist Kobdo. In this regard, Yang Zengxin completed the military deployment of assistance to Kobdo.
The vanguard of the two battalions of aid and kosovo rushed to Kobdo along the middle road in the desert of the ancient city of Gurbantunggut, passing through thirteen military stations. At that time, if you want to use the infantry team and the horse team, each person only needs one camel to bring enough grain and hay, and to use the horse team needs three camels to ensure the required grain and grass, so Yang Zengxin chose to use the infantry team instead of the horse team to go out. In order to give the recruits to establish a stable logistics supply base, Yang Zengxin ordered Yan Baoqing and Youshi two battalions to go north to bring enough grain and grass for three months, and sent two teams of flag soldiers and two teams of infantry to the back road of aid. They resettled stations in Yuanhu and other places, and Jiang Songlin, commander of the Mixed Brigade of the Xinjiang Army, was in charge.
In the Qing Dynasty, the grain and tea needed by the various departments of the Western Road of Outer Mongolia were mostly supplied by the ancient cities of Xinjiang and Dihua. After the battle of Aid to Science and Technology began, in order to cut off the enemy's grain source and cooperate with military operations, Yang Zengxin strictly ordered the merchants not to sell grain and tea privately with the Mongolian people, and the violators confiscated their property and property, and severely punished them. However, for the new Turgut Torogu king (also known as the Prince of Mishkudud), who was loyal to the Republic of China, Yang Zengxin adopted a special policy to facilitate his purchase of grain and tea in the ancient city to show his popularity. Moreover, in order to reduce the resistance of the aid troops to enter Kobdo, Yang Zengxin also formulated an easy-to-understand vernacular message to appease the Mongolian people: The Republic of China advocates a republic of five ethnic groups and ethnic equality. Jebtsundamba was fooled into betraying the motherland, and as a result, the Mongol people suffered from swords and soldiers. This time, on the orders of the President of the Republic of China, he marched into Kobdo only to protect the interests of the merchants. As long as the Mongolian people did not rob and make trouble, and did not become enemies of the Republic of China, the Governor of The Capital protected the remains. In the process of marching on the infantry, Yang Zengxin repeatedly instructed the troops not to disturb the localities and effectively protect the interests of the merchants and the people, so as not to cause people to live.
In the process of Yang Zengxin's dispatch of troops to rescue Kobdo, in order to ensure the independence of outer Mongolia, Tsarist Russia did everything possible to prevent the Chinese army from sending troops to reinforce Kobdo. In August 1912, Russian Minister to China Kuponszi twice sent a note to the Beijing government protesting China's dispatch of troops to Kobdo and claiming that if Chinese troops entered Outer Mongolia, Russia would inevitably intervene. To this end, Tsarist Russia not only sent troops to Uriasutai, but also sent half a company of Cossack cavalry to Kobdo to assist the Outer Mongolian army in attacking the Chinese defenders in Kobdo. At the same time, the Russian Consul General in Dihua also sent a note to Yang Zengxin, accusing Xinjiang of sending troops to Kobdo and Kashgar that would lead to sino-Russian conflicts, and Xinjiang was responsible. In this regard, Yang Zengxin sternly refuted it: "Kobdo is the territory of the Republic of China, and there is now chaos in this place within the scope of the great president's political power, and the governor of Pontus has sent a team to help at the behest of the president of his country for the sake of quelling civil unrest and has nothing to do with your country." In order to reduce unnecessary trouble, Yang Zengxin also specially equipped the infantry with a Russian interpreter, ready to negotiate with Russia at any time. In view of the fact that the Mongol bandits who attacked Kobdo were in possession of Weapons of Russian production, Yang Zengxin called the Beijing government to request representations on the delivery of weapons from Kobdo. These measures of Yang Zengxin are of positive significance to resisting Tsarist Aggression.
