Umbellifera — Pterophyllaceae
Eukaryotic domain
Fungal boundaries
Basidiomycetes phylum
Subphylum Umbellifera
Umbellifera
Suborder Umbellifera
Umbellifera
Off the laceridaceae
The family Lyophyllaceae ( scientific name : lyophyllaceae ) is a family of bacteria for the purpose of umbellifera. The model genus of this family is lyophyllum.
The genus Lyophyllum (scientific name: lyophyllum) is a genus of fungi in the family Umbellifera. Distributed in Hebei, Gansu, Heilongjiang and other regions. The model species of this genus is lyophyllum leucophaeatum.
The white-brown off-pleated umbrella fruiting body is generally small or medium. The cap is 3-8.5 cm in diameter, initially nearly tapered to flattened hemispherical, late nearly flattened, slightly raised in the middle, sometimes slightly concave in the center after aging, smooth or smooth surface, or like radial fine villi, stained white to grayish brown, or stained brown, dark brown spots appear in old age, and white fine villi are curled inside the edges when young.
Morphological characteristics: thick central flesh, thin edges, stained white, dark after injury, soft, fragrant smell. The folds are not equal in length, straight to nearly curved, stained white at the young, grayish brown to brown in the later stages, and the color of the wound is darkened. The stalk is 5-8 cm, 0.5-1 cm thick, nearly cylindrical or slightly expanded at the base, the surface is stained white to off-white, with long brown stripes or cilia, the inside is solid, dirty white, and it turns lead gray after dissection. The basidium quadriples, 20-25 μm × 5.5-7.5 μm. The spores are oblong or columnar oval, colorless, with small warts, 5.5-8 μm × 2.8-4.5 μm.
Ecological habits: from late summer to autumn, it grows on the ground of broad forests or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, solitary or clustered.
Distribution area: Gansu, Qinghai and other regions.
Economic use: toxic, not suitable for consumption.
Lotus leaf off-pleated umbrella, commonly known as the north wind fungus, lotus leaf mushroom, cold mushroom, a nest of chicken, the trade name deer antler mushroom, away from the fold umbrella family edible mushroom.
The lotus leaves are clustered or clustered together from the folded umbrella fungus, and the lid is flattened and hemispherical, flattened later, slightly convex or slightly concave in the middle, often irregular, the lid margin is bent downward, thin, wavy, irregular and shallow, the lid surface is smooth, glabrous or often epiphytic cilia, usually shiny, light gray, grayish black or light tea brown. The middle of the mushroom meat is thick, the edges are thin, elastic, and the back is soft, and the mushroom meat is white and has a soft taste. The folds grow straight to curved, slightly later in age, denser and thinner, the color is from white to yellow, and then to light gray, and the folds are wavy. The stalk is 6 to 10 cm long, 0.5 to 1.5 cm thick, mesophytic or eccentric, cylindrical, the base is significantly expanded, mostly curved, solid, powdery at the top, fibrous downward, elastic, white to pale, and gray to brown at the base. The spores are smooth, colorless, spherical in shape, 4 to 7 μm in diameter.
The temperature range of the growth of lotus leaves from the fold umbrella is 5-35 degrees, the optimal temperature is 25 degrees; the temperature range of the differentiation of the fruiting body is 13 to 22 degrees, although the appropriate temperature is 19 degrees; the temperature difference of 0-3 ° C is conducive to the differentiation of the fruiting body, the temperature difference is too much than 9 degrees of the fruiting body can not be formed; the temperature range of spore germination is 10-25 degrees, the optimal temperature is 20 ° C; the hyphae can grow in the range of ph4 to 11, the most suitable ph4 ~ 5: the lethal temperature of the hyphae and spores is 45 degrees 30 min and 50 degrees 15 min, respectively.
Lotus leaves can grow on woodland slopes, vegetable gardens, and parks, and are generally adjacent to trees. It is widely distributed in the northern temperate region. Lotus leaf umbrella is widely distributed around the world, mainly distributed in Sichuan, Qinghai, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Fujian, Xinjiang and Yunnan regions.
Lotus leaves are delicious, but due to increasing demand, they have been predatorily collected, and the wild production on the mainland has declined year by year, but has been commercially cultivated. Lotus leaf fold umbrella has a high nutritional value, high solid protein content (21.4%), a complete range of amino acids (17 species), low fat content (1.44%), but also contains the beneficial trace elements zinc, copper and selenium and a large number of vitamins B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and niacin. However, the lotus leaf off-pleated umbrella has an enrichment effect on heavy metals cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic, so it is necessary to strictly select and control the cultivation conditions and growth environment.
Morphological characteristics: fruiting bodies clustered together, small caps, 1-5 cm in diameter, hemispherical, flattened hemispherical to flattened, edges or slightly turned, initial gray-brown or dark gray-brown, gradient gray-brown to light gray-brown, the surface is nearly smooth. The flesh is white or stained white. The folds of the fungus are straight or curved, slightly prolonged, unequal in length, dense, white to stained white. The stalk is nearly cylindrical, curved, 3-9 cm long and 0.5-6 μm thick. The spores are nearly spherical or broadly oval, colorless, smooth, 5.5-7.5 μm × 5-7.5 μm.
