Qishan is located in Qishan, a town of Changdao, twenty kilometers north of xihe county seat!
Liuqi Mountain refers to the military operation of Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of the Shu Han Dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms period to send troops to the Northern Expedition to Cao Wei. The history books record that Zhuge Liang only sent troops to Qishan twice during the Northern Expedition to Cao Wei, and the saying "six out of Qishan" appeared in the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", because of the great influence of "Yanyi" in the folk, so "six out of Qishan" has gradually become synonymous with Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition.
Zhuge Liang's decision to leave Qishan six times was a correct military measure and an important strategic policy for implementing the "Longzhong Pair" policy, fixing the Central Plains in the north, reviving the Han Dynasty, and becoming a hegemonic industry, which is of great strategic significance.
After Zhuge Liang restored his alliance with Wu and pacified Southern Zhongzhong, he prepared for the Northern Expedition against Cao Wei. In the spring of the sixth year (228) of the sixth year of The Shu Han Jianxing,228, he ordered Zhao Yun and others to act as suspicious soldiers, posing as a siege of Yucheng (郿城, in present-day northern Mei County, Shaanxi) from Xiegu (in present-day southern Mei County, Shaanxi) to attract the Wei army; he himself led the main force to attack in the direction of Qishan (qishan fort in present-day Li County, Longnan, Gansu), and the counties of Tianshui, Nan'an, and Anding on the right side of Longyou rebelled against Wei and surrendered to Shu, and then subdued Jiang Wei, and for a while there was a great earthquake in Guanzhong. However, Ma Mo disobeyed Zhuge Liang's deployment and was defeated by Zhang Gao and lost the street pavilion; Zhao Yun and other troops were also unfavorable, and Zhuge Liang had to return to Hanzhong. Soon, the three counties of Tianshui, Nan'an, and Anding rebelled against the Han and annexed Wei.
Two out of Qishan
The second Northern Expedition was in the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang took the opportunity of Lu Xun's defeat of Cao Xiu at Shiting, scattered the pass, besieged Chen Cang (present-day southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi), attacked for more than twenty days without breaking, Wei reinforcements arrived, and he had no choice but to return to Hanzhong.
Three out of Qishan
The third Northern Expedition was in the seventh year of Jianxing, when Liang attacked Wudu (present-day Chengxian County, Gansu) and Yinping (northwest of present-day WenXian County, Gansu), defeated Wei reinforcements, occupied these two counties, left troops to defend, and led his troops back to the division. The following year, the Wei army attacked Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang strengthened the defense, and then sent reinforcements, and then due to continuous heavy rains, the Meridian Valley, Xie Valley and other roads were impassable, and the Shu army retreated.
Four out of Qishan
The Fourth Northern Expedition was in the ninth year of Jianxing, when the Shu army surrounded Qishan, the Wei commander Sima Yi attacked, and Zhuge Liang prepared for a decisive battle. Sima Yi knew that the Shu army was coming from afar, and there was not much food for the army, so he insisted on taking risks and refused not to fight. Zhuge Liang wanted to lure the enemy with retreat, but Sima Yi was cautious in his pursuit, and as soon as the Shu army stopped, he camped and refused to defend. At this time, Liu Chan listened to the rumor that Zhuge Liang wanted to become emperor sooner or later, and ordered Wuhou to retire, and with the Shu army running out of grain and grass, Zhuge Liang had to take the class, and on the way back he ambushed and killed the famous Wei general Zhang Guo.
Five out of Qishan
The Fifth Northern Expedition was in the spring of the twelfth year, and Zhuge Liang led an army of 100,000 men out of Xiegukou to reach Yu County and encamp at Wuzhangyuan on the south bank of Weishui. Sima Yi also built a camp to block it, not to fight the Shu army, knowing that the Shu army was coming from afar, and the transportation of grain and grass was difficult, and wanted to drag the Shu army down. Zhuge Liang also made preparations to make plans for a long war in Weishui Andongtian. Zhuge Liang had agreed with Sun Quan to attack Wei at the same time before this expedition, and in May the Wu army attacked Wei with 100,000 troops, but they were not victorious and withdrew to Jiangdong, so the Shu army had to unilaterally negotiate with the Wei army. In August, Zhuge Liang became ill with overwork and became increasingly ill, and he died soon after. After his death, Jiang Wei and others followed his will, secretly did not mourn, and the whole army retreated into the Xie Valley. Zhuge Liang sent troops to the Northern Expedition five times, and only two times did he really send troops to Qishan; another time was when the Wei army attacked Hanzhong, not Zhuge Liang. In general, it is said to be "six out of Qishan".
Map of The Six Out of Qishan
In the main history, Zhuge Liang did not go out of Qishan six times.
First introduce the Fragment of Ling yun carved dragon about the geographical location of Qishan and Qishan:
"Qishan is different from Qishan, Qishan is the name of the mountain, located near the northeast of today's Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, where the ancient father of the Gonggong led the Zhou Dynasty to move here and build the Zhou Dynasty for eight hundred years. Qishan, also known as the mountain, is located in qishan Township, Li County, Gansu Province. Just from the map bird's eye view, one south of Tianshui, one east of Chencang, the air distance between the two places is more than 100 kilometers, and the actual mountain road is more than the long way. ”
Northern Expedition with troops
The history books record that Zhuge Liang used troops against Cao Wei seven times after his southern expedition:
Jianxing six years spring
Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance and took the Xiegu Road to take the Town, and asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to set up suspicious troops in the Xie Valley to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops, and he himself led a large army to attack Qishan (northwest of Xihe County, Gansu). The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui, and Anding on the right side of Longyou rebelled against Wei and Shu. Zhang Gao refused, and the big break was in the street pavilion, and Wang Ping was unable to support it, so zhuge Liang had an empty city plan. More than a thousand families in Zhuge Liang's Bashi County returned to Hanzhong. This is the first time out of Qishan.