It was precisely because of the preparation of troops and salaries at that time that when the infantry and horse teams arrived at the large camp that was still five stops away from Kobdo, they built a fort, which delayed for too long. Also because of Yang Zengxin's overly conservative policy, he missed a good opportunity to rescue Cobb. "The two members of The City of Kecheng, who were in charge of the Post-style Samu, held the official documents of the Russian consul and the letter from Pu to join the war, and said in the courtesy document of the Chamber of Commerce that the city of Kecheng had fallen on August 20." Later, it was confirmed that "Kecheng was lost, counselor Pu fell into the thieves, was held hostage, and could not take itself." And Counselor Yan is afraid of the cubs, which is really not a should-respond talent. If the matters of recovering the city of Science and Technology were to be settled, the counselor would surely delay the Xinjiang aid to the Kuwaiti army, so those who could not understand the opportunity were actually because the counselor sent a telegram on July 15 to order the aid team to return to the ancient city of Zaza, and the counselor would go to the section to consult with the telegraph to determine the end of the line. ”
It was also because of the incitement of the Kulun authorities that the telegraph poles in northern Xinjiang at that time were mostly destroyed by the local Mongolian tribes, resulting in poor information. As a result, on August 20, Counselor Pu Kun fought for more than two months before he was forced to accept the mediation of the Russian consul, surrender the city, and lead the officials and people back to the interior. More than a decade passed, and it was not until September 4 that Yang Zengxin learned from the Beijing government's telegram that Kobdo had fallen. "Cobdo lost without a telegram, altay saved with a telegram".
In order to prevent the Outer Mongolian army from continuing to sneak west to Altay, Yang Zengxin decided to change the original plan. Earlier, Yang Zengxin increased the reinforcement infantry led by Zhang Hongzuo to two battalions, and assigned an artillery team to Advance to Altay from Suilai (present-day Manas County), and sent two battalions back to Altay to reinforce. At the same time, Yang Zengxin ordered Yan Baoqing and Youshi's two battalions to continue to advance towards Kobudo. However, when the reinforcements reached the large camp just five stops away from Kobdo, they were unable to stop them from the Russian consul in Kobdo. The Russian consul refused entry to Chinese troops on the grounds that Kobdo had belonged to Outer Mongolia. Xinjiang troops were forced to return and temporarily garrisoned in Chakhantunggu.
The loss of Kobdo, the Counselor General of Kobdo, was afraid of the cubs for many years, repeatedly missed the fighter, and the blame could not be escaped. As early as July 1912, when Yang Zengxin was preparing to send Youshi to lead the ministry to aid the section, Yannian suggested that Yang Zengxin order youshi to camp in the ancient city and wait for him to stop after he arrived in Kecheng, resulting in a month late in aiding the department. It was not until August that Kobdo was besieged again and Altay reinforcements had engaged the Outer Mongolian army that the living horse team and Yan Baoqing's infantry battalion set out from the ancient city. On August 15, after the first batch of aid troops were pulled out, Yang Zengxin had agreed with Yannian to meet the division in Xibotu, but until the fall of YannianKecheng, Yang Zengxin did not get the news that they wanted to move.
Yang Zengxin was too cautious and conservative in this campaign to aid Keke, and did not dare to use troops boldly, resulting in the loss of Kobudo. Previously, he had struggled with the use of infantry and horse teams, and although he had reduced the trouble of raising food and funds, he had overestimated the difficulties of the desert march, and then ignored the principle of the speed of soldiers. "Yang Zengxin overemphasized steady and steady fighting, step by step as a battalion, so that he was cocooned and bound himself", for example, on September 4, 1912, half a month after the fall of Keduo, "Yang Zengxin also talked about the importance and benefits of building a camp in his telegram to Jiang Songlin, Zhang Hongzuo, and other commanders. What's more, the more than 1,000 aid troops sent by Yang Zengxin before and after and the more than 6,000 rebels who attacked Kobdo City were only a drop in the bucket in terms of quantity, and it was useless.
Yang Zengxin
When Kobdo was lost, Yang Zengxin felt pained and said with great anger: "Zengxin has always taken peace as its purpose in handling affairs, and will never lightly exonerate people, but counselor Xian has a bearing on the overall situation, does not dare to see good colleagues, and is silent." The failure to quickly go to the rescue of the new section is really difficult to blame, and it should be punished together. Yang Zengxin also led to the example of the "Gengzi Incident", saying that when the Eight-Power Alliance invaded China, all countries were able to achieve the same pace and single-mindedness, while the armies of our country and one province went their own way, each pregnant with a ghost fetus, and had a heavy selfish heart. His sincere feelings of protecting the frontier jumped on the paper.
