Who are the members of the tuna family?
The name of the tuna is like thunder, presumably everyone is not unfamiliar. In today's salmon sashimi, Eight Fresh Sister knows that in fact, everyone prefers to have a delicious tuna sashimi. But do you know what species are in the tuna family? What is the chain of contempt of the golden family of tuna? The world of tuna is not all the world of local tycoons, there are also small freshness, there are also white lotuses. As the elder of the seafood foodie industry, let the eight fresh sisters give you the basic common sense of some tuna varieties and names:
Cough, in simple terms, the tuna family can be divided into narrow tuna, middle tuna and generalized tuna. Well, it seems that Sister Baxian also told everyone before, what is the narrow sense of salmon, the middle meaning of salmon, the broad sense of salmon, do you remember?
Tuna in the narrow sense, the 8 brothers of the genus Tuna
Tuna in the narrow sense refers to the 8 species of mackerel suborder, mackerel family, mackerel subfamily, tuna family, and tuna genus.
The genus Thunnus is divided into two subgenuses: the tuna subgenus, also known as the bluefin group, and the new tuna subgenus, also known as the yellowfin group. There are five species under the subgenus of tuna, namely the albacore tuna (T. tuna). alalunga), T. southern bluefin tuna (T. maccoyii), T. big-eyed tuna (tuna) obesus), Pacific bluefin tuna (T. orientalis) and Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus）。 Under the new subgenus, there are three species, the yellowfin tuna (T. tuna). albacares), blackfin tuna (T. atlanticus) and the long-tailed tuna (T. tonggol）。
Among them, the Pacific bluefin tuna, also known as the Oriental bluefin tuna, was previously thought to be a species with the Atlantic bluefin tuna, but in recent years taxonomists have more likely considered them to be two different species. Using this classification, this paper considers Pacific bluefin tuna to be separate species from Atlantic bluefin tuna.
Of the eight species in the genus Tuna, three are the most popular in the market and have the highest fishing intensity.
Atlantic bluefin, Pacific bluefin, southern bluefin comparison chart
Zhongyi Tuna, the 14 knights of the Tuna Clan
The tuna family in the middle sense refers to the Tuna Tribe under the mackerel family and the mackerel subfamily, including tuna (8 species), tuna (3 species), bonito (1 species), and rudder bonito (2 species), a total of 14 species.
Among them, there are 6 species of tuna, bonito and rudder bonito, all of which are peripheral brothers of the golden family of tuna and are also important species of tuna fishing.
Tuna is the name of tuna in ancient China, the name tuna was transmitted from Japan to China in modern times, until then tuna has been called tuna.
There are three species of tuna, namely tuna, tuna and black tuna. Tuna, commonly known as the Oriental Tuna and the English name Kawakawa, is distributed along the coast of the Indian Ocean, southern China, Japan, Southeast Asia and northern Australia; the small tuna, commonly known as the Atlantic Tuna, is known as little Tuna, and the English name is Little Tunny, which is distributed in the east and west coasts of the Atlantic Ocean; the black tuna, the English name Black Skipjack Tuna, is distributed in the coastal waters from California to Peru in the United States.
There are two species of corrugated, namely the double-finned rudder booby (commonly known as the round rudder booby) and the flat rudder booby. The English name of the rudder bonito is Bullt Tuna (bullet tuna), and the English name of the flat rudder bonito is Frigate Tuna (frigate tuna), both of which are commercially caught species with relatively high yields.
There is only one species of bonito, that is, bonito, commonly known as the bonito, indicating its orthodox position in the bonito family. The Bonito (Katsuwonus pelamis), whose English name is Skipjack Tuna, is the most widely distributed and highest-yielding species in the entire tuna family. It is also a kind of inexpensive tuna, mainly used to process canned tuna, but also used to process the very popular bonito (wooden fish flower) in the Japanese market, is a tuna family, the commercial value is second only to the bluefin tuna species.
Different varieties of tuna (Chinese name translated by Hachisaki Crossing the Sea)
Special note: Among the above 14 species of tuna, except for the English name of the tuna Kawakawa, the remaining 13 species are called: XX Tuna.
22 species of tuna in the broad sense, tuna family and fox bonito family
Tuna in a broad sense refers to the mackerel suborder, mackerel family, mackerel subfamily: 1) 14 species of tuna family (Pacific bluefin and Atlantic bluefin are different species) 2) 8 species of fox bonito family. There are a total of 22 species of tuna and fox bonito.
