Qian Qianyi was a literary leader in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and his learning and conduct were not proportional to his personality, and his learning was very high and his character was not good. It seems quite accurate to use the "exquisite egoist" proposed by Professor Qian Liqun of the Department of Chinese of Peking University to evaluate his ancestors, which means that people like him have a high IQ and a high taste in life, but they are very secular and sophisticated, good at making a scene, and the standard and principle of behaving as a person is "self-interest", in order to achieve personal interests, they can do whatever it takes.
Qian Qianyi was born during the Wanli Dynasty, his hometown is today's Zhangjiagang, he was smart and studious from an early age, and at the age of 29, he was the third place in the palace examination presided over by the emperor himself. Because of his excellent studies, he went to the Hanlin Academy as a choreographer according to the custom and embarked on a path of imperial literati. He was later promoted slowly, and successively held the positions of Right Chunfang Zhongyun, Rebbe Waiter, and Rebbe Shangshu, and entered the ranks of high-ranking officials in the imperial court. He had a high position, good learning, poetry and articles were well-known in the world, and there were naturally many "fans" under him, and he gradually became the leader of the Donglin Party, and had a great influence on the government and the public. As the leader of the Donglin Party, Qian Qianyi did not deal well with the eunuch party headed by Wei Zhongxian, and suffered a lot of exclusion and attacks from the eunuch party, but fortunately he was only impeached and removed from his post, and did not suffer any major harm.
Qian Qianyi stills
Qian Qianyi is good at learning, but his political conduct and personal discipline are really not good, which is why he is still criticized by many people to this day. When he was a ceremonial attendant, in order to prevent Wen Tiren and Zhou Yanru from entering the cabinet, he instructed his students Qu Shiyan and others to secretly use black hands, resulting in increasingly fierce party disputes in the imperial court. The reason for his obstruction was that he was worried that after the two entered the cabinet, their reputation and status would surpass their own, and they did not proceed from the overall situation of the imperial court. Later, he was also retaliated against by Wen Tiren and Zhou Yanru, who were also revengeful, and took advantage of the fraud problem that arose in his presidency of the Zhejiang township examination to impeach him for leading him to resign. For political purposes, he wrote an inscription for the great eunuch Wang An, and colluded with another great eunuch, Cao Huachun, to jointly overthrow Wen Tiren. In the struggle for power and profit, Qian Qianyi showed a full "egoist" face, with milk is a mother, and the style and bones and discipline of the readers have been corroded by the flies and dogs.
Qian Qianyi and Liu Ru are stills
Qian Qianyi's most criticized things are "the water is too cold" and "itchy scalp". After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, qian Qianyi, in order to gain a place in the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty, bowed his knees to the traitorous minister Ma Shiying and became the Rebbe Shangshu of the Southern Ming regime. Ma Shiying purged the Donglin Party and simply spared Qian Qianyi. Later, the Qing army went south and besieged the city of Nanjing, and his wife Liu Ru persuaded Qian Qianyi to throw water with him to martyr the country, and Qian Qianyi, who read a book on loyalty to the king and the sages of the country, was silent for a long time, and finally went to the edge of the pool to try the water, saying: "The water is too cold to go down." Liu Ru wanted to dive, but he also pulled him tightly. Between martyrdom and saving his life and continuing to enjoy a better life, Qian Qianyi chose the latter "difficultly". He led a group of Southern Ming ministers to Kaicheng in the torrential rain and surrendered to the Qing commander Duo Duo on his knees. In the face of the Qing court's bloody policy of "keeping hair and not leaving head", Qian Qianyi suddenly said: 'The scalp is itching badly", and went straight out the door, and not long after, Qian Qianyi, who cut his hair and kept braids, returned. "Temperance" was completely abandoned in the face of "living".
In the great changes in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, it is not easy to make a unified and clear judgment on personal political trade-offs and sentiment gains and losses, after all, with the change of dynasties, serving the old lords of the previous dynasty is loyal, and conforming to the general trend and serving the new dynasty is also a reasonable choice of "good ministers choosing the lord and living". However, from the perspective of discipline and morality, national integrity, and other aspects, Qian Qianyi is undoubtedly much worse than Shi Kefa, Yue Qijie, Yuan Shu, and others. He also did not gain the trust of the Qing court, and after working in the Qing court for a few days, he went to work and returned to his hometown, and was also placed under residential surveillance by the Qing court. Later, he was implicated in a case and was imprisoned in the Prison of the Punishment Department, thanks to Liu Ru's vow to die and risk death to save him, he was able to get out of the cage and enjoy his freedom again. The history books record that in his later years, he contacted the anti-Qing and Restoration Forces and repeatedly plotted against the Qing Dynasty, and gave a lot of support to the anti-Qing cause of Zheng Chenggong and others, and wrote heroic verses praising the anti-Qing masters and directly rebuking the Qing court, "Filling the gap with the flesh of the Qing Dynasty" and "killing all the karmic slaves".
However, the author believes that Qian Qianyi, who is more greedy and afraid of death, still starts from "self-interest", there is no drama in the official field, and it is better to gain a little reputation after death, after all, the reputation of "second minister" is too ugly, or it is better to leave people with an image of not forgetting the old lord of the old dynasty. On June 17, 1664, Qian Qianyi died at the age of 83, completing his complicated life. In his body, there are both the amorous habits of the literati and the stereotypical faces of feudal scholars and doctors who uphold traditional morality; there is both the lonely and self-congratulatory self-congratulation of "Qingliu" and the stigma of being keen on meritorious fame and reducing disjointment; there is both the pragmatic idea of egoism that transcends loyalty to the king and serves the country, and there is also the desire to engage in anti-Qing activities after the Qing Dynasty and strive to rebuild the value of his life on the traditional moral concept. Such an embarrassing state has plagued Qian Qianyi's life, and he has not been relieved until his death.
