"Tracing the Origin of Gansu" read the Liangzhou Thorn History Department of the Han Dynasty

【Traceability to Gansu】

Read the Liangzhou Thorn History Department of the Han Dynasty

Gansu Daily special writer Wang Shoukuan

In the sixth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1667), Shaanxi and Gansu were divided, and the Shaanxi Right Cloth Political Envoy Division, which had been used for many years, was renamed Gongchang Bu Political Envoy Division, and then renamed Gansu Cloth Political Envoy Division, and moved to Lanzhou, and Gansu officially became a province. Previously, Gansu, as the name of the provincial political district, did not exist. However, the territory of modern Gansu was initially formed two thousand years ago, and its symbol was the Liangzhou Thorn History Department of the Han Dynasty.

Establishment of the Department of Assassin History of the Thirteen Prefectures of the Western Han Dynasty

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with the continuous expansion of territory, new counties were successively established, and by the first year of the first year of the Taichu Dynasty (104 BC), there were a total of 109 counties and states in the country. In order to strengthen the imperial court's management of the localities, ensure the implementation of the imperial decrees, and supervise the county officials, in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (106 BC), Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty divided the country into thirteen supervision areas, except for the subordinate departments around Chang'an, called the thirteen prefectures of the Thorn History Department, and each department set up a thorn history, specializing in regular inspections and correcting the county guards. The rank of the Thorn History is enshrined as six hundred stones, which is the same as the county order of the county or the middle county, but its position is inferior and weighty. The history of the assassination of the county was originally limited to six edicts, and the scope of supervision continued to expand from then on, and all the imperial court officials in the ministry were among the overseers, as well as the power to accept unjust imprisonment, election and impeachment, and how the local political performance was, mainly based on the history of the state thorns returned to the beijing division every year, the county guards respected and feared the state thorn history, and the state thorn history gradually interfered in the local administration, accumulated into a system, and became a local administrator at the level above the county level.

Most of the names of the Thirteen Thorn Histories Department of the Western Han Dynasty were based on the geographical division of the pre-Qin geographers according to the situation in the mountains and rivers of the whole country, "Jiuzhou", which was slightly modified: Jizhou (Cha present-day counties in central and southern Hebei), Yanzhou (cha present-day shandong and eastern Henan counties), Yuzhou (cha present-day southeastern Henan and northern Anhui counties), Qingzhou (cha present-day shandong and southeastern Hebei counties), Xuzhou (cha present-day shandong and Jiangbei counties in Jiangsu), Jingzhou (cha present-day Hubei, Hunan, southwestern Henan and eastern Guizhou counties), Yangzhou (察州, in present-day southern Jiangsu, south-central Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi Counties), Youzhou (察州, in present-day northern Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, and northern Korea), Hezhou (察州, in present-day Shanxi and the counties of central Inner Mongolia), Yizhou (察州, 察南南, in modern Southern Shaanxi, most of Sichuan, Guizhou, and the counties in the central part of Yunnan), Liangzhou (察妃, Jiaotuo (察今廣, Guangxi, and Vietnamese counties), Shuofang (察北 shaanxi, Qingyang and Ningxia in Gansu, and the counties of western Inner Mongolia) and so on. Many of the thirteen ministries are called a state, and people are accustomed to calling one a state.

The thirteen state assassins, led by the supreme inspector of the imperial court, Yu Shi dafu, were officials sent vertically by the imperial court to supervise the first-level local political districts and counties throughout the country. The state has a fixed station, which usually works in the station and deals with relevant violations in the prefectures under inspection. Every year at the autumn equinox (August), a coach would be taken to the county to inspect the county, and each county would send a historian (secretary or the like) to the border of the county to greet him, lead the settlement, and assist in the inspection activities. At the end of the year, the state assassin Shi went to the capital to report to the imperial court to supervise the situation of the counties. The history of the prefecture's assassination examines and inspects the county and the country from six aspects: First, to rectify the illegal acts of local magnates; second, to investigate and deal with the county guards who betray public affairs and seek private interests and are greedy for profits; third, to investigate and deal with the county guards who are unjust in punishment, allowing them to be punished with punishment, and stripping the people of the people, causing public anger; fourth, the county guards are unfair in employing people and hiding the virtuous and stubborn; fifth, the children of the county guards rely on power to seek private interests; and sixth, the county guards are attached to the powerful and powerful, accept bribes, and violate administrative justice. The State Assassins are also responsible for local policing and disaster relief.