Jianxing six years of winter
Zhuge Liang went out of Sanguan (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi) to besiege Chen Cang (east of Baoji City), ran out of grain and returned to Hanzhong. The Wei general Wang Shuang came after him and was beheaded by Wei Yan.
Seven years of Jianxing
Zhuge Liang sent Chen shi to attack wudu (around Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (around Wen County, Gansu Province). Yongzhou assassin Guo Huai led troops to rescue him, Liang zi went out to Jianwei (west of Gansu Province) and Guo Huai retreated. The second county was obtained.
Jianxing eight years autumn
The Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three ways, Sima Yi took Xicheng (northwest of Ankang County, Shaanxi Province), Zhang Gao took the Meridian Valley, and Cao Zhen took the Xie Valley. Zhuge Liang garrisoned at Chenggu (east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (twenty miles east of Yang County, Shaanxi Province). When it rained heavily for more than thirty days, the Wei army retreated.
After the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing
Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu Yixi into Qiangzhong, and the Wei generals Fei Yao (姚) and Yongzhou Assassin Shi Guohuai yuyangxi (南安郡, in the southwestern part of Wushan, Gansu).
Nine years of Jianxing
Zhuge Liang led a large army to attack Qishan, and began to transport wooden cattle. Shi Caozhen was seriously ill, and Sima Yidu oversaw the refusal of the generals in Guanzhong. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangyi (Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased Liang to Halo City (also known as Yanguan Town, located in the northeast of Li County, on both sides of the Yanguan River, bordering Tianshui City and Hui County in the east, and Xihe County in the west)[1], digging camp to defend himself, with the ridicule of "fearing Shu like fearing tigers". In May, Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang exchanged troops, and Wei Yan and others would be captured with the first 3,000 levels of enemy armor, 5,000 collars of Xuan armor, and 3,100 pieces of crossbows. In June, Li Yan returned the favor because of poor grain transportation. Zhuge Liang designed the wooden doorway and shot the Wei general Zhang Guo with a crossbow. Li Yan was deposed as a civilian. This is the second out of Qishan.
Twelve years of Jianxing
Zhuge Liang led a large army out of Xiegu Road, according to Wugong Wuzhangyuan (Qishan South, Shaanxi Province), Tuntian yu Weibin. Sima Yi could not defend it. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others led the army and there was also the matter of "death and death of Zhuge Zhongda". Wei Yan was at odds with Yang Yi and murdered Wei Yan for treason.
Of these seven uses, there were only two times when they left Qishan. The fourth use of troops was defensive, and Shu Wei did not engage in battle. The fifth time, only out of the partial division, Zhuge Liang did not go out of Hanzhong to personally arrive. Therefore, people usually call Zhuge Liang's five Northern Expeditions according to the Qing Dynasty Yu Fan's "Little Floating Plum Gossip". The Qing dynasty Liang Zhangju called Zhuge Liang's four northern expeditions, and did not record the seven years of Jianxing's military dispatch.
Main motivations, natural factors
Longyoudong is connected to Qinchuan, and is connected by the ancient Silk Road (that is, Guanlong Avenue) and the Weihe River. It is known as Qin Long's first line of lips and teeth connected, Tianshui South can be from the Yinping Ancient Road, the Line of Jianghan, and the double road leads directly to the Sichuan Shu River han. Hanzhong and Longyou were the double gates of Cao Wei in the northern part of the Shu Han Dynasty at that time. Hanzhong already existed, and then took the Long Right, then shu Han attacked the two-pronged qi, forming a pincer-shaped trend. If it is defensive, it can be closed with two doors, and cao bing is rejected outside the door, and there is no mistake. Cao Wei also had difficulty realizing the dream of Long Wangshu. It is connected to the river huang in the west and the desert in the north, which can be connected with the vast ethnic minority settlement area. Especially after the opening of the Silk Road, it was the first choke point from Guanzhong to the Western Regions. It is much easier to turn over the Long Mountains into the Qin River than to turn over the Qin Mountains. From the topographic analysis, this place is connected to the Liupan Mountains and the Yellow Valley in Longzhong. The Wei River valley runs through it, and the Jialing River and the Western Han River Valley gently enter The Long into Shu. There is a Longshan barrier in the east, a river in the west, and a natural danger in the south, and a natural heavy ground for tun soldiers to fight.