The loss of Kobdo City, And The "cowardly and incompetent" of Counselor General Of Kobdo should bear the main responsibility. Yang Zengxin, of course, also has the fault of being too cautious and conservative.
After the fall of Kecheng, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to abandon Kobdo, and all Xinjiang aid troops were transferred to Aid Altay, and stationed at the local pass from Kebudo to Altay to consolidate its gateway. Because the situation on the battlefield was changing rapidly, since Kobdo had lost, Altay had become an isolated city. Yang Zengxin then ordered that "Zhang Tong led the infantry team of 300 and dozens, more than 100 horse teams, and 1 artillery team brought from the province to Suilai by ancient pastoral land and went to altai to rescue without delay." As for the Yuanhu area, that is, it is built by Yan and has two pipes to build a camp and hold it steadily. After the first battalion of the infantry recruited by Quanxiang became an army, they all went to Yuanhu to help build the camp. This reinforcement of Altai must be energetic and speedy, and it is not necessary to wait and see. Kecheng has lost in the front, and Acheng must not lose its opportunity in the back." "The troops aiding Afghanistan have been dispatched by the province to two battalions of the new army and horses, which are scheduled to be launched tomorrow; the soldiers of the ancient city should also quickly change course and advance." In case Acheng is negligent again, why should it be against the people of Xinjiang and why should it be against the president. ”
From the ancient pasture to the Yuanhu Lake is about a thousand miles, even the soldier station has a distance of more than ten military stations. The desert march was very slow, and when they reached Xibotu, they did not join the army led by yannian, which had been agreed upon earlier. The two battalions led by Yan Youqing and Youshi went deep alone and walked to TsakhanTunggu, close to the Mongol bandits who had arrived in Kobdo ahead of time. Yang Zeng's news was shocked. Yang Zengxin was already worried that the lone army would go deep, fearing that he would be annihilated by the enemy. Once the provincial army was frustrated, it was difficult to unify the troops, and even if it had divine power, it would lack the skills to return to heaven. Yang Zengxin was also very remorseful, if he had known earlier that Yan Youqing's troops had gone deep alone, he would not have made Zhang Hong's troops turn back. Therefore, the information is not smooth, and the big things are missed. To this end, Yang Zengxin urgently ordered the first battalion of the Hamima team and the first battalion of the Bali Kunma team to quickly rush to the ancient city to take care of the rear road, and at the same time telegraphed Zhongshou Lieutenant to quickly order the first battalion of the Quanxiang Infantry Team to immediately enter Yuanhu Lake, build the camp as a base, and then order Jiang Songlin to send special personnel to fly yan youqing, if they have arrived in Cha khan Tonggu, they will be stationed there, wait for the back road to arrive and then advance together, do not take risks. "One mistake in this matter was that Zheng Lingzhi did not set up a post station, and then that Zhang Hongzhi could not cheer up, and the third mistake was that there was no detective report at all, and those who came and went could not consult those who came. You can follow up and ask for proper preparations to maintain the overall situation. ”
The situation ahead was in crisis, and it was urgent to command the overall situation, so Yang Zengxin ordered his new general Zhang Jian, the commander of the Army, to rush to the front to command the aid of the Afghan departments.
Yang Zengxin's northern aid and aid to Afghanistan were divided into two routes: the eastern route was Zhang Jian sitting in Chakhantunggu, and the frontal attack on the Kob domon bandits was met by the western route, and the western road was led by The steady and capable Zhang Hongyu, together with the Ili reinforcements, to assist Prince Palta in defending Altai. Jiang Songlin waited for news of the battle ahead in the two headquarters of the ancient city, and Yang Zengxin planned in the provincial capital Dihua.
