The Jingling school is a famous literary school in the late Ming Dynasty, this school is represented by Zhong Yu and Tan Yuanchun, because Zhong and Tan are all Jingling people, so the school is called the Jingling school, and their literary style is also called "Zhong Tan Body", this title first comes from Qian Qianyi's "Small Biography of the Poetry collection of the Dynasty" Ding Collection: "Bo Jing Shao Negative Talent Algae, there is a sound workshop, after the promotion, Think of not taking out your eyes, set up another deep and lonely sect, in order to control the ancients, and there is Tan Sheng Yuanchun for peace, and the Hai Nei called the poet calmly followed it, called the Zhong Tan Body." The Biography of Ming Shi Wenyuan calls the school "Jingling Body": "From the shortcomings of The Hongdao Correction King and Li Shi, advocate halality." With Tongli Tan Youxia selecting the Poems of the Tang Dynasty as "Tang Shi Gui", and also selecting the sui pre-Sui poems as "Ancient Poetry Gui", zhong and Tan's names are all over the world, called 'Jing Ling Body'. ”
Zhong Yi wrote the "Hidden Xiuxuan Collection" tomorrow and the second year of Shen Chun's translation
The rise of the Jingling school had a certain relationship with the public security faction at that time, and Chen Yan had such a passage in volume 23 of the "Poetry of the Stone Relic Room": "Zhong Jingbo and Tan Youxia jointly selected "Ancient Poetry Gui" and "Tang Shi Gui", which were popular for a while, and were recited by several households. After the seven fat fish and big meat before and after gaicheng, the Tang poems were recently selected, specifically taking the thin and light all the way, and everyone read them, if Li Taibai's "Ancient Wind" and Du Shaoling's "Qiu Xing" works were not selected, the so-called disgusted snail clams were also. Although Wei Zhong and Tan Yu's poetics are not very shallow, his knowledge is really not obtained, so it is said that poetry can neither touch the hole, nor can it throw bricks to the ground, and often has comments such as 'cannot be said' and 'unsolvable', and the internal reality is vaguely affected, and the outside is also fixed with difficult and deep texts. ”
Chen Yan's words are very vivid, he said that Zhong and Tan jointly selected the "Ancient Poetry Gui" and "Tang Shi Gui" popular in the world, and the reason for such a best-selling is because people in that era have tired of the poetic style advocated by the seven sons before and after, Chen Yan compared this poetic style to "fat fish and big meat", in view of this situation, Zhong and Tan deliberately selected the "thin and distant" poems in Tang poetry, so that the world's love poets are very happy, which is why zhong and Tan's selected poems can sell well in the world. Next, Chen Yan did not approve of this way of selecting poems and commenting on poetry, but even so, it is obviously a fact that the poems selected by Zhong and Tan are popular all over the world.
Chen Yan's words directly continued the Jingling Sect to the Seven Sons, without mentioning at all what the relationship between the Jingling Sect and the Gong'an Faction was. In fact, when the Public Security Faction arose, the Jingling Sect had not yet formed, and Zhong Yu and Yuan Zhongdao were also very good friends, at that time Yuan Zhongdao believed that the Gong'an Faction was originally in Hubei, and the Jingling where Zhong and Tan were located also belonged to Hubei, so they hoped that Zhong and Tan could unify under the banner of Yuan Hongdao and jointly promote Chu Feng, that is, hoped that they would support the Gong'an faction together.
