<h1>Stingrays</h1>
Freshwater stingrays are large ornamental fish in terms of body size, generally adults can grow to 50 to 200 cm in length, it is a very fierce aquatic killer, freshwater stingray scientific name: Potamotrygon sp. English name: Fresh Water Stingrayh.
Freshwater stingrays live in the waters of Peru, Brazil, Paraguay and Colombia in South America, the Amazon River is its birthplace, the early Amazon basin is an ocean, here is a large number of marine fish habitat, with the change of the earth's movement, the sea level in the region gradually decreased, the Amazon River also slowly transformed into a freshwater river, trapped in this marine fish also slowly evolved to adapt to freshwater life, in such an environment to breed our favorite freshwater stingray.
<h1>How to raise stingrays</h1>
Freshwater stingrays are generally suitable for survival in the environment of water temperature 22 to 26 °C, and their water quality requirements for feeding water are mainly hardness (gH): 6 to 9 dGH, pH (pH): 6.5 to 7.0.
Because the different species of stingrays have different requirements for the feeding environment, the breeder needs to build a living environment for them, but also according to the breeding of stingray species to decide, freshwater stingray species are leopard stingray, pearl stingray, monarch stingray, black and white stingray and many other species, freshwater stingray adult fish body length of 50 to 200 cm, belongs to the higher price of large ornamental fish, many breeders will be it mixed with dragon fish breeding.
Stingray's body disc is formed because of the development of the pectoral fin, the tail and because of the protective role evolved a bone flat needle-like stinger, the spine is hollow, the tip is born with two rows of small barbs, the venom is a neurological poison, the stinger itself will be replaced regularly with growth, the replacement period can often see the new and old two thorns overlapping and coexisting, and even three coexisting.
<h1>Stingray body structure</h1>
Body size: The size of the stingray is generally calculated by the diameter of the body width, and the body size can be divided into two types: round and peach shape.
Eyes: The eyes are located on the back and the two eyes are very close together, so the eye position and structure help them observe the movements of other creatures above the body. According to the difference in the size of the eye, stingrays can be divided into two categories: large-eyed stingrays and small-eyed stingrays. The eyes of the big-eyed stingray are larger and more prominent; The eyes of the small stingray are flat on the surface of the body and do not protrude. The eyes of stingrays are affected by light, and the pupil size can be adjusted by itself: when the light is strong, the pupil shrinks into a U-shape; When light is weak, the pupil dilates into a round shape.
Gill holes: Respiratory organs that use the opening of the gill hole lid to introduce fresh water streams into the gills.
Outer gills: The effect is the same as the gill hole, and the most common gills of freshwater stingrays are 5 pairs.
Pectoral fins: Evolve into discs that provide forward momentum when agitated into waves.
Ventral fin: Auxiliary pectoral fin.
Caudal fin: Stingrays do not rely on the caudal fin to advance, providing only steering, degenerating into a fairly small proportion.
Tailparts (male rays): Stingray breeding takes the form of in vivo fertilization, and the male tail fins are transformed into two tailparts. Juvenile male scrofters are inconspicuous , forming a thin needle , and as they grow , the tailcrosses become longer and thicker and curled.
Cloaca (female stingray): As the name suggests, excretion and reproduction are through this organ.
Abdominal cavity: can be observed whether the stingray eats normally.
Spiny spines: Freshwater stingrays are classified as potentially dangerous to humans because the spines on the tail stalk can be divided into single and multiple rows of spines, in fact, this spine is not used when predation. They do not actively use poisonous spines to attack people, but use self-defense when they are frightened.
Tail spines: Toxic, the edges are small serrated, and as the stingray grows, new spines will grow 3-4 times a year to replace the old thorns.