Prince of Paletta
And this Prince of Paletta, Yang Zengxin has always trusted him, and has repeatedly sent a telegram to the Beijing government to strongly sponsor this prince. Prince Paletta was a Mongol prince who had studied in Japan, and after the Xinhai Revolution, for his own interests, he also secretly colluded with the Russians in the hope of incorporating Altai into Outer Mongolia. Paletta looked around the Altai, and only Tsarist Russia could secure his seat. The loss of the city of Kobdo was the result of the collusion between Paletta and Tsarist Russia.
However, in order to aid Science and Afghanistan, Yang Zengxin gave full play to his talents and wisdom, and carefully calculated the dosage and made proper arrangements for the problems that may be involved in the battle, such as the supply of grain and grass, the heating of mobile infantry, and guns and ammunition. In a telegram to Panetta, Yang Zengxin said: "Xinjiang aided the Albanian Communist Party officer Ben Bingfu 916 people, the famous Yili aid Afghan Communist officer Ben Bingfu 1,200 people, the general number of new Yi yi 2,115 members, according to each person's eclipse noodles one and a half pounds of noodles need to play five thousand one hundred and seventy-five pounds of noodles, according to half a year's calculations, a total of fifty-seven pounds of noodles to play, each city to fight wheat one stone can grind noodles 280 pounds, the total amount of wheat should be 2,039 but the stone 4 buckets 6 liters 4 in 2 spoons." "From the ancient city of Jin, a camel is hired to twenty stations in Aji, and each foot only needs eight or two pieces of silver to count money." Nowadays, every camel feeding month is given silver eight or two, which is not less. As for the camels who stayed in the camp last year, they were still fed silver twelve taels per animal, in order to conform to the previous discussion. "In the past, the new Iraqi aid-Aid Afghan army used to prepare food for half a year and horse feed for four months, but now the military situation is urgent, and it is respectful to plan to prepare grain for another eight months." It can be seen that Yang Zengxin can be described as extraordinary in order to keep Altai.
After fierce fighting, Zhang Jian, the commander of the regiment, bravely took the lead and killed the Mongol rebels in one fell swoop. Although the city of Kobdo was lost, Altai was able to survive.
During the Qing Dynasty, Tacheng was originally under the jurisdiction of the general Ili, and the right wing vice capital was stationed in Tacheng. After the founding of the Republic of China, the deputy capital of Tacheng was changed to counselor. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916), the administrative structure of Tacheng was assigned to Xinjiang, the counselor was changed to Daoyin, and Wang Buduan was appointed as Daoyin and deputy capital, directly under the control of the governor of Xinjiang. Turgut Mongol Liusumu, Chahar, and Erut Mongolian Ten Sumu, modeled on the old Methods of Turgut and Heshuo, although still under the control of Tacheng Daoyin, were directly subordinate to the governor and overseer of Xinjiang. As a result, Yang Zengxin completely changed the structure of the Yi, Ta, Mongol, and Kazakh tribes in the Past Qing Dynasty that belonged to the Ili general, and all of them were brought under the authority of the Governor of Xinjiang.
Previously, during the Qing Dynasty, Altay was under the jurisdiction of the Counsellor General of the Kodo. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the Qing government established the Minister of Affairs of Altai. After the founding of the Republic of China, it was changed to the chief office and directly under the Beijing government. On March 7, the eighth year of the Republic of China (1919), a mutiny occurred in Altai, and Yang Zengxin took the opportunity to suppress the rebellion and incorporated the Altai district into Xinjiang. In June, Zhou Wuxue was officially appointed as Daoyin, directly under the jurisdiction of Yang Zengxin.
However, Xinjiang, which is in the era of great changes, is a wave of uneven and rising waves. The war between Kobdo and Altai has just subsided, because the Tsarist Russia is exhausted by force and forced conscription has provoked a civil uprising, resulting in more than 300,000 Kazakh and Brooke refugees pouring into Xinjiang on the side of the border.
The second from the right is Prince Paletta!
Seven. Russian refugees fled into Xinjiang
Similar to the storm that overthrew the Manchus with the Xinhai Revolution in China, the October Revolution in Tsarist Russia five years later also occurred. The "October Revolution" in Tsarist Russia, which resulted from its military prowess, overthrew its own feudal dynasties. The successive revolutionary storms in china and Russia have affected and changed the different historical trends of two different countries. In particular, the strife and turmoil within Tsarist Russia deeply affected the stability of the situation in neighboring Xinjiang, China.