Zhong Yu commented on the forty volumes of the Complete Works of Yuan Zhonglang, Ming Chongzhen's second year Wulin Peilanju inscription, book plate
Zhong Yu commented on the forty volumes of the Complete Works of Yuan Zhonglang, and the inscription of Ming Chongzhen's second year Wulin Peilanju, the beginning of the volume
Why did Yuan Zhongdao unite with the Jingling Sect? Wu Guoping analyzed in the book "Criticism of the Jingling School and the Literature of the Ming Dynasty": "The Jingling school and the Gong'an faction are faced with the common enemy before and after the seven sons, as well as the similarity of certain literary propositions (such as the affirmation of spiritual words, both advocate faith), coupled with the fact that both factions are in Chu territory and have more conformity with each other, which makes their mutual relations seem relatively close compared with other literary schools, so that Yuan Zhongdao openly put forward the opinion of Yuan Hongdao, who is the same as Zhong Yu and others, and zhang Chufeng. Its essence is to hope that after Yuan Hongdao, the majesty of the public security faction will be revitalized. ”
However, Zhong Yu rejected Yuan Zhongdao's proposal, and this result obviously made Yuan Zhongdao very unhappy, and later after the "Shi Gui" became popular, Zhongdao used this to criticize the Jingling faction: "Du Zhi's "Qiu Xing", Bai Zhi's "Long Hate Song", and Yuan Zhi's "Lianchang Palace Words" are all absolutely unsympathetic, and the vitality of the article is also true. Chu people know what they know, and they make false comments. I and my son (Qian Qianyi) when Changyan struck the platoon, and there was no order for the future to fall into the clouds. Zhongdao said that the "Poetry Return" did not even select Du Fu and Bai Juyi's ancient famous works, and also indiscriminately evaluated these ancient poems, so he invited Qian Qianyi to boycott the book together, the purpose of which was not to let the younger generations suffer.
In fact, Yuan Zhongdao's criticism also has its own reason, because Zhong Yu criticized the seven sons before and after in the "Preface to the Return of Poetry", and also criticized the poetic view of the public security school: "Those who are not unlearned today should take the extreme skin, extreme narrowness, and extreme familiarity of the ancients, and those who are convenient for hand and mouth, thinking that the ancients are there." If the one who makes the shortcut correct it, he will think that the poetry of the ancients is different, and if he wants to be different, he will be the same as the dangerous and secluded ones of the ancients, and he will not be slang. Then why serve the heart of the ancients? He could not convince his heart, but insisted on telling people: 'Ever-changing, not out of the ancients.' Ask the ancients what they are, and turn to those who are extremely skinny, extremely narrow, and extremely familiar. The world really does not know that there are ancients. ”
Zhong Yu commented on the thirty volumes of the Spring and Autumn Left Biography, Ming Chongzhen's four-year Mao Jin Ji Guge inscription, book plate
Zhong Yu commented on the thirty volumes of the Spring and Autumn Left Biography, and the inscription of The Ancient Pavilion of Mao Jin in the fourth year of Ming Chongzhen, the beginning of the volume
As mentioned above, the public security faction is trying to correct the shortcomings of the seven sons before and after, deliberately making poetry popular and colloquial, and in response to this view of the public security faction, Zhong Yu put forward a rebuttal, he believes that writing such superficial poetry specifically will make the world not understand what the real ancient poetry is.
Yuan Zhongdao co-opted Qian Qianyi to fight back against the Jingling faction, and indeed got a response from Qian Qianyi, who wrote a "Small Biography of poetry collections from the Lie dynasty" with a "Zhong Ti Xueyi", in which Qian first mentioned the best-selling "Shi Gui" selected by Zhong and Tan: "(Shi Gui) In the Spring and Autumn Period, there is no king in the world, Huan and Wen do not do it, Song Xiang and Xu Yande are cool and thin, and they have the handle of the alliance, and the world does not dare to think that it is not hegemonic. A few years later, the ancient and modern "Poetry Return" written by him became popular in the world, and the people who inherited the study were compiled by their families and enshrined as the deletion of Chu Ni. ”
Qian Qianyi clearly said that after Zhong Yu passed the examination for the Jinshi, he wanted to create a poetic school on his own, and Qian summed up that the characteristics of this poetic school were "deep and lonely", and these four words almost became the definitive phrase for the evaluation of the poetry of the Jinling school in later generations, and at the same time, Qian Qianyi also said that this kind of poetic style was called "Zhong Tan Body", and the influence of the book was so great that all readers would have a "Tang ShiGui" and "Ancient Poetry Gui", and the comments of Zhong and Tan in these two books were also regarded as poetic Gui. Qian said that when these people read Zhong and Tan's comments, they almost regarded them as important as Confucius's deletion of poems, and of course, his words were not without irony.