Ecological habits: autumn in the forest aboveground, mostly in broad-leaved forests or mixed forests on the ground, there are records of mycorrhizal formation with trees.
Distribution area: Hebei, Gansu, Heilongjiang and other regions.
Economic use: Edible taste is better.
Morphological characteristics: Fruiting bodies are medium in size. The cap is initially flattened hemispherical, then gradually flattened, 8-9 cm in diameter, gray-brown to burnt brown, the surface is sticky when wet, slightly fibrous after drying, the edges are young and innerly coiled, posteriorly unfolded, the fungal folds are pale gray, slightly dense, 5 mm wide, the injury becomes black, and the stalk grows directly to epilepsy. The flesh is white to off-white, thicker, softer, and turns black when injured. The stalk is nearly round, 7-10 cm long, 1-1 .8cm thick, the upper part is powdery, light gray, and then gradually turns black, the surface is fibrous, the base is fine spherical or expanded, the inner solid, spore triangle, smooth, 7-8.5×5-6.5 μm, containing a large oil droplet.
Ecological habits Grow on the ground in coniferous forests in summer and autumn, in groups to near-clumps.
Distribution area: Yunnan, Tibet and other regions.
Economic use: Edible. This bacterium test is anti-cancer, and the inhibition rate of mouse sarcoma 180 is as high as 100%, and the inhibition rate of Ai's carcinoma is as high as 90%.
Shallow ochre brown off-pleated umbrella, fruiting body medium size. The cap is 3.5-10 cm in diameter, flattened spherical, flattened to flattened, slightly raised in the middle, light brown yellow to churnish or bluish green on the surface, smooth or rough. The flesh is stained white. The fungal folds are close to paraphyletic, dense, stained white band light yellow-cyan to hermi-yellowish yellow, and the wound becomes red to black. The stalk is 3–6 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm thick, lighter than the lid, powder on the upper part, and striped or ciliated scales in the lower part, solid. The spores are nearly spherical, smooth, (3.5-4.6) um x (2.5--3.5)um. In summer and autumn, it grows in clusters or groups of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved woodlands. It is distributed in Sichuan, Qinghai and other places. Edible.
Tamaki off-pleated umbrella (本蕈蕈) is a mushroom of the genus away from the fold umbrella genus, which is called ben and large black in Japanese.
Its fruiting bodies are small to medium. The cap is 2-7 cm in diameter, hemispherical, flattened hemispherical to flat, dark gray-brown, light gray-brown, with an inner-curled edge and a smooth surface. The flesh of the fungus is white. The folds are white to stained white or slightly darker, straight and prosthetic, and do not vary in length. The stalk is 3.5–8 cm long, stout when young, slightly bottle-shaped, slightly curved, stained white with yellow or milky white, granular on the upper part, with longitudinal stripes, solid. The spores are colorless, smooth, spherical, 4-6um. In autumn, it grows in groups and near clusters on the ground in the forest. Edible and delicious.
The body is 2-8 cm tall, starting as a mantou hemispherical or bucket-shaped, unfolding and flattening into a fungus cap after maturity, the diameter of the cap is 2-12.5 cm, non-sticky and smooth, the middle is slightly protruding or concave, the color is gray-brown or light gray, there are white markings, and the lid edge is smoothly rolled inward. The stalk is 3–8 cm long, generally 1.2–2.5 cm in diameter, up to 3.2 cm thick, white, solid, and bulging in the lower part or waist drum. The flesh is dense, white and thick and delicious. The spores are 4-6 microns in diameter, colorless, smooth and spherical. There are no cysts in the sub-solid layer and other parts. It is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that grows in broad-leaved forests from September to early November in autumn, with fruiting bodies growing on woodland, either solitary or group-grown.
It is commonly found in The Quercus serrata and Red Pine forests in Japan, and was first found in China in saprosma ternatum and pear groves in Jinggu, Yunnan.
From the study of the strain, it can be known that the hyphae growth temperature is 5-32 ° C, and the optimal temperature is 25-26 ° C. The fruiting body development temperature is about 15 °C.
Distribution range: Yunnan, Qinghai, Tibet and other places
Main value: There is a famous saying in Japan, called "matsutake incense, occupy the beautiful" (香り matsutake mushroom, taste occupies the land), which shows that the taste of the jade mushroom away from the fold umbrella is very delicious, the taste is more delicious than the matsutake mushroom, is a rare and advanced edible mushroom, in the Japanese clear soup (すまし juice), mushroom rice (キノコご rice), cream stew are used, grilled food is particularly delicious, is considered to be the treasure of Japanese edible mushrooms. The umami taste of the footprint comes from its rich umami substances guanosine monophosphate, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Natural mushroom umbrellas are very precious, such as in 2007, the price of 1 kilogram can be as high as 10,000-20,000 yen, which is several times the price of matsutake mushrooms.
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