Economic factors
Tianshui city now has a total area of 14,267 square kilometers, 5.933 million mu of arable land, and a population of 3.323 million (according to 2016 statistics). The average annual runoff of the main branch of the Weihe River is 1.284 billion cubic meters, and the average annual runoff of the main branch of the Jialing River is 547 million cubic meters. Groundwater resources amount to 160 million cubic meters. The thickness of the aquifer is 4 to 15 m. Annual precipitation amounts to 15.6 billion cubic meters. Therefore, it is famous for "water injection in the Tianhe River". The average annual temperature is 10.5 °C. July is the hottest, with a maximum temperature of 38.2°C and January the coldest. Minimum temperature -19 °C. Spring is cold and warm, and there is often a cold spring; there is no scorching heat in summer, rain and heat in the same season, precipitation is concentrated; autumn cooling speed, autumn temperature is lower than spring temperature, rainy weather is more; winter cold is not severe cold, the climate is dry, rainfall is sufficient, water resources are abundant, in the Three Kingdoms period, there are still few people, grain production is abundant, and it is a grain depot for providing grain for the tun soldiers. Therefore, there is a good story of Zhuge Liang's "Liu Mai on Long". At the same time, the mountain plains are vast, the vegetation is luxuriant, the forest coverage rate is 27.42%, and the forest land area is 8.7441 million mu, which is an oasis on the Loess Plateau, known as "Longnan Forest Sea" and "Crown of Forest Springs". Before the Three Kingdoms, the water and grass here were lush and it was a natural pasture. In the ninth century BC, Qin Zu's concubine Feizi grazed and multiplied war horses here for King Xiao of Zhou, and played a major role in Zhongxing, king of Zhou. Therefore, Tianshui is a rich and precious land for breeding warhorses, and it is naturally a good breeding ground for the warhorses needed by Zhuge Liang to cut down the Wei front. In addition, the Silk Road opened Changning Yi, Gongmen Zhai ([zhài], with "Zhai"), Xialongcheng, Qinting, Jieting, Luoyang, Chengji, Xianqin, Qingshui, Mianzhu, Shangyi, Xinyang, Jicheng, Luomen and other longyou ancient towns, western merchants traded with each other, so that the market economy prospered. These were all favorable factors for Zhuge Liang to cut down Wei.
Cultural factors
Tianshui has a long history and is an important birthplace of Chinese culture. Legend has it that the fuxi clan, the head of the three emperors of human civilization, was born here, so it is called "the hometown of the xi emperor". The Yi Zhi Zhi Chuan Yun: "The ancient king of the Ku Clan, Tianxia Ye, looked up at the heavens, looked down at the Law on the earth, looked at the text of Ulu and the appropriateness of the earth, took the body near, took all things from afar, so he began to make Gossip with the virtue of the gods, with the love of all things, as a knot rope and a net [gǔ], to fish with a fish." "Shi Ji Supplementary Three Emperors Benji" Yun: "Tai Wu Ku Clan, Feng surname, Dai Fu Ren Clan Succeeding Tian er Wang, Mother Ri Bi Xu, The Great Man Traces of the Lei Ze and Born In the Cheng Ji (today's Water Area)." According to the investigation, there are more than 500 primitive ancestral settlement sites in the prehistoric cultural period on both sides of the Tianshui Weihe River and its tributaries, and at the same time, tens of thousands of relics have been excavated, some of which have similarities with the connotation of the Fuxi clan culture, especially the excavations of Qin'an Dadiwan, Tianshui Shizhao Village, Xishanping, Wushan Fujiamen and other sites have been proved, and the faience pottery vessels decorated with snakes on their heads and snakes are completely consistent with the totem worship of the Fuxi clan, indicating that there was a clan, tribe and tribal alliance in the prehistoric cultural period in Tianshui and even longyou. The Fuxi clan culture is the source of ancient Chinese culture. The Fuxi clan arose in Longyou, and then migrated, crossing the Longshan Mountains, entering Guanzhong, and discipled Chen Lun. Then march east along the Weishui River and set the governor of Chen Prefecture (present-day Wanli). It has played a role in enlightening the civilization of the Chinese nation. If the Fuxi clan did not enter the Central Plains, the patrilineal clan society was called the Yandi clan. Yandi clan surname Jiang, Yellow Emperor clan Ji surname. "Chinese" Yun: "The Yellow Emperor is made of Ji Shuicheng, and the Yan Emperor is made of Jiang Shuicheng". "Ginger" and "Ji" are from "female", indicating that the maternal line is the bloodline. "Xi", "Ginger", "Qiang" from "sheep", indicating that they are all shepherds. "Imperial Century" Yun: "Xi Shaodian married a Jiaoshi clan, known as Nu Deng, a mighty dragon in Huayang's changyang, and a sacred dragon in the stone chamber of Lieshan Mountain." "Great Wilderness West Path" Yun: "There is a country of clan people, the grandson of emperor Yan is named Ling, and the ling is born of the clan." "The Illustrated Clan is also a branch of the Qiang people. Then the Long Right Clan and the Qiang Clan are also descendants of the Fu Xi Clan, the Shenlong Clan, and the Xuanyuan Clan. From the above point of view, the three emperors all originated in the west, and later entered the Central Plains due to migration and war, which is the cornerstone of Ancient Chinese culture, and Zhuge Liang, the head of Jingxiang celebrities, politicians, and military experts, can not see this.