Zhong Yu commented on the sixteen volumes of the "Notes on the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms", and the engraving of Zhao Jishi in Qing Shunzhi
If the previous passage is a praise for Zhong and Tan, then Qian Qianyi began to attack the poetic views of these two people: "And the unpretentious and nonsensical, the mistakes are stacked, and the ancient scholar Xian can be threatened. To attack its short. "Poetry Return" came out, and the essence of Zhong and Tan was revealed, and the profit of the ditch was completely empty. At the beginning of its creation, he also tasted qin sirenuously, sought the subtle words and mysteries of the ancients, and rarely knew a half-see, and glimpsed the light, in order to avoid the customs of the times. For a long time, seeing more and more secluded, bolder and more coarse, citing the ancients' high-level texts to lay out the comparison, thinking that the prosperity is ripe and rotten, Xu wants to sweep it and publish it, but his secluded view is the teacher, and his so-called deep and lonely people, such as the clear groan of the wooden guest, such as the meditative language of the lonely king, like a dream into the rat's den, like the illusion of the ghost country, immersed in more than thirty years, the customs are easy to change, and the gushing is never returned. ”
Qian Qianyi used a lot of ugly words here to disparage Zhong, Tan's selected poems, and related comments, and these adjectives that Qian denounceed "Zhong Tan Body" have become the words that later generations often quote when criticizing the Jingling School. Next, Qian Qianyi believes that the "Zhong Tan Body" has caused a very bad impact on society: "Yu tastes the poetry of modern times, picks and washes, causes it with a miserable voice and coldness, and is also a ghostly fun." Sharp new cutting, with the sound of the knot as the energy, to the soldier elephant also. Ghosts and ghosts, soldiers and soldiers, are published in articles, and the fortunes of the country follow it, with one or two talents and widows, and the handle of Sven, and the prosperity and decline of the country, can be sighed and mourned! ...... Tang Tianbao's movement, the song at the end of the complex sound, named into the broken; Zhong, Tan and the like, is also the so-called poetry demon of the "Five Elements Chronicle"! Yu Yu endured the sound of the worm trick, for the chaos of Guan Ju! Here, Qian Qianyi believes that Zhong and Tan's style of commenting poetry is simply the sound of subjugation.
Since Qian Qianyi denounced the Jingling faction until the Republic of China, criticism of the Jingling faction has been the mainstream of society, Zheng Yanling said in the book "Zhong Yi Comments on The Point of Study": "There are two main types of Zhong Yi research in the Qing Dynasty, one is the mainstream of the opposition represented by Qian Qianyi; the other is the support faction side branch. It seems that the criticism of the Jingling school was the mainstream of the Qing Dynasty literary circles, and the supporters could only be called side branches because their voices were too weak. For example, Zhu Yizun, a qing poet, severely reprimanded the Jingling sect in volume 17 of the Jingzhiju Poetry: "Li Yun: When the country is about to die, there will be demons. Not necessarily eclipsed, star changes, dragon mastiff miscellaneous disasters also, only poetry has it. In the Wanli Calendar, the public security corrects the shortcomings of the calendar and Lou Dong, advocates the tone of shallowness, and thinks that it is a floating sound; the sentence that does not have roots is thought to be strange; the words of auxiliary words are used to think that it is circulating; the obscureness of writing a word is urgent, and the construction of a problem must be expected to be incomprehensible. "Shi Gui" came out and the paper was expensive for a while, the Min people Cai Xia first and so on both lowered their hearts to obey each other, the Wu people Zhang Ze, Hua Shu and other repeated voices and responded remotely, all of them obeyed the one word, into the second vertical anointing, named for a while, poisoned the world, the poetry died and the country also followed. Zhu Yizun's rebuke was basically in tune with Qian Qianyi.'s It can be seen that this tone of Qian Qianyi has a profound impact on future generations.