Species of mackerel and mackerel families under the mackerel subfamily are usually considered to be close relatives of tuna, and they are not classified as tuna in the broad sense, let alone as tuna in the narrow sense.
Source: FAO Species Catalogue: Scombrids of The World, translated by Baxian Cross-Sea
As mentioned earlier, tuna in the narrow sense refers to the genus Tuna, and the middle tuna refers to the tuna family; while the broad tuna refers to the tuna family and fox bonito family under the mackerel subfamily. Here's a special introduction to the fox booby family:
There are also 8 species of fox, of which 4 species belong to the genus Of the Fox Booby, and the other 4 species belong to the genus Naked Fox, the genus Slender Bonito, the leaping booby genus, and the flat booby genus. The 8 species of fish of the fox booby family have different English names, of which 6 species are called: XX Bonito, only the English name of the thin bonito is Slender Tuna, and the English name of the naked fox bonito is Dogtooth Tuna, which is an exception.
Among the four most important species of fox bonito, the four most important species of fox bonito are Australian Bonito, Chilean bonito (Eastern Pacific Bonito), Striped Bonito and Atlantic Bonito.
Knock on the chalkboard and draw the point: Tuna family name
In the narrow sense of tuna 8, all are named XX Tuna
There are 14 species of Zhongyi tuna, of which 13 are called XX Tuna
There are 22 species of tuna in the broad sense, of which 15 are called XX Tuna and 6 are called XX Bonito
Finally, let's get to know the members of the Golden Family of Tuna:
Different members of the tuna family have different appearances, but the spindle-shaped body type is similar
About the size of the tuna
The size of different species of tuna varies greatly: the big-eyed tuna is actually very large
Comparison of the size of different species of wild tuna (Source: OPRT)
Among the members of the tuna family, the Atlantic bluefin tuna is the largest, followed by the Pacific bluefin tuna, the southern bluefin tuna is third, the big-eyed tuna (tied) is third, the yellowfin tuna is fifth, the albacore tuna is sixth, and the bonito is the smallest. Blackfin tuna and long-tailed tuna (commonly known as dried green tuna) are also smaller.
In particular, the Bigeye Tuna is almost as big as the Southern Bluefin Tuna. This is also the main reason why when southern bluefin tuna resources declined, big-eyed tuna became the main alternative to tuna sashimi in the Japanese market.
The color of tuna meat is not all red
The flesh of bluefin tuna is dark red, high in fat, and rich in flavor, making it the first choice for tuna sashimi.
The flesh of the yellowfin tuna is light pink and has a light taste, but the taste is comparable to that of bluefin tuna, which is a good and inexpensive tuna sashimi. The canned yellowfin tuna is the Chanel of the canned tuna (no one has yet processed canned bluefin tuna from expensive bluefin tuna, except for local tycoons).
Albacore tuna has the lightest flesh color, also known as white tuna, and has a lighter taste and can also be used to process canned tuna. Canned albacore tuna is the best of the canned tuna, and "canned platinum tuna" is it.
Bonito meat tastes the most, fat content is also the highest, a large number of canned bonito processing, bonito canned at a good price, usually bought in the supermarket are this kind of canned, Subway shop tuna sandwich, but also mostly made of bonito processing. Bonito is also the raw material for processing wood fish flowers.
The names of different parts of the tuna
Tuna are large marine fish that resemble cattle on land. So, just as cattle are divided into many different parts, tuna is divided into different parts. The chart below shows the flesh color, fat content, and names of the 6 main different parts of the tuna.
Source: On The Gas (if there is infringement, please contact to delete)
The following figure is the name of another tuna map of different parts, you can compare and refer to.
Source: Unknown (if there is infringement, please contact to delete)
Different parts of tuna, because of the different functions undertaken, the meat quality and color are also very different, and the nutrition and taste are also very different. Located in the upper part of the tuna, the naked body is a red flesh area, the flesh is dark red in color, and it is high in iron and heme. The middle abdomen, large abdomen, and upper abdomen are located in the abdomen, and the color from the back to the front is lightened, the oil content is increased in turn, and the fat and nutritional value are gradually increased. The most valuable parts of the tuna are the large abdomen and upper abdomen.