Secondly, the Zhou clan arose in the Yongdi Zhou Yuan. Unite with the minority nationalities in the western region and develop production. Inspired by Fu Xi's innate gossip, the performance of the day after tomorrow gossip laid a solid foundation for "Easy to Learn". In 1066 BC, with the assistance of Lü Shang of the Jiang clan, he united the Peng, Pu, Lu, Hui, Shu, and Yong tribes, and met with Muye, who was a rebel of 700,000 soldiers, and within a month, invaded Chaoge, destroying the corrupt and unpopular Shang. The Gossip Theory, on the other hand, is a kind of cosmology and dialectic of understanding and transforming the world created by the ancestors in the practice of production, which reveals the theory and method of people's understanding of the world, has always guided various undertakings, is particularly important for military strategic thinking, and undoubtedly has a teaching and influence effect on the intellectuals of the Jingxiang shi ethnic group. As a famous scholar of Jingxiang, Zhuge Liang must have taught a lot. He also used it flexibly in his later military battles.
Third, Longyou was the birthplace of pre-Qin culture. The ancestors of the Qin people were originally female cultivators descended from the Emperor Gaoyang's descendants of emperor Gaoyang, who swallowed the eggs of the birds and gave birth to great causes (i.e., Gao Tao). Gao Tao's grandson Dafei (i.e., Bo Feng) participated in the greater than the water control, and Shun gave him the surname Ofe. The descendants of Da Fei lived in Zhongyuan Yidi, "with the state of Zuo Yin, so the surname of Yin was more prominent, so he became a prince". The "History of Qin Benji" records that around the end of the Yin Dynasty, among the descendants of Dafei, "in Xirong, Baoxi tri." The Tang "Chronicle of The Lands" says that the western province is "90 miles southwest of Shangyi County, Qinzhou." Later generations believe that it is the Red River Valley in present-day Li County. The Non-Ziju Of the Middle Miao people lived in Inuqiu and were good at raising horses, and the Inuqiu people sued King Xiao of Zhou. Longyou Valley, "its ban nine times, qingquan four notes," water and grass are abundant, is a good place to breed warhorses. "History of Qin Benji" Yun: "The filial king Xi Bofeng was the main animal of Shun, and the animals were many, so there was soil, and the surname was given to Yin." Now and then it is also a horse, and its fiefdom is a vassal, and the Qin of Yi is restored. Qin Wei". Therefore, king Xiaoxiao thirteen years gave the area of Jiaolong right to Feizi to specialize in horse herding, as a vassal of the Zhou royal family, and built a city for Qin. The Qin Pavilion fire was placed for the rise and development of the Qin State, and it played a role in the use of the code. King Li of Zhou was corrupt, and Xi Rong rebelled and destroyed the Qiu Qin clan. King Xuan of Zhou commissioned Qin Zhong, the grandson of Qin Ying, to attack Xi Rong as a doctor and was killed by Xi Rong. King Xuan also sent five of Qin Zhong's sons to attack Xi rong, recover the lost territory, and entrusted his eldest son, Duke Zhuang of Qin, as the Grand Master of Xi'an. King Youwang of Zhou died in the wars of the princes. Duke Xiang of Qin, the Duke of Zhuang, led an army to rescue Zhou, escorted King Ping to the east to luoyi, made Duke Xiang a prince, and gave Qin the land west of Qi. Qin's power grew east of Longshan. In the third year of Qin Wengong (763 BC), he hunted east to Wei with 700 people, followed by The Rong, and his power reached Qi. Qin Mugong selected the meritocracy to cultivate troops and prepare for war for two or thirty years, "Benefiting the twelve countries, opening up thousands of miles of land, and dominating xirong." Qin Xiaogong adopted the law and martingale, and made great development. Yu Lie, the sixth emperor of Qin Shi Huang, destroyed the Six Kingdoms in one fell swoop, completed the great cause of the reunification of the motherland, and established the first centralized feudal empire in Chinese history. This cannot be said to have no impact on future generations. Can Zhuge Liang'an not follow the example of The Duke of Qin and enter Qin Chuan to complete the great cause of reunification?
Fourth, the Tianshui people Kui Huan Shaoshi Prefecture County, and later wang Mang's state teacher Liu Xin was a soldier. Liu Xin returned to his hometown after his death. Wang Mang's perverse behavior caused national opposition. Wang Kuang and Wang Feng, people of Xinshi, raised the banner of the Green Forest Uprising, and the whole country responded. The broken nobleman Liu Xuan mixed with Chen Muping's lin army. The Nanyang landlord and giant merchant nobleman Liu Xiu and Liu Yan cobbled together lingling soldiers to participate in the new city meeting. Tianshui Kui Hu and Ji Father Kui Chong, Kui Yi, Shangyi Yangguang, and Jixian Zhouzong were equal to 23 AD according to Tianshui "raised an army to meet the Han" and proclaimed themselves the general of Xizhou. Relying on the dangers of the region, it operated the counties of Longxi, Wudu, Jincheng, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Guohuang. In the second year of Jianwu (26), Liu Xiu ordered him to jointly negotiate with Gongsun Shu of Sichuan, so he declared himself a vassal of Gongsun Shu, was made the King of Shuoning, and sent reinforcements. So Liu Xiu led the crowd to go to Longsaka to fight. In the spring of the ninth year of Jianwu (33), he went out of the city hungry and died of grief and anger. When Geng and Cen Peng besieged Xicheng and Shangfeng, Liu Xiushu wrote to Cen Peng: "If the two cities fall, they can attack Shu in the south, and if people are not satisfied, they will be peaceful and look back at Shu." In the book to Geng, there is "Vested Long, Yan does not look forward to Shu also". This shows that Longyou is indeed a military artery for entering Shu and a barrier to Protect Shu. It is no wonder that Zhuge Liang wanted to "go out of Qi Mountain six times" and take Long from Shu.