Zhong Yu commented on the "Biography of the Ram" Ming Chongzhen nine years Tao Jue engraving
So, why did Qian Qianyi give such a serious criticism to the Jingling sect? In addition to the difference in poetic views, in fact, from the perspective of personal relations, there are also great factors. When they took the imperial examination that year, Zhong Yi and Qian Qianyi were both jinshi in the thirty-eighth year of the Wanli Calendar, Qian Qianyi was the tanhua of that year, and Zhong Qianyi was the seventeenth. There is also an episode about this expedition, that is, Tang Binyin has used some means to rank Qian Qianyi, who was originally a champion, and listed Han Jing as the first, and since then, Qian has hated Tang Binyin very much.
When Qian compiled the Collected Poems of the Dynasties, he did not select Tang's poems, and naturally did not list them for him. However, Zhong Yu had a particularly good relationship with Tang Binyin, who referred to Tang as the "Prime Minister to Save the Time", and he greatly praised Tang in the "Fifty Preludes to Soup Sacrifice Wine": "Mr. Tang has a high degree of intentions, and his liver and intestines are vividly seen between the nose and kisses of the eyebrows." Similar to the ancestor Lei He Si Tai Shi Shan, his people are also similar, they all pity the talents and like to talk about the affairs of the world, and the yu shi does not know one, and tastes the shame; there is one thing that cannot be done, which is nothing more than worrying about the body. According to the capital brigade, every day can be the prime minister of salvation. And Tang also has a special respect for Zhong, and he praises Zhong in the "Zhong Bo Jing Xiang Praise": "His appearance is very bad, and the first king of Bo Wei is very fat." His feelings are very lonely, and the things that anger the world is very hot. Its gas is very weak and soft, and it is very strong and very strong to win and lose in the past and the present, and to determine the male and female of haojie. I look up to him, and I can't see it. Leave it in the pine and whisk it away. With irony to recite, "Shi Huai" and "Poetry Return". ”
Han Jing, who replaced Qian Qianyi as the champion, of course, became Qian Qianyi's enemy, but in the party struggle that occurred later, Han Jing did not get any benefits. However, Zhong Yu also had a particularly good relationship with Han Jing, when Han Jing's affairs had been revealed, he still lived in Wuxing's hometown, and in the forty-seventh year of the Wanli Calendar, Zhong Yu went to see Han Jing and wrote him three poems, the first of which was "To Get Han Jing's Book and Choose the Second Edition of the Text", the first two sentences of this poem are: "Ten years of Ming and one wrong, how many decades of life? It can be seen that the people who started the disaster are not lost in order to plot. It can be seen that Zhong Yu is trying his best to make a grievance for Han Jing. Then, on the other hand, Qian Qianyi hated Han Jing for taking the place of himself until his old age, and if he learned that Zhong Jing spoke for Han Jing instead, then his attitude towards Zhong could be imagined.
Forty volumes of the Notes on the Water Classic, Ming Chongzhen's second year of small building of the Tibetan plate, Tan Yuanchun's preface I
Despite this, but between Qian Qianyi and Zhong Yi did not reach the point of turning their faces, Qian also made two special trips to see the bell, but unfortunately he did not see each other twice, and Zhong Yi also wrote poems to apologize, one of which was "Happy money is not worth it for Lou Jiang to wait for WuMen first":
I don't dare to ask for the king, but to relieve the face.
Friends and friends meet each other, and the shape is also related.
Twice came to greet, the lone boat fee returned.
You can see that the heart is too hopeful, and it is difficult to do things.
Learning the Tao is beginning to be healthy, and when you are worried, you are quite humble.
Within ten years of floating and sinking, it has ruined the reputation of many people.
Try to see Yu Liuyu, how shuzi entered the mountain?
Chances are like mutual encounters, and there is spare time.