Source: Foreign website (eight fresh cross-sea translation, if there is infringement, please contact to delete)
Nutrition in tuna: surprising
We've always thought that tuna is just delicious and a premium sashimi ingredient. We have not known much about the nutrition of tuna, and even many people will think that the nutritional value of tuna is not as good as salmon. What are the facts?
According to the OPRT (Organization for the Promotion of Fresponsible Tuna Fishries), let's take a look at the nutritional value of tuna:
Tuna is relatively large, and generally tuna can be divided into different parts such as red meat and fatty meat. Red meat is mainly located on the back of tuna, because tuna needs to migrate long distances to make this part muscular, high heme content, lean meat is also more; fatty meat is mainly located in the abdomen of tuna, where the fat content is high and nutrient-rich.
Tuna meat is a source of high-quality protein, with tuna red meat containing 26 grams of protein per 100 grams, which is higher than protein-rich chicken (24 grams per 100 grams); tuna fatty meat parts containing 20 grams of protein per 100 grams, higher than pork (19 grams per 100 grams).
In addition, tuna meat contains 9 kinds of essential amino acids, which can fully meet people's intake needs for amino acids.
Source: Responsible Tuna Fisheries Promotion Organization (OPRT)
In tuna red meat, the potassium content is as high as 380 mg per 100 grams, which is higher than the 340 mg content per 100 grams of pork.
The content of vitamin D in tuna fat meat is as high as 18 micrograms per 100 grams, and in tuna red meat, the content of vitamin D is as high as 5 micrograms per 100 grams, which is far more than pork and beef.
We all know that the unsaturated fatty acid content of deep-sea fish is very high, and the most important reason why salmon is popular in the Chinese market is the high content of unsaturated fatty acids. So let's take a look at tuna: DHA+EPA per 100 grams of tuna fat meat is as high as 4600 mg.
Nutritional comparison between tuna and salmon: Tuna wins
We have always believed that salmon is very nutritious, Norwegians themselves also call "salmon, the Superfood", and claim that Norwegian salmon is rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, high-quality protein and other nutrients.
Source: Official website of the Norwegian Seafood Agency
The following table shows the nutritional indicators of salmon published on the official website of the Norwegian Seafood Board, and for the sake of comparison, the important indicators are specially marked with red boxes.
Let's make a comparison according to the nutritional content data released by both sides, with tuna fat meat (tuna fat meat is cheaper than tuna red meat) and salmon (farmed Atlantic salmon) fish meat comparison, it can be seen that tuna fat meat in protein content, vitamin D content, unsaturated fatty acid content of the three indicators, are more than salmon fish meat, especially unsaturated fatty acid content is 66% higher than salmon, only in the potassium content is lower than salmon.
Nutritional comparison of tuna and salmon (eight fresh cross-sea finishing)
It's not hard to think about it: tuna and salmon are highly migratory fish in the ocean. But tuna migrates longer distances, is larger, and spends its entire life migrating and foraging in the sea, not spawning in freshwater like salmon, and tuna are at a higher level than salmon from a food chain perspective. Therefore, tuna is a more complete and higher level of marine life than salmon, and it is higher than salmon in terms of economic value and nutritional value. This is also fully reflected in the market price, and the international market price of tuna as a whole is higher than that of salmon.
The nutritional value of tuna has not been fully recognized in China, which is not difficult to understand. The main reason is that Japan dominates the global tuna industry, and Japan has not vigorously promoted the popularization of tuna knowledge in the Chinese market. The leading global salmon industry is Norway, represented by the Norwegian Seafood Agency, the Norwegian salmon industry, since the 1990s in the Chinese market has been continuously promoting the nutritional value of Norwegian salmon, cultivating Norwegian salmon in china's consumer market.
By the way, fat meat is more nutritious than tuna red meat. So when we eat tuna, don't forget to eat more tuna fat meat (that is, belly meat).
Ultra-low temperature (ULT) tuna knowledge
Ultra Low Temperture refers to tuna that is frozen, processed, split, stored, transported, and thawed by special techniques at ultra-low temperatures of minus 60 degrees Celsius. The quality of ultra-low temperature tuna is very close to that of chilled tuna, and it has advantages that fresh tuna does not have, such as refrigerated transportation, year-round supply, small quantity ordering, and price advantage, so it has been very popular in high-end tuna sashimi markets such as Japan and the United States in recent years.
At present, the supply of ultra-low temperature tuna in the US market is mainly big-eye tuna, yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna, while the Japanese market is also ultra-low temperature bluefin tuna.