Humanistic factors
Long Right is located in Yongliang, everyone is born strong, good at riding and shooting, learning martial arts, rich in strong combat effectiveness, so it is said that the Western Liang soldiers are strong. Therefore, this is a strong base for replenishing the source of combat troops. Because of this regional and humanistic characteristics, many outstanding generals were produced before the Eastern Han Dynasty, the most famous of which were Qin Lixin, who was both wise and courageous, Li Guang, Li Ling, the later general Zhao Chongguo, the general Ji Xin of Zhonglie, and the Protector of the Western Regions. Therefore, in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a proverb that "kanto is out of the picture, longxi is out of the general". Li Guang can be regarded as a famous general in the Western Han Dynasty. The ancestor Li Xin was a famous qin general who once captured Prince Dan of Yan. Li Guangxiao was brave and resourceful, and the ape arm was good at shooting, and once mistakenly shot the big stone in the grass as a fierce tiger, and the arrow cluster actually fell into the stone. In the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of Han (169 BC), the Xiongnu dispatched 140,000 horses to invade the south, and Li Guang, who joined the army at the age of 18, bravely fought for more than 40 springs and won more than 70 battles. Zhao Chongguo was a resourceful and composed general with military strategy. He can ride and shoot well, and has quelled the rebellion of the Kryptonians. Attack the Xiongnu and capture the King of Xiqi. Zhao Chongguo, who was in his seventies in the first year of the Shenjue era (61 BC), oversaw the army in Xi'an and adopted an effective strategy to defeat the Qiang. He also repeatedly wrote the proposition of "alluding to the peasants and using the soldiers to tun the fields", and the effect was excellent. Ji Xin pretended to be the King of Han during the Chu-Han conflict, deceived the madman, and was burned to death in Yang. Emperor Yin Huizong protected the western region, reconciled all ethnic groups in the western region, consolidated the border villages, and promoted the reunification of the motherland. And so on. Zhuge Liang's troops went out of Qishan and entered longyou, which was still a heavy place to recruit generals and replenish the source of troops.
Ethnic factors
Since the Long Right Zhou Qin, many people have lived in Mianzhu, Yi, Ji, Di, Qiang, Qiang, Lu and other Rong. Especially from the Eastern Han Dynasty to Cao Wei, the Qiang people lived in the counties of Wuwei, Anding, Tianshui, Jincheng and Jiuquan in Liangzhou. He lived in Wudu, Fufeng, Tianshui and other counties. There are Western Qiang in Hexi, and there are Xianbei and Southern Xiongnu. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms quotes the Biography of Xi Rong as saying: "In the near future, in Jian'an, the King of Xingguo, Ah Gui, and the King of Hundred Andes, Yang Qian, each had more than 10,000 people." Because this is a concentrated area of ethnic minorities, Cao Cao has not relaxed his management here. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms of Wuhuan says: "In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), Cao Cao's Northern Expedition bird Huan "beheaded the King of Wuhuan". In the same year, it attacked the Northwest Qiang Region. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms says: "In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215), he attacked and slaughtered Wudu and Tianshui. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), the disciple WuDu Qishu went out to live in Northern Jingbei, Fufeng, and Tianshui." It can be seen that Longyou was a multi-ethnic area at that time, and the ethnic minorities were in strong contradictions with the Eastern Han And Cao Wei rulers, and Zhuge Liang proposed in the "Longzhong Shi" that it was suitable for Longyou under the ethnic policy of "Xihe Zhurong", which was an important reason why Zhuge Liang wanted to "six out of Qishan".