It can be seen that the object of supervision of the state assassin history is mainly the county sheriff, who is the official of the two thousand stones. In the first year of the Han Dynasty Emperor Suihe (8 BC) and the second year of the Han Dynasty Emperor Yuanshou (1 BC), the rank of the thorn history was increased to 2,000 stones twice, and the name was changed to Zhou Mu, and in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed the history of thorns.

In the Han Dynasty, the Liangzhou Thorn History Department inspected the counties

Liangzhou Thorn History Department is one of the thirteen prefectures of the Han Dynasty Thorn History Department, which was set up in the western part of Guyong Prefecture during the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "because it is located in the west, it is often cold and cool", so it is named Liangzhou. According to the Book of the Continuation of the Han Dynasty, the Chronicle of the Counties of Liangzhou is located in Long County, which is now Zhangjiachuan Town, Zhangjiachuan County. However, in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, there is a record of Jian'an's seventeenth year "Ma Chaowei Liangzhou Thorn Shi WeiKang Yu Ji", which proves that the Eastern Han Dynasty Liangzhou Thorn History zeng ruled Ji County, that is, near the present-day Chengguan Town of Gangu County. It can be said that the Liangzhou Thorn History of the Two Han Dynasties once used Long County and Ji County as its governing centers.

The Hexi Corridor was of great importance to the control of the Western Regions, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Mongolian Plateau and national security, and in order to strengthen its control over the Hexi region, in the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Emperor Xingping (194), because the Hexi counties were too far from the Liangzhou administrative center, the Hexi counties of Liangzhou were divided into Yongzhou. In the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213), the Liangzhou Department and the Si Li Department were merged to call Yong prefecture, so that "since the Three Auxiliaries rejected the Western Regions, they all belonged to Yong Prefecture." "In the first year of the reign of Emperor Yankang of Han (220), Cao Pi, who had just ascended the throne of Wei, in the name of Emperor Xian of Han, divided the Longyou region of Yongzhou into Qin Prefecture and the Hexi region into Liangzhou, and from then on, Guzang (present-day Liangzhou District of Wuwei) was the seat of liangzhou.

In the Han Dynasty, the number of counties supervised by the Liangzhou Assassination History Department was different from generation to generation. For example, the Northern Song Dynasty official Xiu Taiping Huanyu Records determined that the Liangzhou Department of the Western Han Dynasty was in charge of longxi, beidi, Tianshui, Wudu, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Anding, Dunhuang, and Jincheng ten counties, while Song Luzuqian believed that "Liangzhou Thorn History Department: Longxi, Jincheng (Zhaodi), Tianshui, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, Anding, Beidi, and Fanjiu Counties", the key disagreement is whether Wudu County belongs to Yizhou or Liangzhou.