Image source: The website of Tristan, an American ultra-low temperature tuna company
Many of the yellowfin tuna and big-eyed tuna are caught Chinese mainland and Taiwan's ocean-going fishing vessels. After these tuna are caught at sea, they are immediately bloodied and slaughtered on board the ship, de-visceral, and immediately frozen at ultra-low temperature, and then shipped through ultra-low temperature containers to processing plants along the coast of Chinese mainland and Kaohsiung in southern Taiwan, where they are further divided into the following different parts of the product, and then exported to markets such as Japan and the United States.
On the official website of Tristan, the supplier of ultra-low temperature tuna in the United States, you can see a variety of ultra-low temperature tuna products they supply, from whole fillets, split fish segments, to split fish steaks, split fish segments, a variety of different specifications.
The thawing step of ultra-low temperature tuna is more complicated, you need to add salt in warm water first, and then soak the ultra-low temperature tuna with bags into warm salt water, thaw and then use absorbent paper to dry the surface water, and then you can store it at 0-4 degrees room temperature for 1-2 days. During this time, it can be eaten at any time in cider.
Ultra-low temperature tuna thawing and processing process on foreign websites
Knowledge about tuna fishing
There are many ways to catch tuna:
Tuna purse seines and tuna longlines
The largest production of bonito and yellowfin tuna is caught mainly using purse seines; the largest production of bigeye tuna, which is high in unit production, is mainly harvested using longline fishing. As a result, tuna purse seine vessels and tuna longline fishing vessels have also been produced.
Netting Billions: A Global Valuation of Tuna
Purse seine capture accounts for 67 per cent of total production and 46 per cent of total terminal output, while longline fishing accounts for 11 per cent of total production and 18 per cent of total terminal output. It can be seen that the production of purse seine fishing is large, while the unit output of longline fishing is high.
Tuna rod fishing boats and tuna fishing wires
Pole and Line are also a relatively common fishing method, mainly used to catch bonito, yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna. The Handline method also produces a small amount of fishing, mainly for yellowfin tuna and bonito. Rod fishing boats and silk fishing methods are relatively backward fishing methods, mainly used in Southeast Asia. Purse seine and longline fishing are gradually replacing rod fishing boats and fishing filaments.
Pacific: The main battlefield for tuna fishing
Although tuna is distributed in temperate and tropical seas around the world, tuna is mainly caught in the Pacific Ocean, followed by the Indian Ocean, where fishing production accounts for the third highest and in the Southern Ocean is negligible.
Different tuna are caught in very different ways
Atlantic bluefin fishing, which operates mainly on purse seines and partly on longline fishing, and Pacific bluefin fishing, which operates mainly on purse seines, rarely uses longline fishing. Southern bluefin fishing relies mainly on longline fishing, and partly on purse seines.
Bigeye tuna is fished mainly on longlines and purse seines; yellowfin tuna is fished mainly on purse seines and partly by longline fishing.
Bonito fishing is mainly carried out on purse seines; albacore tuna fishing, on the contrary, is mainly by longline fishing.
Tuna longlines are under control and tuna seines continue to expand
More than 90% of the world's large tuna longline vessels are registered with OPRT and are under the effective supervision of OPRT and its member states.
Between 2001 and 2003, OPRT, in cooperation with the Tuna Associations of Japan and Taiwan, dismantled and sank 39 illegal IUU longline vessels and effectively contained the IUU fishery for tuna longline fishing.
In August 2003, at the World Conference on Tuna Longline Fisheries, the members of the OPRT jointly announced that they would take effective measures to restrict the development of their own tuna longline fishing vessels in order to maintain the sustainable use of global tuna resources. Since then, the number of tuna longline fishing vessels worldwide has been effectively controlled, and the number has gradually decreased since 2005.
Through OPRT's efforts, the problem of excessive number of tuna longline fishing vessels has been effectively curbed. But large tuna purse seine vessels and FADS (Fish Aggregtaing Devices) have developed rapidly since the 1980s as fishing methods with greater efficiency and destructiveness, and have become the most important methods of tuna fishing in the world.
The rapidly growing number of tuna purse seine vessels in the Pacific is now a growing concern.
Source: OPRT official website
Statement of Originality
This article is the original of the eight fresh seas, unauthorized, please do not reprint, otherwise it will be treated as infringement.