Political factors
The politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty was based on the rule of haoqiang, the Han and emperor abolished the system of buying iron officials, private salt and iron were laissez-faire, and the powerful forces were even stronger. The powerful and the bureaucrats are all local separatists. Eunuchs and foreign relatives monopolized power, the Eastern Han regime was in turmoil, and lost the dark corruption of Haojia. Long Right Ben Xi Rong Fa Di. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the Western Regions, and the Qiang people outside the territory were more prosperous than the Han people, which provoked a great rebellion of the Qiang people in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and there were more than 40 anti-town wars. For example, in the tenth year of Jianwu (34) and eleven years (35), the battle between Xianzhiqiang and Ma Yuan; the second year of the Middle Yuan (57), the second year of Jianchu (77), the second year of Yuan he (86), the first year of Zhang He (87), the ninth year of Yongyuan (97) and the great battles of Dou Gu, Ma Wu, Ma Fang, Geng Lai, and Zhang Lu. In particular, the "Yongchu First Year (107) Riding General Deng Xiao and Lieutenant Ren Shangtun Hanyang (present-day Gangu) Beiqiang" lasted for 14 years, employed 2.4 million people, cost a huge amount, the currency was empty, the people were exterminated countless, the corpses were everywhere, and the white bones were fortified. Successive wars followed. It was not until the first year of Jiankang (145) that the eastern Han dynasty was inextricably disturbed by the peasant revolt in the interior that the great war was temporarily over. Fan Wenlan's "General History of China" said: "More than 80 billion yuan was spent in this war, and most of them were swallowed up by officials for personal gain." War broke out again after 159. According to the Chronicle of QinZhou, only "In the eighth year of Yongjia (165), Duan Yingxi attacked Qiang, and the Great Breaking ... Beheaded 23,000 ranks, tens of thousands of students, descended to Yu Wan, and sealed Duan Ying as the Marquis of Duxiang. "In the second year of Zhongping (185), the Che Qi general Pei Wen went out to hanyang, and made the general Dong Zhuo of the broken enemy 30,000 soldiers to ask for zero Qiang." "In the spring and March of the fourth year of Zhongping (187), Han Sui besieged Longxi ... Entering Hanyang... The Kingdom of Hanyang rebelled against Fufeng Ma Teng. "In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), Cao Cao attacked Ma Chao and Han Sui." In the autumn and July of the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213), Ma Chao led Shuai Qiang Hu to attack the counties and counties of Longshang. "In the nineteenth year (214), Chun Ma Chao led the army to besiege Qishan, and the Xingguo King Ah Gui and the Hundred Qi King were more than 10,000 of the divisions. Xiahou Yuan and Zhang Gao rescued Qishan, and Chao was defeated and left... The king of Benshu, the king of The Hundred Dynasties, and his troops could not go to all surrendered, and Cao Cao attacked his good people and separated them from Tianshui and Nan'an Commandery", "Twenty-four years (215) in the summer of April, Cao Cao marched on Zhang Lu; ... Li Tezu returned more than 500 of his family to him, made him a general, and moved to Luoyang (present-day Longcheng). "These frequent wars caused the Han people to expropriate endlessly, and they were often plagued by yuanshu and conquest. Since the beginning of Emperor An, peasants have revolted everywhere, according to Fan Wenlan's "General History of China", and there were 67 civil uprisings in various places before the Yellow Turban Uprising. The class struggle closely linked the Qiang rebellion with the peasant uprising, and Du Qi, Du Ji, Wang Xin and the Qiang people of Hanyang jointly revolted in the Tianshui area. The great uprising of the Alliance of The Qiang, Qiang, and Han Dynasties, the local armed forces took advantage of the suppression of the uprising to embezzle money and cut off dramas, Han Sui, Ma Teng, Ma Chao, and Dong Zhuo went their own way, Duan Ying killed 40,000 people in 169, used 4.4 billion yuan of money, and made himself rich and feudal. On the contrary, the Emperor Fu fu Qiang, and there were 50 to 60 large corrupt officials, more than 100 small corrupt officials, and more than 200,000 Qiang people attached to them, only because they offended the officials and were strong and strong, and they were sent to prison for hard labor. In 1972, gangu Weiyang Cross Road Liu Jiashan a Eastern Han tomb unearthed 23 pieces of Han Jian, the three pieces of text more prominent ones you yun: "Twenty-eight days Situ Shou Dasi Nong Guang Shang Edict from the People's Family Qian Dengguan YouYi Qian Si Xing Yong Zhao Shu County and Yong He 6 February 1 Gu Zong Zheng Yu went north. Another cloud: "Yan Xi first year December Shen Shuo 12th Jia Shen Zong Zhengchen Cabinet Chu Ju Jing Dun Shou Shou Shang Shu Chen Dun Shou Shou Shou Shu There is also a cloud: "The princes of Lei are guilty of living in the border of the country, please ask the five subordinate foreign envoys to rule the exiles from the law, but the five subordinates are not allowed to do the excellent sect room Liu Huai Liu Gang self-edict for the township county invaded by the non-excellent except to the official to Huai Qi and other Luo Yi Dang Ru Yong and the sixth year Gengwu edict book soup." "From the fragmented Jianwen and the storm of the peasant uprising, we can see how strong the contradictions between the Long Right class were at that time. Isn't such a political factor where Zhuge Liang's sixth departure from Qishan lies?
Strategic imperatives
Get Shu to take the dragon
It is necessary to unite Shulong into one piece, expand the territory, and establish a strategic base for Shulong, which can be attacked and defended, and there is a relatively large military room for maneuver. This strategic idea was already designed in the "Longzhong Pair", and Liu Bei Group included Liangzhou in the hunting map very early. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Ma Chao Biography" Yun: XiSun Quan sent Zhuge Jinsuo back to the counties of Jingzhou, and Liu Bei replied, "My fangtu Liangzhou, Liangzhou Ding, all with Jingzhou to Wu'er." For this reason, Liu Bei had long thought of Ma Chao, who "believed in the northern soil and was mighty and mighty". "Romance of the Three Kingdoms Ma Chao" Yun: "Chao Zhu Rong... Yang said that Cao Gongyue had the courage to believe in the cloth, and even had the heart of Qianghu, and if the army was still there, it was not strictly prepared, and the counties of Longshang were not the ones of the state." More than zhu rong were sent to attack Longshang County, and Longshang County, all of which should be killed, killed Liangzhou's assassin Shi Weikang, according to Jicheng (present-day Gangu), there were many of them, calling themselves the generals of Zhengxi." "Emperor Wenxian is in Chengdu, please surrender the letter of destiny." Liu Bei learned, "The first to punish people to welcome the super ... With Chao as the general of Pingxi, he oversaw the disillusionment of The Former Duke of Ting" (前都亭侯). "The first lord was the King of Hanzhong, Bai Chao was the left general False Festival, Zhang Wu in the first year (221) moved the general to ride the horse, led liangzhou pastor, and entered the township marquis." The purpose was for Ma Chao to "believe in the Northern Territories", reuse Ma Chao's "West and Zhurong", take liangzhou, and then advance into the Central Plains. In particular, Hanzhong had already been gained, and Zhuge Liang took the Right Wing of Long, so that Shu, Han, and Long were united, and according to the gate of Northern Shu, he asked Sun Quan to "order the northern expedition with the righteousness of alliance and jointly clear the Central Plains", forming a semi-encircling circle against Wei, changing the situation in which Shu Han was only in a remote corner of Sichuan and Shu, far away from the Central Plains of Qinchuan, and was alone.