For this poem, Wu Guoping commented: "Although Zhong Yu's two poems also express his thoughts, consolation, and yearning for a reunion for Qian Qianyi, a certain estrangement, strangeness and even estrangement between the two can also be clearly felt from the poem, which is completely different from his close relationship with Han Jing. ”
On the surface, although the two did not fall out, Qian Qianyi really did not look up to Zhong and Tan's comments, so he also had words criticizing Tan Yuanchun in the "Small Biography of the Poetry Collection of the Dynasties", for example, there is such a comment in the Ding collection "Tan Xie Yuanchun": "Wumen Zhu Kui said: 'Bo Jingshi's peach blossom personnel is small", and the denigration is known: "Li Hua alone should be busy all day? "Youxia poem "Autumn sound is true in the middle of the night", then the autumn sound of A night and B night is false? Yun Ziben obeyed Zhong and Tan, and his words were like this. ”
The original source of this passage can be found in Ming Zhu Kui's "Ming Shi Ping Theory" "Autumn Sunset Collection Zhou An Period Tao Gong Liang Chen Ze Liang Zhao Chengzhu Hu With Jin Zhengxi Patting Luan Tang to See the Moon", Zhu Kui's comment under the sentence "Autumn Sound is True in the Middle of the Night": "The most is the idiom of Jingling, do not hate the qing state, and are sitting on the floating ears." Detractors often cite Bo Jing's 'peach blossom less personnel', saying: 'Li Hua should be busy all day long?' 'This cloud 'midnight is true', then before and after this autumn sound is still false? Although the poetry does not have to be so ridiculous, it should also be concise in the language, and the disease is refined. From this, it can be seen that Qian Qianyi's quotation obviously has an element of distortion, because Zhu Kui's original words were originally a joke, but Qian Qianyi changed it to an affirmative comment. Therefore, whether the evaluation of the predecessors is positive or negative, we must find out the reasons behind his judgment, and it seems that it is really not easy to achieve complete justice.
In fact, from the perspective of literary concepts, the Jingling school is directly influenced by the public security school, such as the concepts of "true poetry" and "sexual spirit" valued by the public security school, which are inherited by the Jingling school, but there are still differences in literary taste between the two schools. The "History of Chinese Literature" edited by Yuan Xingpei summarizes the differences between the two schools into two points: First, the Public Security Faction does not oppose literary retrospection, because they are only dissatisfied with the practice of the Seven Sons of Imitation, they emphasize the creation of the writers themselves, but the Lingling School attaches more importance to learning from the ancients; and the second point is that the Gong'an Faction emphasizes "confidence comes out and talks with words", which makes the poetry of the school shallow, while the Jingling School requires the taste of the spirit from the ancient poems. However, from the characteristics of poetry, the Jinling School does indeed have the four words that Qian Qianyi summed up for them--deep and lonely, such as "Su Wulongtan" by Zhong Yu: "Yuanqing is in the group, and the lonely moon is silent." The desert embraces the light of the sky, and I see obscure one. The cold shadow is silent, and it is as if it is afraid of losing. The air is green and wet, and the midnight is wet. ......”
For these words, Yuan Xingpei's "History of Chinese Literature" gives the following summary: "This poem highlights the cold and poignant tone in the poems, which is probably the creative realm of 'humorous singleness' and 'strange feelings' that the writers of the Jinling school want to pursue. Such poetry also determines the tone of the Poetry Style of the Jinling School.
The soul of literature in the wilderness
What is the motivation of Zhong Yu and Tan Yuanchun to choose the two "Poetry Returns" of Tang and Gu? Tan said in the "Epitaph of Mr. Retreat": "Wanli Jiayin and Yi Jiejian, take the poems of the ancients, agree with Yuan Chun, divide the vermilion pen, discard it with their intentions, hoe and remove the gravel, laugh and cry by me, although the ancients do not care, the "Poetry Return" passed down by the world is also." This sentence only says that the two of them used Zhu Pen and Blue Pen to make selection and evaluation within two years. But Tan did not say why he did this, and Zhong Yu mentioned the reason for doing so in "With Cai Jingfu": "Every thought is late, and the official has been an official for five years, taking idleness as a matter of course, Xi Cheng steals and falls, and every time he uses reading to make poetry for the habit of hard work and idleness." Don't do anything after that, the situation is turned, and it seems that the feeling is gradually leaving the shallow. Home, Fu and Tan Sheng Yuan Chun deeply looked at the ancients, got its spirit, selected the ancient and modern poems called "Poetry Return", a little commentary, hair over the finger fans. Cover the spirit of the ancients under the ears of the people, and those who have not seen it in the world for thousands of years, once marked, it is also a happy thing! ”