Ai Xin Jueluo (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), formerly known as Yongyan, was the seventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the fifth emperor after the Qing capital Beijing, and the fifteenth son of the Qianlong Emperor. He reigned for twenty-five years. Qianlong was born on the sixth day of the first month of October in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong (1760), and his mother was Empress Xiaoyi Chun of the Wei Jia clan (Han). On the winter solstice of the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), he was secretly appointed crown prince by the Qianlong Emperor. In the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789), he was created the Prince of Heshuojia.
He ascended the throne in 1796, but had no real power for the first four years of his reign, and only after the death of the Qianlong Emperor did he take sole power. He abhorred corruption, and he purged the officials and punished corrupt officials and corrupt officials. However, in order to maintain the stability of the regime, he limited the efforts to suppress the greed of the ruling class, so that it had little effect. In the final Jiaqing dynasty, the problem of corruption was not only not solved, but also became more serious. His reign coincided with the rise of the world's industrial revolution and the period when the Qing Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. During this period, the White Lotus Sect rebellion occurred, and problems such as the livelihood of the Eight Banners and the transportation of rivers became increasingly prominent, and opium also flowed into China. The Qing Dynasty experienced a middle decline.
Jiaqing died in 1820 at the age of 61. The temple number Renzong, courtesy name "By Tianxing YunshiHua Sui You Chongwen Jing Wu Guang Yu Xiao Gong Diligence Duan Min Ying Zhe Rui Emperor", buried in the Qing Dynasty Mausoleum of ChangLing.
The Qingchang Tomb is the mausoleum of the Jiaqing Emperor Ai Xinjue Luo Yan and the Empress Xiaoshurui Xi Tara, located west of the Tailing Tombs of the Qing Dynasty. Its Shinto is adjacent to it in the south of the Tailing Sacred Virtue Divine Gong Monument Pavilion, and is the only imperial tomb that meets the main Shinto of the Qing Dynasty.
The Qingchang Mausoleum is the mausoleum of the Jiaqing Emperor Ai Xinjue Luo Yan and Empress Xiaoshurui Xi Tara, located west of the Tailing Tombs of the Qing Dynasty. Its Shinto is adjacent to it in the south of the Tailing Sacred Virtue Divine Gong Monument Pavilion, and is the only imperial tomb that meets the main Shinto of the Qing Dynasty. Along the way, there is a three-hole flat bridge, 300 meters west and north, and there is the last Qing Dynasty Sacred Virtue Divine Meritorious Monument Pavilion. The northern part is the same as the Tailing. The floor of the Hall of Weilongen is unique. The imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty were all built for the former emperor by the emperor himself or the emperor himself, and only the Changling Tomb was built for him by the Father of the Jiaqing Emperor, the Qianlong Emperor, and the Father built the tomb for his son.
The architectural form and layout of the Qingchang Mausoleum are basically the same as the Tailing Tombs, and its luxury and richness are no less than the Tailing Tombs. The large pillar of the Long En Hall is wrapped in gold ornaments Yunlong, golden and brilliant, the ground is made of precious spotted stone, and the yellow square stone slab, with purple pattern, is smooth and dazzling, as if full of gemstones, unique. Changling has the last Pavilion of the Sacred Virtue and Divine Merit Established by the Qing Dynasty, and since then the Qing Emperor has not built the Sacred Virtue Divine Meritorious Monument Pavilion in each mausoleum.
From shinto in front to the final Treasure City, there is everything available, but the Treasure City of Changling is taller than Tailing. Changling's Longen Hall is very distinctive, the floor is paved with very valuable yellow spotted stone, yellow square stone slabs have a natural and elegant purple pattern, brilliant, full of hall brilliance, known as "full of gems". The echo stone and echo wall of the Jiaqing Emperor's Empress Mausoleum Changxi Mausoleum have a wonderful echo effect, comparable to the echo wall of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing.
To the west of the Qingchang Mausoleum is the Changxi Mausoleum and the Changling Concubine Garden, where Empress Xiaoherui and Concubines are buried respectively.