Take Long Baolong
Qin Long's lips and teeth are connected, and taking Long can break Cao Wei's dream of long wangshu. Taking the right side of long, entering the Qin River is a tan road, which is safer than crossing the Meridian Valley and crossing the churn slope. According to the strength of the Shu Han Dynasty that jingzhou lost at that time, the division of the Northern Expedition led by Zhuge Liang could be said to have fallen out of the Shu Han Dynasty, and could not cross the Qin Mountains to get out of the Qin River with military adventures. It is advisable to "govern and stress martial arts," and constantly enrich ourselves while carrying out the whole thing. Therefore, Zhuge Liang was particularly cautious, strangling longyou, and establishing a strategic rear defensive military base on the western front, "examining Wei Lao, Zhen Zhuanglie, and losing all the cloth to the world, inspiring the troops to talk about martial arts, thinking that the latter figures, the soldiers were concise, and the people forgot their defeats," "Hu Shi persuaded the peasants," "Planted the valley and nongsang," trained the army, designed and manufactured "wooden cattle and flowing horses," "ordered the slaughter of the qi front," "took the Hou great move," turned over the Longshan Mountains, advanced along the Weishui River into the Central Plains, and regained the Han Dynasty and became his hegemony.
Flat to take long right
To "go out of Qishan" with a surprise soldier and take the right side of Long, is to avoid the real and the virtual, to surprise them, and to attack them unprepared. After cao wei's defeat at Chibi, he deployed the main defensive line on the Yangtze River and Qinling, especially Liu Bei occupied Jingxiang and took over Sun Quan, so Cao Cao tightened the Yangtze River defense line. After the loss of Guan Yu's Jingzhou, Zhang Wu's third year (223) Shu lord defeated Wei, and Cao Wei thought that "Bei was dead, and many were silent", so he was "slightly unprepared". Zhuge Liang detoured his troops to Longshang, and destroyed the Six Kingdoms with the Fufu Xi clan Dongtu Dufeng and the Qin people entering the pass, and the King of Zhou Wu cut down the way of Xingzhou and sneaked into the Central Plains. Therefore, in the sixth year of Jianxing (228), the first qishan, The three counties of Tianshui, Nan'an, and Anding sentenced Wei Yingliang, and Wei demoted Jiang Wei to Shu, causing Cao Wei to "fear the government and the wilderness", and the Wei Ming Emperor Cao personally rode Chang'an to sit in command, ordered Cao Zhen to lead the right armies to defend, and ordered Zhang Guo to ride 50,000 troops to the west of Longshan to resist Zhuge Liang. From this point of view, Zhuge Liang's military strategy of attacking the east and the west and striking a surprise victory obviously has its strategic significance. It is of great practical significance for the formation of the anti-Wei united front and the anti-Wei united front and the anti-Wei coalition army as soon as possible:
(1) Take advantage of the longshang residents to learn more martial arts, good at shooting and riding, strong and brave and good at war, and replenish the source of troops for the Shu division. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), the first Qishan retreat, "Baxi County Qianjia returned To Hanzhong" to fill the source of troops.
(2) Take advantage of the factor that Longshan is more general and more general, and record brave generals who can fight good battles. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he first went out of Qishan, and found a way to record the resourceful and loyal general Jiang Wei, a loyal general of the Han Dynasty. And double heavy use. "Liang and the governor of the liufu, Shi Zhangyi, joined the army Jiang Wanshu said that 'Jiang Bo is loyal to current affairs, thoughtful and precise, considering all his possessions, Yongnan Li is often not as good as also. Its man Sergeant Liangzhou also. The 'Yue' must first teach five or six thousand people in the Middle Tiger Step. Jiang Boyue was very sensitive to the military, had both courage and righteousness, and deeply understood the military intentions, and this person had a Han room in his heart, and he was also a man. 'Bi, teaching the military, when dispatched to the palace, see the Lord, and then move to the Middle Supervision Army, the general Of The Expedition to the West "Biography of Jiang Wei". After Zhuge Liang's illness in the twelfth year (234) of Zhuge Liang's reign (234), Jiang Wei became the successor to Zhuge Liang's great cause of "Fixing the Central Plains in the North and Restoring the Han Dynasty", and has been supervising the anti-Wei front, fighting all his life on horseback, fighting in blood, and finally martyring the country with his life.
(3) Make use of the vast fertile land in Longshang and the abundance of grain to supplement the military food for the Shu division. Zhuge Liang's "Longshang Brake Wheat" should be in the right place.