In July 1916, four years after Yang Zengxin became the governor of Xinjiang, Tsarist Russia forcibly recruited Kazakhs as soldiers in the area of Hala Lake in Central Asia, and the Kazakhs did not comply, so the Russian authorities hunted down and killed the leaders of their tribes, provoking public indignation and leading to a change in the Kazakh militia. Not only Kazakhs but also Kyrgyz (commonly known as "Bruts") participated in the riots, a same ethnic group as the Kyrgyz people in Xinjiang. ), Dungan people, Uyghurs. Rioters burned street markets, killed officials, and robbed livestock, causing great damage to local society and economy. Tsarist Russia sent troops to encircle and suppress the rebels, and mobs of all ethnic groups were forced to flee to neighboring Xinjiang under the military suppression of Tsarist Russia. According to incomplete statistics, there were about 300,000 Russian refugees entering Xinjiang from Ili, Kashgar, Aksu and other places at that time.
Outside the borders of Tacheng and Ili in Xinjiang, there are mainly Kazakh tribes, while outside the areas of Ush, Kashgar, and Puli (present-day Tashkurgan County) are mostly Brut tribes. After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang in the mid-18th century, the Kazakh and Brut tribes outside Xinjiang were all subordinate to the Qing Dynasty and were the "vassal states" of the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russian forces invaded Central Asia and annexed the Kazakh and Brut tribes. After that, Russia began to emigrate the inhabitants of the interior to Central Asia, and the pastures of the Kazakh and Burb tribes were encroached upon, and the grievances were deepened. In order to escape the repressive policies of Tsarist Russia, the local People of Kazakhstan and Bu fled to Tacheng, Altay and Ili in Xinjiang. Among them, more than 3,000 households fled from Ili alone, and it was not until the third year of the Republic of China (1914) that they obtained Chinese nationality. During the Qing Dynasty and the Guangxu Period, China and Russia divided the western border twice, dividing the Kazakh tribes into two parts, and the Kazakh departments that were assigned to Russia were called Russian Kazakhs, and the parts that were assigned to China were called Chinese Kazakhs. Although national borders are divided, ethnic groups are the same. Therefore, this has formed a number of ethnic groups living across borders in Xinjiang. As a result, the kazakh and Brut tribesmen who had been suppressed naturally fled to Xinjiang.
Yang Zengxin's writings
On March 20, the eighth year of the Republic of China (1920), Yang Zengxin said in a report submitted to the central government entitled "Submission of All Russian Fugitives To China to Return to China and Plans to Request Awards for Each Member of the Civil and Military Forces of the Committee of the People's Republic of China": "Since the turn of the autumn and winter of the fifth year of the Republic of China, after the russian Brut and Kazakh peoples rebelled against conscription in Hara Lake, the Russian government sent troops to suppress no less than 300,000 people who had caused this cloth and Kazakh people to flee from the provinces and counties along the border of Xinjiang. Among them, 60,000 to 70,000 refugees have been poured into the Tacheng area in northern Xinjiang; 160,000 refugees have been poured into the Ili and Tacheng areas of the West Road; and Kazakhs have poured in in both Ili and Tacheng. The 50,000 to 60,000 people pouring in from Kashgar and Ushi in southern Xinjiang are all Brut refugees, and tens of thousands are still scattered in other counties.
