Umbellifera — Porcinieri
Eukaryotic domain
Fungal boundaries
Basidiomycetes phylum
Subphylum Umbellifera
Umbellifera
Suborder Umbellifera
Porcinieri
The order Porciniidae contains about 1300 species of fungi. Originally, there was only one family of porcini mushrooms, but many other families were later assigned to this order through molecular biology determinations.
This order of fungi is a large fungus belonging to exophytic mycorrhizae, but some species are parasitic, generally growing in forests or forest edges, many species are edible, and some varieties are not poisonous, but the taste is bitter, so it is inedible. Some varieties of the pile mushroom family are poisonous.
Subordinate Sections:
Boletaceae
Boletinellaceae
Calostomataceae
Coniophoraceae
Diplocystaceae
Gasterellaceae
Gastrosporiaceae
Cyperaceae (gyroporaceae)
Hymenogasteraceae
Reticulophyllaceae (paxillaceae)
Protogastraceae
Rhizopogonaceae
Sclerodermataceae
Serpulaceae
Hepatiaceae (suillaceae)
Tapinellaceae
The family Veliaceae (scientific name: boletinellaceae) is a family of fungi for the purpose of boletus.
Veliocillus, fruiting bodies as small to medium-sized. The cap is 2-10 cm in diameter, initially hemispherical or nearly bell-shaped, then gradually flattened, flattened hemispherical to nearly flattened, with a wide bulge in the middle, purple to nearly blood-red on the surface, with small ciliary scales or clumpy hairy scales, and the edges are late near-wavy, sticky when wet. The flesh is yellow, red near the epidermis, discolored at the wound, slightly thicker in the middle, slightly sour. The tubes are procrastinating, yellow to stained yellow, radially arranged, and the nozzle is angular. The stalk is thin, cylindrical, 3–8 cm long and 0.5–0.8 (1) cm thick, with a reticulated top, a stained yellow underparts, red cotton wool or ciliated scales or patterns, and a solid interior. Mycocycular membrane, very thin, light brown, brittle and broken, spore oval to nearly oval, smooth, light yellow, 7-8 μm× 3-3.5 um. There are pleated margins and pleated lateral capsules, nearly spindle-shaped or cylindrical, 40-80 μm × 7.5-13um.
Solitary or group-grown, most commonly found under coniferous forests, especially in larch (larix) forests. It is an ectomycorrhizal fungus. It is distributed in South China and Jilin, Liaoning, Anhui, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places.
Erythroxysmal, with small fruiting bodies. The stalk is 1–4.5 cm long and is interwoven into a column by a number of pale yellow glial threads. The outer layer is 2 layers, and the outer layer is thick, gelatinous and transparent. The inner layer is thin, non-colloidal, bright red, all cracked into flakes and all fell off. The inner coating is thin, tough when dry,, spherical, the epidermis is covered with vermilion powder grains, and there are 5-7 dark red protruding folds at the apex opening. The spores are pale yellow. The spores are oblong-oval, pale yellow, 12-16×8-9.5 μm, wall thickness of about 1.5 μm, and have pits.
Growing environment: aboveground group or near-clump in autumn broad-leaved forests.
Distribution range: Hunan, Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Sichuan, etc.
Economic use: The use is unknown, but the color is attractive, the form is special, and it can be used for biology teaching.
The family Coniophoraceae ( scientific name : coniophoraceae ) is a family of porcini mushrooms. The model genus of this family is coniophora.
A smooth, pigmented full of seeds is formed, in which the inner layer of the thick bilayer spore wall is extremely blue-loving. Depending on the species, the surface of the sub-solid layer may be smooth, wrinkled or nodular, and in a certain environment, it may also contain a layer of tooth-shaped bulges. Cysridia is not formed.) In fuyang base giant with iu% ferrous sulfate added, the fruiting body cannot develop green.
The family Phylloscopidae includes The genus Phylloscopus and the genus Chromatum.