Wudu Commandery is clearly recorded in Liangzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the records of the County of Liangzhou in the Western Han Dynasty Liangzhou in The Book of Han and Geography are unclear. Originally, when introducing the counties (kingdoms), the Han Zhi as usual under the name of the county state self-noted the He Prefecture (i.e., the Assassin History Department), such as "Jiangxia County, Gao Di Placed." It belongs to Jingzhou. However, the book Wudu, Longxi, Jincheng, Tianshui, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, Anding, Beidi and other counties lack the self-annotated text of He Prefecture to which they belong. I am the author of the "Western Han Wudu County Belongs to liangzhou thorn history department", from the "Book of Han and Geography" related self-annotation text investigation and social, economic, ethnic and political control analysis, the western Han Wudu county is the Liangzhou thorn history department, recognized by many scholars. In addition, in the fourth year (4th year) of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang, who was in charge of bingzheng, divided the world into 12 prefectures, and merged the Shuofang Thorn History Department into the Liangzhou Thorn History Department, which was originally the Northern Prefecture County inspected by the Shuo Fang Department and was inspected by the Liangzhou Department. At the same time, he induced the leader of the Beihe Qiang To offer his land as a vassal, and set up Xihai Commandery (西海郡) in the local area, Zhilongyi (治龙夷; present-day Triangle City, Haiyan County, Qinghai Province). Saikai-gun ended with the fall of the Shinmangan regime and lasted only 19 years.

Among the 10 counties inspected by the Western Han Dynasty Liangzhou Assassin History Department, Longxi and Beidi Counties were established in the 27th year (280 BC) and 35th year (272 BC) of King Zhaoxiang of Qin; in the third year (114 BC) of Emperor Yuanding of the Han Dynasty, Anding County was divided from Beidi County and Tianshui County from Longxi County. In the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC), Jiuquan Commandery and Zhangye Commandery were newly established in the Hexi Corridor, and Wudu Commandery was newly established in the Baima Yu residential area in the western part of Guanghan Commandery (廣汉郡, in modern Ziqi, Sichuan). In the first year of the Later Yuan Dynasty (88 BC), Dunhuang County was divided from Jiuquan County. In the sixth year of the first year of the Han Zhao Emperor (81 BC), the two counties of Tianshui, Longxi, and Zhangye were taken to establish Jincheng County. During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han (69-66 BC), Zhangye County was placed in Wuwei County.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the long-term war, the population of the counties and counties was greatly reduced, and the counties in present-day Gansu were slightly adjusted, and the Liangzhou Assassin History Department, which had been interpreted as a first-level administrative agency, had jurisdiction over 12 counties, namely Longxi, Hanyang, Wudu, Jincheng, Anding, Beidi, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang County, Zhangye Prefecture, and Zhangye Juyan State. Among them, Hanyang County was formed in the seventeenth year (74) of the Ming Emperor Yongping of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In short, the counties supervised by the Liangzhou Assassin History Department during the Two Han Dynasties were roughly the whole territory of present-day Gansu except for most of Gannan, as well as the eastern part of Qinghai and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and the territory of modern Gansu Province was basically formed, or the foundation of Gansu as a first-class political region was laid.

An overview of the counties inspected by the Liangzhou Assassination History Department of the Two Han Dynasties

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhangye County 6552 households 26040 people, under the jurisdiction of 8 counties, withdrawing the Western Han Dynasty Of Xianmei, Juyan Two Counties; Jiuquan County 12706 households lack of number, under the jurisdiction of 9 counties, the Western Han Dynasty Of Lufu renamed Fulu County, the table is renamed Mai is County, Chitou renamed Shatou County, Suimi renamed Anmi, Qianqi renamed Fushou County; Dunhuang County 748 households 29170 people, under the jurisdiction of 6 counties, The Western Han Yuanquan renamed Pinquan County; Jincheng County 3858 households 18947 people, under the jurisdiction of 10 counties, the original 3 counties of Fenghan, Baishi and Heguan were assigned to Longxi County During the Jian'an period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three counties of Linqiang, Anyi, and Baoqiang were demarcated from Jincheng County, and Xiping County was set up, and from Linqiang County, Xidu County (now Xining City, Qinghai Province) was divided into Xidu County (present-day Xining City, Qinghai Province), which was a county rule; Wuwei County had 10,042 households and 34,226 people under its jurisdiction, with 14 counties under its jurisdiction, and cangsong in the Western Han Dynasty was renamed Cangsong County, adding 4 county-level areas of Qiyiyin, Zuli, Xianmei and Zuoqi Qianrenguan. There are also two subordinate states that have placed "Guiyi Barbarians", Zhangye belongs to the state of five cities, in the north of Zhangye County, there are 4656 households and 16952 people; Zhangye Juyan State in the original Yan County, do not lead the Yancheng, there are 1560 households and 4733 people.