Russian refugees took the risk of escaping the brutal repression of the Tsarist government. Taking only the side card near the Ili Turks River in Xinjiang as an example, "In the early morning of the nineteenth, more than 500 Russian troops carried two flower cannons, opened fire from the Yanggrain, and reached Nalingona, that is, the card where the commander was stationed. "Russian refugees, regardless of life and death in the rain of bullets and bullets, rushed into Xinjiang's border areas, ignoring the warning shots of Chinese border guards. Guo Yibiao, the commander of the Chinese side card, sent people to negotiate with the Russian army and was not allowed to pursue them across the border and disturb public order in Xinjiang. The Russian army sent people to say: "Since Ha has entered the middle territory, why not kill him quickly, then hand over the Ha wen to us." ”
The Sino-Russian border stretches for thousands of kilometers, especially the southern border of Xinjiang is a mountainous route, the road is rugged, and in the face of the bloody suppression of the Tsarist Army, the Russian refugees "do not ask whether there is a road or a road, they are everywhere, if they are in distress, they want mountains and rivers, that is, they push down the livestock first, let their fall and pressure as the path, and then the population passes by, as if this situation is also pitiful." In particular, the weather is cold and frozen, "more and more people have fled to the cloth, the cold outside the Cyprus has long been frozen and frozen, the Russian people have turned to death in the ravines, I don't know how many people" because of the number of refugees who fled," yesterday it snowed for a few days, the mountains were frozen and even after the ice was frozen, it was difficult for people and horses to travel, the Russian people may use felt mat skin to spread on the ice, turn each other, strong for the upper and lower, the snow is several feet deep, the Russian refugees are frozen and the dead are many, and the corpse pillow is filled with obstacles, and it is unbearable to say. ”
Topographic map of Xinjiang's border with its neighbors in Central Asia
On the other hand, after entering Xinjiang, they either forcibly occupied pastures, bred incidents, or went deep into the hinterland, bringing great trouble and disaster to the lives of the local people in Xinjiang. Because the Border between China and Russia is long and the number of soldiers in Xinjiang Bianka is limited, it is difficult to cope with the influx of refugees of such a scale, so the infantry from all over the country is transferred back and forth, and it is tired of coping. As for the tragic life of the Russian refugees who fled, the local governments in Xinjiang had to "take the world's humanitarian view, and China cannot hand over the tens of thousands of lives of the fleeing To the Russian army for execution, but if they are allowed to stay in the middle for a long time, it will also hinder domestic security." "This also puts a lot of pressure on Xinjiang's local finances, which are already stretched thin." After entering Xinjiang, these refugees infiltrated into the hinterland of Xinjiang, and they could be seen in Wusu, Jinghe, Shawan, Zhenxi (present-day Barikun), Qitai, Fuyuan (present-day Jimsar), Fukang counties, as well as Aksu and Kashgar counties in southern Xinjiang.
The total population of Xinjiang at that time was 2.5 million, and there were more than 300,000 Russian refugees pouring in, accounting for 1/8 of The total population of Xinjiang, accounting for a very large proportion. The influx of Russian refugees has not only brought hidden dangers to Public Security in Xinjiang, but also caused a huge impact on Xinjiang's society, economy and culture. How to deal with these refugee issues is very difficult. If you are not careful, you may cause huge losses to Xinjiang that are difficult to recover.
In the face of such an emergency, Yang Zengxin decided to take several measures after deliberation, first ordering the local governments to find out the number of Russian refugees and the livestock they brought, so as to prepare for the next step of negotiations with the Russian government. On November 21, 1916, in the "Measures for the Investigation of Fugitives from All Genera" formulated by the provincial government, Yang Zengxin asked the local governors to register the number of refugees as soon as possible. This method is divided into nine items: first, check the number of inbound refugees' accounts; second, check where the refugees are and the names of the leaders of the management; third, check the names of refugee men and the number of their children; fourth, check the number of livestock brought by refugees; fifth, check the places where refugees live in China; sixth, check whether refugees carry weapons; seventh, the number of refugee deaths; eighth, check how many refugees have accommodated in the homes of urban and rural people, and find out the names, the number of men and women; and ninth, check the number of refugees entering the country, month, place, and place. All these situations are very meticulous, cumbersome, and very difficult to investigate, but they can lay a stable and solid foundation for the next step of refugee relief, resettlement, and repatriation.
Yang Zengxin judged that on the long border line of about eight or nine thousand miles between China and Russia, various border contradictions are "invincible and should be maintained" policy. Yang Zengxin's specific approach is: on the one hand, at the entrance of each side card, strict precautions, to prevent Russian refugees from entering, which is the best policy; but if the refugees have already entered the country, on the one hand, persuade them to abide by the law and abide by the law, so as not to disturb China's public order; on the other hand, they actively negotiate with the Russian consul to let them recover the more than 300,000 refugees who fled to Xinjiang.