Gastrosporium simplex ( scientific name : gastrosporium simplex ) is a basidiomycete species belonging to the genus Peritosporium of the family Porciniaceae. Basidiomum bulbs are round, ovoid to irregularly lobed, 1.5–2 cm wide, white, and dark brown when dried. Coated with 2 layers, the outer layer is 150-350 μm thick and composed of interwoven hyphae; the inner layer is 200-500 μm thick, composed of compact colloidal hyphae, continuous. The spores mature in powder form, deep olive yellow to cream yellow, without a middle column or sterile base. Pseudospores are colorless, branched, septated, and 3.5-5.5 μm in diameter. Bulbophyllum diosporum round to nearly spherical round, 3-4.5 μm, nearly colorless to pale yellow, with sparse warts.
This species is distributed in China, Asia and Europe.
Bulbophyllum blueensis, genus Pyrophyllaceae in the order Umbellifera in the family Pycnidae.
Morphological characteristics: Fruiting bodies are medium in size. The cap is 6–8 cm in diameter, broadly convex to flattened, light straw yellow to yellow, with small rough scales. The flesh is white and turns blue soon after the injury. The mushrooms are pale yellow, turn blue after injury, and are dented around the stalk. Round nozzles, 2-3 per millimeter. The stalk is 6-11 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick, the same color as the cap, the wound turns blue, hollow. The spore print is pale yellow. The spores are nearly oval, smooth, nearly colorless to nearly yellowish, 7.5-10 μm × 4-4.5 μm. The capsule is rod-shaped or slightly curved, the apex is rounded blunt or slightly fine-pointed, colorless, 24-43 μm× 6-10 μm.
Ecological habits: single, scattered or group-grown in the forest in summer and autumn.
Distribution area: Yunnan, Tibet, etc.
Economic use: Edible. It is an exophytic mycorrhizal fungus of trees, which forms mycorrhizae with pine, beech, hazelnut, etc.
Basidicarp is born underground or aboveground, with no sterile basal or slightly contracted basal part, with basal mycelium cords. It is coated in 1-2 layers and does not crack. The basidiospores are large, elliptical or horned, smooth or rough, colorless or colored.
Pattern genus: Phyllobacterium hymenogastervitt.
Bulbophyllum is a genus of basidiomycetes, nearly spherical, irregularly spherical to pear-shaped, occasionally in a lumpy form, bound by a basal mycelium and substrate. It is coated in 1-2 layers, consisting of rope-like hyphae or pseudo-thin-walled tissue, without cracking. The spores are usually slightly brown and are interwoven into small cavities by marrow pieces; the small cavities are arranged irregularly to more or less radiate from a small sterile base point; and the medulla pieces are colorless to colored. The burden is eternal, cylindrical, 2-4 spores, and the small stems are short and strong. The spores are colored, ovoid, elliptical, fusiform, broadly fusiform to lemon-shaped, smooth or warted, wrinkled, honeycomb-shaped to reticulated, and no or more or less wrinkled colloidal sporine sheath (outer membrane). There are 92 known species and variants of the genus worldwide, and there are 28 species and varieties in China. It is widely distributed throughout the world, but the Northern Hemisphere is more common than the Southern Hemisphere.
This genus differs from octaviania of the genus Octaviania and the genus Richoniella of the genus Pinky Packet in that it has oval-shaped basidiospores; unlike the genus Rhizopogon and the melanogaster of the genus Melanogaster, which is solid with the substrate, replaces the lateral hycephae with the base hysterangium; unlike the genus hysterangium, the genus Hydnangium and the genus Gautieria is that it lacks a middle column. The characteristics of this genus are mainly based on the basidisspores, and the thickness of the coat is secondary.
Rhizopogonaceae is a family of porcini mushrooms, defined and described in 1928 by the Swiss botanist ernst albert gäumann and the American mycologist Carroll william dodge. There are about 150 species in the family, including the genus Rhopagia and Rhopalogaster, of which Rhopalogaster is a monotype genus and contains only one species. Another genus, fevansia, has traditionally been thought to belong to the family Psilocycephalus, but it has been studied based on molecular evidence to reclassify it to the family Phylum anchovyceae.
Molecular germinogenesis studies have also shown that in the order Porcinis, the family Psilocycetes is closely related to the taxa of Rivet mushrooms, the family Hepatidae, and the truncocolumellacae , and some studies have attributed the family to these three families together in the suborder suillineae.