The Jiaqing Emperor followed his father's system of building mausoleums in the order of Zhaomu in the Dongling and Xiling dynasties, and construction began in the year of his accession to the throne according to the mausoleum site selected by Qianlong for him, and was completed in 1803 (the eighth year of Jiaqing). This is the second emperor's mausoleum built in the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the garden bed of the 17 concubines of the Jiaqing Emperor was also built and completed at the same time, the Changling Concubine Garden Bed. The Jiaqing Emperor came to the mausoleum to inspect, saw that the mausoleum was magnificent and gorgeous, was very satisfied, and rewarded the official in charge of the project. However, a series of malpractices that occurred in the construction of the Jiaqing Mausoleum were exposed one after another, first the brother-in-law of the Jiaqing Emperor who undertook the Changling Project embezzled 50,000 taels of silver and 40,000 taels of silver; then the case of stone statue fraud was broken. 5 years after the basic completion of the Changling project, that is, in June of the thirteenth year of Jiaqing, the Guardian Minister of Xiling Yongxun reported that the Jiaqing Emperor found that the Changling project had engineering quality problems, due to the heavy rain for months, several buildings had leakage, the Jiaqing Emperor immediately sent people to check, after inspection found that almost all the buildings in Changling had engineering quality problems. The Jiaqing Emperor was furious and severely punished the repairees, followed by a two-year overhaul.
Dive into life
Portrait of Concubine Hongli and Childhood Concubine
In the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong (1760), Ai Xinjueluo Yuanyan was born in the spring of the Yuanmingyuan Tiandi family. Originally named Yongyan, his mother was Empress Xiaoyi of the Wei Jia clan. Since the age of six, he learned from The Soldier Shilang Fengkuan and learned modern poetry from the Gongbu Attendant Xie Yong. When He was seven years old, he went to the Panshan Xingdian To pay homage to Empress Xiaoshengxian, and at that time he was very favored by the Qianlong Emperor. At the age of thirteen, he was able to read through the Five Classics. Among the famous teachers who served and studied, Zhu Jue was the most revered. The Qianlong Emperor had three crown princes, the first of whom was Yong Lian, the second son of the Emperor, born to Empress Xiaoxianchun of the Fucha clan. Qianlong believed that "YongLian was born of the Empress, the concubine of Yuan, intelligent and valuable, and extraordinary." After Qianlong ascended the throne, he wrote a secret decree to make Yonglian crown prince and hide it behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque in the Qianqing Palace, but Yonglian died when he was nine years old. The second crown prince was Yong Chun. After Qianlong died of Yonglian's illness, he also established the seventh son of the emperor, Yong chun, but he died prematurely due to pox when he was two years old. Therefore, the fifteenth son of the emperor, Emperor Yan, was secretly established as crown prince in the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773).
In the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780), on the eve of Zhu Jue's political appointment in Fujian, Shangwu Zhenyu "nourished his heart, respected his body, knew diligence, knew self-denial, and knew sincerity", and "practiced it", and even after pro-government, he also "tried to put it around". In his youth, he had a good academic performance, "English words Bingwei, help the pen to stand up, move into a canon". After he grew older, he liked to read various histories and general reviews, and actually reached the level of "three thousand years up and down, and the governance is clear at a glance". In the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789), Heyan was given the title of Prince of Heshuojia. In September of the sixtieth year of Qianlong (1795), He Yan was officially proclaimed crown prince.
Ascended the throne as emperor
On the first day of the first lunar month of the first year of Jiaqing (1796), the Qianlong Emperor held a Zen ceremony, and the throne was the throne. The Qianlong Emperor personally visited the Taihe Temple to confer the national jade seal. Emperor Qianlong was honored as Emperor Taishang. Subsequently, the imperial government was still controlled by the Qianlong Emperor taishang, and Yu Yan temporarily resided in Yuqing Palace. Decree the whole world, and give feasts to the sect. Li Fu Jin Xi Tara clan was made empress. A banquet was held at Ningshou Palace, and the Qianlong Emperor himself went. In the first month, Fu Kang'an, a university scholar who handled miaojiang affairs, attacked Langpo and attacked Pinglong. At the same time, the White Lotus Sect bandits in the Zhijiang and Yidu areas of Hubei Province rioted. [9] In February, White Lotus bandits in the Danyang area of Hubei Province also revolted and killed local officials. The Xi'an general Heng Rui led 2,000 soldiers and horses to suppress it.