It is precisely under the guidance of Yang Zengxin's prudent policy that local governments have repeatedly adhered to two policies: that is, "it is not appropriate to handle maneuvering" and "no shooting", and strive to avoid Russian refugee dogs from jumping the wall, desperately taking risks, and taking extraneous branches.
Yang Zengxin's humanitarian approach slowly calmed the psychology of the Russian refugees who were fleeing for their lives and protecting themselves. Another way for Yang Zengxin to stabilize the psychology of refugees is to guarantee livestock property belonging to refugee individuals. In the process of fleeing, Russian refugees lost many livestock and were taken in by the Chinese garrison. The Russian consul demanded that the livestock be handed over to Russian officers for inspection, but the Xinjiang provincial government refused. Yang Zengxin instructed the commander of the Ili garrison to seize the lost livestock of the Russian-Kazakh refugees and return them to the refugees. Yang Zengxin pointed out that "livestock are the source of Kazakh life" and "returning to Russian officials is to cut off Hasa's food and clothing, and will cause freezing and starvation to death." Russia is a civilized country, so why should it be unjust to be unforgiving?" he said that in this case, he had sent a telegram to the Chinese government to seriously negotiate with the Russian government.
Ili Guozigou view
Among these refugees who have fled to Xinjiang, there is also a phenomenon of uneven quality, that is, some refugees do carry weapons privately. The collection of weapons carried by refugees is therefore a big problem that must be addressed. The proper pacification work in Xinjiang has dispelled the doubts of the refugees and increased the trust of Russian refugees in chinese soldiers, so the collection of firearms has progressed relatively smoothly. The weapons carried by the refugees were handed over to local officials for safekeeping and returned when they left the country in the future. All the guns and weapons collected" and stamped on the horse with a receipt of a triptych, the number stamped on the horse, broken to give the surrendered Russians face to face, pasted on the weapon with a stub to save the case, and will be returned according to the number in the future. ”
In order to prevent accidents, Yang Zengxin dispatched some troops to bianka, intercepted the influx of new refugees, and sent troops to protect refugees who had entered Xinjiang in designated places of residence; on the other hand, it was to strictly prevent refugees from clashing with local people and disrupt local social order. Another important point of the so-called "prevention" is to set up jams to prevent refugees from flowing to other areas and to prevent unnecessary conflicts between them and the masses of all ethnic groups.
To fundamentally solve the problem of more than 300,000 refugees who have fled to Xinjiang, the way out lies in repatriating refugees back to their original places of residence. However, due to the russian government's armed suppression and shooting of refugees, the refugees were suspicious, and the refugees and the Russian government were very antagonistic, worried that after returning home, their lives and property would not be guaranteed. In addition, the refugees who were the first to voluntarily request or be persuaded to return to their home countries were shot and killed as soon as they entered the country. "Before and after, the people who returned to China were killed and injured by the Russians in the bass air and blocking areas of Hala Lake, and on the first ten days, they killed and injured 123 people who returned to China in the white belt and Lika, and checked the situation that more than 700 Russian soldiers shot and killed by Russian soldiers at a stop on the previous Russian-Kazakh trip back to Hala Lake." "Eight days ago, when ush returned to Lake Hala and traveled to the manchurian area, more than thirty Russians suddenly beat to death seventy-two men and women, including Yi, and robbed all their livestock and belongings." This brutal killing of returning refugees by Tsarist Russia has caused unprecedented difficulties for the Xinjiang government to repatriate Russian refugees back to China.