(4) Make use of the lush water and grass on Longshang to breed war horses for the Shu division. Today's "Wooden Gate Road", "Qishan Fort" and other ancient battlefields of the Three Kingdoms are rumored to have the Shu army's Tethered Horse Bay. Yanguan near present-day Qishan, the Halo City of the Three Kingdoms period was very early on the famous Mule and Horse City in the northwest, and there is no detailed information about the Three Kingdoms in the city. However, it is certain that longyou liangma is a necessary military supply for the Shu division.
(5) Taking advantage of the numerous nationalities and sharp ethnic contradictions in Longshang, Zhuge Liang "made peace with Zhurong in the west" and established an anti-Wei national united front to resist Wei soldiers. In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Liang dispatched Chen Shi to attack the five capitals and Yin Ping. Wei Yongzhou stabbed Shi Guo Zhun and led the crowd to attack. Liang zi out to Jianwei (present-day Xihe) quasi-return, Suiping Er County. Zhao Ce Liang Yue... Descending the Qiang clan, Xingfu Erjun, Wei Zhen fierce, Gong Xiong obviously..." "Zhuge Liang Biography". "In the ninth year of Liang Jianxing (231), he besieged The Qi Mountains, recruited xianxian and harsh than neng, than neng to, so the northern stone city should be bright" Zhuge Liang biography. Jianxing fourteen summer April... Tuwu Doushi Wang Jian and more than 400 households of the clan were in Guangdu", "Three Kingdoms Chronicles of Shu Shu". More than the analogy is not enumerated.
(6) Take advantage of the prominent class contradictions of the Long Right to mobilize the people of the Long Right to unite against Wei. In the sixth year of Jianxing, he first came out of Qishan, "The Three Counties of Nan'an, Anding, and Tianshui rebelled against Wei Yingliang" Zhuge Liang's biography.
(7) Taking advantage of the ancient traditional culture, Fuxi culture, Zhou culture, pre-Qin culture, and Confucian cultural qualities left by Longyou among the residents, he called on the people of Longyou to say that "Cao Cao's name is Han Xiang, but he is actually a Han thief", and the narrow tianzi orders the princes to "rebel." (8) Using the Silk Road Avenue, in an attempt to march into the Central Plains in one fell swoop. Zhuge Liang attached great importance to this, and in the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he first left Qishan, and immediately sent Ma Mo to preemptively occupy the throat of the Longkou of the Silk Road Ancient Road - the street pavilion, as a result, Ma Mo did not complete the task and lost the street pavilion, so that Zhuge Liang's plan to leave Qishan and enter the Central Plains was destroyed, and the fighter plane was lost, so Zhuge Liang's soldiers retreated to Hanzhong and "poked the people to thank the public."
The reason for the failure
The reason why Zhuge Liang's "six out of Qishan" did not accomplish the great cause of reunification in the "Northern Ding Central Plains" was not a strategic failure, but had its objective reasons as well as subjective reasons.
1. In the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang died of illness in the Wuzhangyuan camp on the front line of The Wei Dynasty day and night, which was not only unfavorable to the Shu Han Dynasty, but also a major loss to the Shu Han politics itself. Although Jiang Wei took over the command of the front line, there was a shortage of talents and no successors.
2. Relatively speaking, the Shu Han regime formed a climate later than that of Cao Wei and Sun Quan. After the Battle of Yiling, the military strength was far inferior to that of Wei and Wu. Compared with Cao Wei, who has many talents and a wide range of talents, the difference is far away.
3. The slogan of "Xingfu Han Room" has long since lost much appeal and appeal. The corrupt politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty have long been completely lost in the minds of the people. Peasant uprisings, one after another. "The heavens are dead, and the yellow sky is standing!"
4. The eunuch Huang Hao and other monopolies of the Shu Han court, the rear lord was dim, the rear air defense was weak, even if Jiang Wei fought desperately on the front line, it was difficult to save the dangerous luck, and the later lord had already surrendered to Wei as a prisoner and entered the Anle Palace.
5. During the Northern Expedition, the use of personnel was mistaken at key moments, Ma Mo lost the street kiosk, Li Yan mistook the military food, and lost the great fighter, the opportunity could not be lost, the time did not come again, and it was difficult to recover the loss.
6. After the capture of long right, there was no solid political and military base area, and often the grain was exhausted and the troops retreated, and the land was recovered and lost, and many favorable factors of the long right were not fully utilized.
7. The measures for the tun troops to fight the border are ineffective, the supply of military supplies on the front line is not good, and they often run out of grain and return it. In response, Cao Wei adopted effective reform measures, economic development, and national strength were strong.
Summing up the above, summing up the lessons of success or failure in Zhuge Liang's relationship between the "Six Qishan Mountains" and the "Central Plains in The North" clearly shows that if the country wants to be rich and strong, the people want to be rich, the nation must be prosperous, and the cause must be developed, it is necessary to rely on the masses of the people, seek benefits for the people, receive the support of the masses of the people, and strive to cultivate and cultivate a large contingent of talented people with strong and powerful abilities; revitalize and eliminate disadvantages, fight corruption and corruption, and punish corruption; strengthen great national unity; seize the opportunity, lose no time, and rationally employ people; develop productive forces and run the economy up. Enhance the country's comprehensive strength. Otherwise, it will be difficult to achieve the wish.