In the first month of the second year of Jiaqing (1797), king Nangxian of Miaoyi in Guizhou rebelled, and The governor Le Bao ordered the governor Le Bao to lead troops to encircle and suppress it. Guan Cheng reported that the Sichuan sect bandit Xu Tiande had invaded the Dazhou and Dongxiang areas, and Yu Yan ordered the general Zhu Zhaodou and others to go and suppress them. In February, Empress Xi Tara collapsed, and was ordered by the Qianlong Emperor to wear plain clothes in the palace for seven days without taking off the tassels. Jing'an was meritorious in suppressing the bandits and was promoted to the rank of third-class uncle. Empress Dowager Hitara was made Empress Xiaoshu. Hui Ling captured the bandit leader Liu Qi and others and escorted them to The Beijing Division to be beheaded. In September, Le Bao conquered the Nest of The Thieves of Zhongmiao, captured the head of the thieves, Wang Nanxian, and others, and escorted them to the Capital Division to be beheaded. He was made a Marquis of the Third Class.
In August of the third year of Jiaqing (1798), because of the merits of the White Lotus Sect bandit king Sanhuai, Jin Lebao and He yan were made dukes, and Fu Chang'an was made a marquis. Zhang Chengji sang that there were bandits in Xining Prefecture, Jiangxi Province, and sent troops to suppress it.
Pro-government period
The Jiaqing Emperor was in his study
In the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), the Qianlong Emperor collapsed, and Emperor Yuanyan began to pro-government. In February, he murdered the powerful ministers and deposed, imprisoned, and imprisoned his cronies. He asked for blunt words, opened up the way of speech, dispelled evil and supported righteousness, and praised the officials of the Qianlong Dynasty who had been convicted of crimes by words. Abolish contributions, depose extravagance and worship frugality. Local officials are required to "keep a close eye on the people's hidden feelings", report according to the facts, and vigorously guard against the trend of deception, whitewashing, and laziness. However, its limited rectification of internal affairs failed to fundamentally reverse the decadence of the Political Situation of the Qing Dynasty. In September of that year, Yang Daochun, a resident of Yanshi County, Henan Province, forwarded a policy table and put forward suggestions such as eliminating the accumulated malpractice and the difficulties of the Su people in order to consolidate the country's foundation; warehouse grain, which is the foundation of the country and the greatest drawbacks, please lower the decree and strictly enforce the prohibition. The Jiaqing Emperor was very appreciative, saying: "Yang Daochun is based on the people and the Chen incident... What is said is what the local government should do. ...... All the items on display are held this time. He ordered that Yang Daochun be "sent by The Governor of Jiupin to be sent by Hu Jitang, the governor of Zhili, to be consulted and supplemented." In November, Hu Qilun of Xiangyang Province, Hubei Province, handled the military supplies of the Xiangyang Bureau in Hubei Province, and privately withheld more than 29,000 taels of silver, and sent it to him, and the Jiaqing Emperor executed him. For the late Governor of Huguang, Bi Yuan, who "openly used the right items for military supplies, trusted Hu Qilun's one-man manager, and arbitrarily embezzled, was actually the first to do the work", he dismissed his son from his hereditary post, and the leading officers who accepted bribes, such as Liangming, Yongbao, Qingcheng, and Ehui, were not home. When dealing with the case of Hubei's fraudulent merit and embezzlement, he also dispatched personnel to strictly verify the false reality of Sichuan's military supplies, "so that the leading soldiers can not make any profit, so that they can concentrate on suppressing thieves and make great achievements in order to quickly and quickly." He formulated the method of "ordering all grain stations to open newspapers on a monthly basis and play them on a monthly basis," so that the chaotic situation of military salaries and salaries could be corrected.
In the first month of the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), Emperor Yan ordered Erdengbao to handle the affairs of suppressing the Shaanxi sect bandits, and ordered Delen Tai and Kui Lun to handle the affairs of suppressing the Sichuan religious bandits. In July, He Ordered the Right Wing Commander Chang Ling to lead the Eight Banners of Jilin and Heilongjiang to Hubei to help suppress the bandits. Inspector Lang of Guizhou played The young seedling Yang Wentai rebelled and led his troops to suppress it. Ma Huiyu captured Liu Zhixi, the leader of the bandits, and escorted him to Beijing to be killed. Erle Dengbao captured Chen Jie, the leader of the sect bandits.