Longxi County, because the county is named west of Longshan, the Western Han Dynasty 53,964 households 236824 people, the Eastern Han Dynasty 5,628 households 29,637 people, the two Han Dynasties rule Di Dao (present-day Taoyang Town, Lintao County), both administer 11 county roads ("the county has barbarian Yi Dao"): the Western Han Dynasty is Di Dao, Shangyi County governs today's Water City Qinzhou District, Angu County governs present-day Lintao County 40 miles south, The two Han Dynasties rule the area around the junction of Present-day Wushan, Min County, and Li County, Shouyang County, Qingyuan Town, Present-day Weiyuan County, Yu Daozhi, present-day Tao river valley, Daxia County, present-day Guanghe County, Ali Matu Ancient City, QiangDaozhi is now Pingding Town, Zhouqu County, Xiangwu County is the west bank of the Wei River in the southeast of present-day Longxi County, Lintao County is governed by Minyang Town, and Xi County is ruled by Honghe Town in Present-day Li County. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangyi County, Qiangdao, XiXian and Yudao were demarcated and divided into Shuangcheng Village, Present-day Fanghan Town, Linxia Prefecture, Baishi County, which ruled the area of Qu'ao Township in Xiahe County, Gannan Prefecture, north of Dadun Village, Dahejia Town, Jishishan County, and southwest of Wuyang Town, Present-day Zhangxian County, where Yanxian County was newly established.

Tianshui County, named after tianshui lake or western Han river within its territory, the western Han dynasty pingxiang (present-day Pingxiang town, Tongwei county), 60,370 households and 261348 people, under the jurisdiction of 16 county roads: Pingxiang County, Jiequan County, Zhangmian County, Zhangmian County, Rongyi Daozhi or in the area of the junction of present-day Qin'an, Zhuanglang, Zhangjiachuan three counties, Wangyuan County to rule the area of present-day Xinyang Town in Maiji District, Hanyuan County to rule the area of present-day Maiji District, South of Dongweishui, Mianzhu Daozhi present-day Qingshui County, Ayang County to present-day Jingning County, Liuyang Daozhi to present-day Qin'an County, Wuying Town to Lianhua Town, Ji County ruled near chengguan town in present-day Gangu County, Yongren County ruled the town of Weikou in present-day Anding District, Chengji County ruled in the south of Liujia Village in Present-day Lidian Town, Jingning County, North of Hongbao Village in Present-day Qingshui County, North of Hongbao Village in Present-day Qingshui County, Zhangjiachuan Town in Present-day Zhangjiachuan County, North of Mandarin Duck Town in Present-day Wushan County, Langan County or in the Northeast of Present-day Longxi County, and the seat of Fengjie County is unknown.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tianshui County was named Hanyang County, because the county was named north of the Western Han River, Zhiji (near the present-day Chengguan Town of Gangu County), 27,423 households 130138 people, and had jurisdiction over 13 counties: Ji County, Wangyuan County, Ayang County, Luoyang County, Warrior County, Chengji County, Long County, Fengdao County, Langan County, Pingxiang County, Shangyi County, Xi County, Xianqin County, and Xianqin County, which ruled the three towns of Anfu, Yebao, and Guojia in present-day Qin'an County.