Basidicarp is nearly spherical, lumpy to irregular, and often solidified with a thin mycelium cord. The coating is well developed and does not crack. The spore is composed of a small cavity, locally gelatinized; the small cavity is small, irregularly arranged, empty to semi-congested. The hyphal system is monophyletic, with thin walls to slightly thickened reproductive hyphae; lock-like concatenation is usually absent and rarely present. The middle column of the handle is absent. The daughter solid layer is narrow, regular, locally colloidated or unglulified. The enveloping cortex is a transverse exothal layer formed by a narrow hyphae. The basidicarp is gourd-shaped to cylindrical rod-shaped, often disintegrating or autolyzing, and mostly 4, 6 or 8 spores. The spores are static spores, symmetrical, small to medium, dachshund, cylindrical to broadly ovoid, colorless, yellow to light brown of wheat straw, no amyloid reaction, no dextrin reaction, smooth spore wall, without an easily separated or obvious mucospore sheath; the umbilical appendages are very short. Cystic bodies are absent. Mimetic filaments are sometimes present.
Born underground or halfway aboveground, it can form exophytic mycorrhizae on tree roots and has economic value in afforestation. It is widely distributed all over the world.
Dried fungus, Latin scientific name: gyrophana lacrymans (wulf. : fr.) pat. Chinese aliases: Fuguo Roundworm, Tear Fungus.
Morphological characteristics: the fruiting body is flat, nearly round, oval, sometimes several pieces are connected into large pieces, generally 10-20 cm in length and width, and can reach 100 cm in succession, fleshy, nearly leathery after drying. The sub-solid layer is rusty yellow, interwoven by the prismatic veins into pits or folds, the edge of the prismatic veins is later split into a toothed shape, and the edge of the sub-solid layer has a white or yellow villous infertile broadband up to 1.5-2 cm wide. The pit is 1-2 mm wide and about 1 mm deep. Bar-shaped, slender, 40-68 μm × 6-9.5 μm. The capsule is long and prismatic, 50-80 μm × 6-8 μm. The spores are light rust-colored, oval, often unequal-edged, smooth, 7.5-13 μm × 5-8 μm.
Ecological habits: born on a variety of building wood. Such as wooden floors, wooden sheds, logs, bridges, wooden doors, wooden cabinets, etc.
Distribution area: Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin and so on.
Economic use: The fungus is a world-famous wood rot fungus, with strong decay and great destructive power. Cause the wood to cause a lumpy brown decay. The decaying wood is brown, forming blocks with fungal cords between them, and the decaying blocks become powder in the later stages. The anti-cancer test has an inhibition rate of 70% on mouse sarcoma 180 and 60% for Ai's carcinoma.
The family Suillaceae is a family of porcini mushrooms that includes the boletus-like genus Of Lactobacillus, truncocolumella of pseudo-truffles, and the monotype of Psiloboletinus. Statistics from 2008 show that there are 54 species in this category. Originally, there were two genera, gastrosuillus and fuscoboletinus, which were incorporated into the genus Hepatobacterium based on molecular germinogenesis. Molecular evidence also shows that in the order Porcinis, the hepatiaceae are closely related to the suborder Phylloscopus, the Rivet mushroom family, and the truncocolumellacae family, and some studies have attributed the family to these three families together with the suborder suillineae.
Dairy boletus, wild edible mushrooms, fruiting body umbrella-like, smooth taste, tender meat, rich in nutrients, rich in a variety of essential amino acids, has a good effect on enhancing the human immune system, can be divided into red milk boletus and white milk boletus two kinds.
The cap is 3-10 cm in diameter, earthy yellow, light yellowish brown, smooth surface, very sticky when wet. Mushroom meat, light yellow. Tubes, epiphytic, light yellowish brown, nozzle compound, width 0.7-1.3 mm. Stalk: 2.5-7 cm, thick 0.5-1.2 cm, nearly cylindrical, no glandular spots. The spores are yellowish brown, the spores are oblong, oval, smooth, pale yellow, 7.8-9.1 μm × 3-4.5 μm.
Edible, good taste; Mycorrhizal bacteria, which can establish a symbiotic relationship with Masson pine. Folk food intake and has been deeply processed; mycorrhizal utilization is in the research phase.
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