After the incident, the Xinjiang Government, on the one hand, submitted a report to the Chinese Government's Ministry of Foreign Affairs requesting the central government to make solemn representations with the Russian ambassador to China to recruit all the new refugees who had fled; on the other hand, it ordered local officials in Ili, Tacheng, Kashgar, and other places to make solemn representations with the Russian consuls in Iraq, Tajikistan, and Kashgar, and demanded that the Russian consuls cooperate with the repatriation of refugees from Xinjiang. Governor Yang Zengxin also sent a special note to the Russian consul general in Dihua, asking the Russian government not to blame the Russian government for "all kinds of Russians who have fled to Xinjiang this time if they return home in peace." After many repeated negotiations, in November 1916, two months after the cross-border refugee incident, the Governor of Russian Turkestan reluctantly promulgated the "Hamin Compliance Regulations", the main points of which were: the release of the Russian hostages taken; the surrender of firearms; the delivery of the leaders of the riots; the permanent observance of the penitential regulations, each returning to the original pasture land to supply state labor and horses; the occupation of village pastures without official permission, and the land of the Russians to be handed over to the government for inspection. But that is a far cry from the Xinjiang government's position on repatriating refugees. The position of the Xinjiang government is: pardon his crimes, do not blame them in the past, and immediately recruit them back to China. Russia's position, on the other hand, was to "always abide by the penal repentance ordinance", to surrender firearms, to hand over riot leaders, to hand over livestock, etc., before returning to their homeland. However, Yang Zengxin believes that livestock are the private property of refugees and the basic guarantee for the survival of refugees, and it is obviously inhumane to deprive them, and rejected the russian side's request. As for the arrest of riot leaders, Yang Zengxin said that most of the riot leaders arrested are tribal leaders, and when all the refugees return to China, they belong to Russia's internal affairs, and the Xinjiang side will not interfere.
In January 1917, with the approval of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Russian authorities, on the pretext of accepting refugees and releasing hostages, led 60 cavalrymen from the Russian deputy consul in Kashgar and officials from Hala Lake to Aksu to handle the return of refugees, in fact, they wanted to enter Xinjiang to arrest the so-called "rebel leaders". Xinjiang immediately said that "it will be difficult to do it." The Xinjiang side believes that "if the Russian soldiers suddenly come, the Russian people will be alarmed, it will be more difficult to find out, and it will hinder local public order in our country." In this chaotic incident, the Russian soldiers killed a lot of Chinese people in Hala Lake, and our people are in pain, if the Russian soldiers come back to China, in case they mistakenly injure the Chinese people, it is inevitable that the incident will not be stirred up. It is better for China to still investigate and send troops to escort the Russian women and children out of the country and hand them over to the Russian officials for recovery. ”
Because the Russian side insisted on submitting the position of first handing over the "rebel leader" and then accepting the refugees, and because the refugees were afraid of the crazy retaliation of the Russian army, the refugees would rather die than return to Russia. The refugees cried out in unison: "Instead of returning and dying at the hands of the Russians, it is better to die in the Middle Boundary, still able to see the eyes, and the cries of the four wildernesses are shocked." "This makes the repatriation of refugees in Xinjiang difficult.
In October 1917, the October Revolution in Russia broke out and Soviet power in the Soviet Union was born. In March 1918, the Russian Province of Seven Rivers announced that Russian refugees fleeing to Xinjiang, China, could "avoid surrendering their rebels and that they would be paid for fleeing to Kazakhstan", which fundamentally resolved the issue of Russia's repatriation from the new country. In the autumn and winter of 1918, Soviet refugees returned home one after another. The Soviet Union and New Zealand reached some agreements out of humanitarian reasons. For example, among the fleeing refugees, the children who were sold out because of poverty were allowed to be redeemed and brought back to Russia; for the Russian female refugees who were sold to Chinese citizens, if they had a widow, according to the number of pregnancy months, those who were indeed descendants of Russian refugees, regardless of men and women, were allowed to be brought back to China after childbirth; if they were the sons of Chinese citizens, the mother and her family should indicate that the adoption documents returned to Chinese citizens after childbirth should be returned to Chinese citizens after childbirth, and they should still be returned to Chinese citizens after childbirth.
The influx of Russian refugees into Xinjiang began in the Tsarist era, and the repatriation ended in the Soviet Era. Shortly thereafter, the new and Soviet unions jointly negotiated and successfully resolved the issue of the return of refugees. When the vast majority of the newly fled refugees returned to Soviet Russia, some of the newly fled refugees remained in Xinjiang for various reasons. Between 1927 and 1928, Yang Zengxin sent personnel to investigate, and issued passports to these stranded Russian refugees to join the Chinese nationality, becoming a member of the big family of the Chinese nation.
Tower City Red House
【To be continued】