Wudu Commandery (武都郡), wudu (present-day Daqiao Township, Xihe County, Gansu), 51,376 households and 235,560 people, and the Eastern Han Commandery (around present-day Baosha Town, Chengxian County), 81,728 people in 20,102 households. The Western Han Dynasty administered 9 county roads: Wudu County, Shanglu County, present-day Xihe County, Liuxiang Township, Hechi County, Northwest of Chengguan Town, Present-day Huixian County, Pingle County, Pingluo Town, Pingle County, Pingluo County, Andi County, Jiangli Village, Xiaxian County, Xiadao County, Present-day Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, Southeast of Dashanguan, Frustrated County, East of donghe River, Present-day Luoyang County, Shaanxi, and Jialing Road, north of Present-day Luoyang County, Shaanxi. The Eastern Han Dynasty administers 7 county roads: Xiaxian County, Shanglu County, Hechi County, Frustrated County, Gudao County, Wudu Province, and Qiangdao County.

Anding County, Western Han Dynasty Gaoping (present-day Guyuan, Ningxia), 42,725 households 143294 people, under the jurisdiction of 21 county roads: Gaoping County, Fulei County Zhijin Zhenyuan County Xinji Town Tangyuan Village, Anqi County Zhijin Zhenyuan County Sancha Town, Fuyi County Zhijin Zhenyuan County Kaibian Town Zhangzhuang, Jingyang County Zhijin Pingliang KunTong District Anguo Town Youfangzhuang, Linjing County Zhijin Zhenyuan County Southeast, Halo County Zhijin Chongxin County Jinping Town Liujiagou, Wushi County Zhijin Pingzhuang District East, Yinmi County Zhijin Lingtai County Baili Town, Anding County Zhi present Jingchuan County Chengguan Town Shuiquan Village, Yinyu County governs the territory of present-day Jingchuan County, Anwu County zhijin Zhenyuan County Pingquan Town, Zuli County zhijin Huining County Shilipu Village, Pengyang County Zhijin Zhenyuan County Taiping Town Pengyang Village, Quail County zhi present-day Baiyin City Pingchuan District Shuiquan Town Quail Yin Ancient City, Yueshi Daozhi present-day Kuntong District, Fujiagou area, Yede County zhi present-day Jingchuan County and Shaanxi Changwu County border area, Chaona County ruled present-day Ningxia Pengyang County Xigu Town, Sanshui County ruled present-day Ningxia Tongxin County Xiamaguan Town Hongcheng Shui Ancient City, And Rolling County ruled present-day Ningxia Zhongning County South. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 6,094 households and 29,060 people, and the counties under its jurisdiction were: Linjing County, Gaoping County, Chaona County, Wuzhi County, Pengyang County, Yinpan County, and the southeast of present-day Jingchuan County.

Beidi County, West Han Dynasty Maling (present-day Maling Town, Qingcheng County), 64,461 households 210688 people, under the jurisdiction of 19 county roads: Ma Ling County, Fangqu County, in addition to Daozhi present-day Huan County Quzi Town, Quail County to rule the southeast of present-day Jingchuan County, Liaopan Daozhi to present-day Huachi County Near Xihuachi Town, Niyang County Zhijinning County Miqiao Town, Yuzhi County to rule Qingcheng County Qingcheng Town, Yiguan County to rule Jinning County Jiaocun Xigou, Yiju County to rule Jinning County, Dayao County to rule Jinning County Chunrong Town, Guide County Zhi Jinhuan County Guidebao, Wujie County to rule the land is unknown, and the county seat is unknown Zhilu County ruled the town of Zhiluo in present-day Fu County, Shaanxi, Lingwu County in present-day Northwest of Shaogangbao in Qingtongxia, Ningxia, Fuping County in present-day Wuzhong City, Ningxia, on the south bank of the Yellow River, Lingzhou County in present-day Wuzhong City, Ningxia, Wuzhong City in Present-day Ningxia, Zhangjiachang Ancient City in Liuyangbao Township, Yanchi County, Ningxia, and Lian County near Warm Spring in Present-day Helan County, Ningxia. Fuping, 3122 households, 18637 people, under the jurisdiction of 6 counties.

The above counties and counties are all based on the examination of the "Gansu Provincial Chronicle and Jianzhi Zhizhi" edited by Liu Guanghua, and are hereby explained.