In the first month of the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801), Fu Sen was made the Hubu Shangshu and Ming An the commander of the infantry. In February, Le Bao was awarded the title of thief Wang Shihu and Wang Tingzhao. In April, the imperial concubine Niu Hulu was made empress, the Concubine Hou of Jin Ying was made Concubine Hua, the Jin noble dong clan was Chun Concubine, and the daughter of Iribu of Jin was made Ji Concubine. In May, Emperor Yan made Erle Dengbao the Head of the Imperial Household. In July, Le Bao Shangsong captured the bandits Xu Tianshou and Wang Denggao. In August, Erle Dengbao captured bandit leaders Wang Shihu and Ran Tiansi. Le Bao shangsheng captured the bandit leaders Liu Qingxuan, Tang Buwu, Ran Xuesheng, etc., and was awarded the third class male. In September, the "Great Qing Huidian" was renewed.
In the first month of the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), SongJun was made the general of Ili. Erle Dengbao captured the bandit leader Xin Cong, and all the remaining parties were pacified. In March, Delent Tai shangsong captured the bandit leaders Gong Qiyao, Li Shihan, and Li Guozhen, and all of Yu Dang were pacified. In July, Yu Yan made his first autumn fox Mulan. In December, most of the Chuanchu White Lotus Rebellion was suppressed. Zhao'er Le Dengbao, Delen Tai, Le Bao, Hui Ling, and Wu Xiongguang would report to Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chu sect bandits to ping. He was enfeoffed as the First Class Marquis of Le Dengbao and Delen Tai, le Bao first class bo, bright first class male, and Sai Chong Ah and Yang Yuchun were given the second rank. He also pushed Encheng Prince Yongyao and others, military ministers Qinggui and Dong Xuan.
In the first month of the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), the Jiaqing Emperor made Wushibu the governor of Liangguang. He also ordered Ili to open up the people's fields. [ In Leap February, Yuanmingyuan returned to the palace, entered the Zhenshun Gate, and Chen Dexing was assassinated, but was not captured.] Chen De and his second son Fu Jie. Strict prohibition of the palace gate. In June, the Gia Khanh Emperor made Nguyen Phuc Anh King of Vietnam. In October, Empress Xiaoshu was buried in the mountain mausoleum.
In May of the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), The Qing court finally completely suppressed the remnants of the White Lotus Sect rebellion, which was postponed for nine years, and the Qing court spent 200 million taels of silver on military expenses. In June, Cai was involved in a sea uprising. With Lu Kang as a university scholar, MingMing is the Shangshu of the Ministry of Works, Changlin is the Shangshu of the Punishment Department, and Fei Chun is the Shangshu of the Bureaucracy. De Ying dismissed the Military Aircraft Department, with Na Yan Cheng and Ying He as military aircraft ministers. Iinayan became the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.
Mid-term administration
Smoke waves to the cool temple
In the first month of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), the minister of internal affairs strictly exercised the rights of eunuchs. In April, He banned Westerners from carving books and preaching. In May, the Minister of internal affairs under the administration of the Western Church, failed to strictly inspect, appointed the missionary order, the lower department of the council, its scriptures were inspected and destroyed, and Tong Lan was convicted.
In September of the eleventh year of Jiaqing (1806), Zhili found out a fake engraved seal letter, colluded with silver trumpets, and falsely collected and fraudulently spent a major case.
In the first month of the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808), the second son of the emperor, Mianning, laid down Confucius. In September, British warships entered the ocean of Xiangshan and sent troops to the Macau Battery under the pretext of defending france against trade protection. In December, Emperor Yuan ordered the second son of Emperor Mianning to pray for snow at the Great High Xuan hall. Tong Jia, the daughter of Shu Ming'a, was the successor of Mianning to Fujin.
In September of the fourteenth year of Jiaqing (1809), Cai Qian was surrounded by Wang Delu, the admiral of the Fujian Admiralty, in the outer ocean of Dinghai Yushan, and he broke the boat and drowned himself. When the trade season came, the Jiaqing Emperor instructed the Governor of Guangdong, Bailing, that England should be "strong and deceitful" and that "when the country's cargo ships arrive this year, they should pay attention to the detectives in advance, and if they dare to bring more Yi soldiers to try to import, they will mobilize officers and soldiers to block and suppress them." In December, there was a case in which the scrivener of the Ministry of Works impersonated the official of the Ministry of Household Affairs and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (1810), in February, Emperor Yan issued an edict saying that opium smoking was harmful to the body, and ordered the governors to cut off its source. Suppressed the Cai Zhao rebel army that broke out in the southeastern sea.
In July of the sixteenth year of Jiaqing (1811), Yuanyan forbade Westerners to live in the interior and forbade the people to contact Catholicism.
In the first month of the seventeenth year of Jiaqing (1812), Emperor Mianning Yitai temple ceremony was performed. In June, He moved the idle clan to Shengjing outside Guanwai to live, building them houses and giving them fields and silver.
In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813), the Tianli Sect revolt broke out in the north, and some Tianli sect members rushed into the imperial palace under the assistance of eunuchs, "causing things that had not happened between the Han and Tang Dynasties and the Song Ming." At the same time, he strictly ordered the bloody slaughter of the rebel army that rushed into the palace, and all of them were spared, and the leader Lin Qing outside the city was hunted down. The Tenrikyo rebellion was suppressed.
In November of the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (1814), Yuan Yan ordered the reclamation of the wasteland of Ili and Jilin. In December, he approved specific regulations such as Jiang Youhua, the governor of Liangguang, forbade peasants from serving foreigners, on foreign firms not to build houses privately, and to check merchants' debts.
In the first month of the 20th year of Jiaqing (1815), Mianning, the Prince of Zhizhi, went to the Taimiao Temple to perform a ritual. In March, jiang youhua, the governor of Liangguang, neglected to investigate the regulations for banning opium and tobacco. In November, Prince Zhao of Li was imprisoned.
In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing (1816), he rejected the British's request to establish diplomatic relations, open a treaty port, and cede the islands off the coast of Zhejiang. The traditional concept of closing the country to the outside world also makes it adopt a blind rejection attitude towards foreign things.
Died in his later years
The Jiaqing Emperor died in this bed of the Smoke Wave Zhishuang Hall
In March of the twenty-second year of Jiaqing (1817), the chief officer of the Tianjin Water Division Battalion was added, and the two battalions of the Water Division were under special jurisdiction. In June, Matsumi asked him to stop visiting the ancestral tombs of the following year, and was severely reprimanded, deposed from his university rank, and deposed as the governor of Chahar.
In the first month of the twenty-third year of Jiaqing (1818), he said: "The mother's family of the lord of the inner court, such as Gao Bin and Jibu, has entered the Manchurian flag, and each of them has received the manchu name." However, the maiden name of Empress Xiaoyi Chun's mother is still written in one word. Emperor Jiaozong wrote about the Wei Jia clan in the home of Empress Xiaoyi Chun's mother in Yumu. ”
In May, because of the revision of the Ming Jian, the Wanli and Tianqi dynasties recorded the pioneering deeds of the previous dynasties and praised them in a word of praise, and Yu Yan believed that yu was not in line with the style, and issued an edict to punish the zheng and vice presidents, and compiled them separately. In July, Kai Luang toured Shengjing in the east. In October, back in Luang to the Tanglin Tombs, the Wanshou Festival was congratulated at the Xinglong Temple Palace.
In the first month of the twenty-fourth year of Jiaqing (1819), the 60th birthday of The Emperor was given to the courtiers. Emperor Feng's third son Miankai was made the Prince of Huan County, and the fourth son of Emperor Mianxin was made Prince Duan. In May, Prince Yongyao of Cheng was deposed by Emperor Yan and returned to the throne because of the wrong etiquette at the time of the sacrifice. In July, because Prince Yongxuan of Yi was spying on political affairs without authorization, he was stopped from entering the military plane and left to walk in the inner court.
On July 18, the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), Yuan Yan set off from the Yuanmingyuan and went to the summer resort. After a week, arrive at the cottage. On the twenty-fifth day (September 2, 1820), He Yan suddenly fell ill and died at the age of 61 at the Chengde Mountain Resort. The Records of Emperor Qingrenzong recorded this: "This time, I occasionally felt the heat. "It is confirmed that the Jiaqing Emperor was originally suffering from heat stroke." However, a simple heat stroke will not kill people, it may be due to old age, sudden cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases after heat stroke and violent death. Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne and added the word "Guangyu" before "Filial Piety". Temple number Renzong. Buried in Yi County, Hebei Province, Qingxi Mausoleum of Changling.