The Qianlong Emperor personally decreed that his life deeds be included in the second part of the Biography of the Second Minister, nailing it to the pillar of historical shame, and his works were banned for a long time and could not be circulated. But its position as a literary suzerain seems to have not been shaken. When he celebrated his 80th birthday, Guizhuang sent a picture of the life union, which read: "Live on the coast of the East China Sea; such as the life of nanshan." After his death, Huang Zongxi wrote a "Eight Lamentations", in which Qian Qianyi was quoted as a "confidant in ordinary life" and affirmed his academic status as "fifty years of the Four Seas Sect Alliance". Even a person like Gu Yanwu, who did not serve the Qing court until his death and did not want to be a "protégé" of money, still affirmed that he was the "suzerainty of the article".
Travel to Huangshan
From the Xiangfu Temple to the north of the Stone Bridge, over the Ciguang Temple, a few miles, the path up the cinnabar temple, its east is known as the Purple Stone Peak, the fourth peak of the Thirty-Six Peaks [1], and Qingluan, Tiandu, and Yishan Also. After this, take the road between the bowl bowl and the old man's two peaks, the peaks and toes are merged, the two cliffs are merged[2], the hope is cut into [3], there is no crack, the wall is opened [4], the cave is opened [5], and the Xuan is exposed, such as opening the door [6]. Climbers covered it.[7]
Rishi, Guanyin Cliff. The cliff stands like a side cover.[8] Old Man Peak, Standing Stones such as Old Man's Servants[9], County Cliff Dochi Pine [10], cracked stones burst out, covered with entangled branches, and white clouds are fluffy and loose. The monk said: "The clouds will spread the sea, and the cover will be less to be waited for [11]?" "Rest in the Pavilion of the Peaks[12]. Mountaineering is extremely promising, mountains and rivers are the earth, and all are the sea. When the sky will rain, the clouds will gather on the mountain[13]; if it will be sunny, the clouds will dissolve and return to the mountain. Mountains and rivers and the earth, their gathering and return, are the so-called paving the sea. The clouds rise like a bubbling [14], circling between the waists of the old man[15], Russia without a top and feet, but facing the mess[16], forcing the round [17], diffusing the huffs 18], the sea is also cloudy, the clouds are also the sea, wearing and leaking[19], such as a hundred thousand pavilions, such as galloping horses, such as wind trees, running but will [20], indescribable. Swinging his chest [21], in the stratus clouds, also an old man Peak also. Over time, the clouds and qi were dispelled[22], such as the waves and water potentials,[23] scattered in all directions,[24] and returned to the master's banma[25]; and suddenly collapsed, and they could not be traced again.[26] Looking back at the Old Man's Peak, it was as it was, and if it was too late, it was purgeed.[27] [28] To the west of the heavens, to Wenshu Monastery.
Huangshan climbs up from the Guanyin Cliff,[29] the Old Wooden Trail,[39] the Shou Teng MaoShi[30], the Green Bamboo Green Sand[31], the Mengluo Shake[32], the Sun Shadow Chu Chu Chu[33], the Flying Spring Suddenly Sprinkled[34], the gloomy And Gloomy Stone[35], and the non-Fu Ren[36]. The mountain is not as good as the upper cuiwei. What else does that mean? Ascending Old Man Peak, Tianyu Restoration[37], Cloud Objects In The Lower [38], Thirty-Six Peaks, And Staggered Emerge, And The Sorrows And Lives For a Lifetime. I know Huangshan ye after this.
Two
The wonder of the mountain, with the spring, with the cloud, with the pine; the wonder of the water, Mo Qi in the White Dragon Pond; the wonder of the spring, the wonder of the spring, the mo qi in the hot spring [40]; all in the foothills of the mountain. Taoyuan Creek water flows into the soup spring, milk water source, Baiyun Creek east into the Peach Blossom Creek, twenty-four streams are flowing into the foot of the mountain, the mountain air, the water is actually its belly, the water is shooting rushing, all from the abdomen below, so there is a spring under the mountain and no spring in the mountain.
When the mountain is extremely high, the thunderstorm falls, the clouds gather out, and the journey returns, all between the waists, and every time the heavens are full of peaks, the clouds are like belts, and they cannot reach their tombs[41]; for a long time, they are in all directions, and the clouds are under them, and the peak is also outside the clouds. The clouds of the sea are like the sea, and suddenly burst apart, like a frightened rabbit.[42] The mountains are high above the clouds, the sky is vast, and the clouds are not attached to the beautiful reasons [43].
Above the Tang Temple, the mountains are all straight pines, the famous materials Juniper, Que, Yu, Nan[44], Vines Andsha Quilt, Shadow Huiwei [45]. Zhi LaoRen Peak, the cliffs are more pine, and the negative stones are extinct. In the past, there were no trees and no pines, and no pines were strange: there were those who were as big as shins and whose roots were bent by acres[46]; there were those whose roots were only looking for the feet and the branches supported the side of the road[47]; there were those who followed the cliffs and ravines and depended on the suspension[48]; there were those who wore long seams and collapsed like lateral births[49]; there were those who were as big as feathers[50]; there were those who were corrected like dragons[51]; there were those who lay up and got up and reclined; there were those who crossed and broke, and those who broke and reconnected. To the left of Manjushri Monastery, to the back of the ladder, and to the bottom of the mountain, there are all pines, leaning on, and leaning over people[52], and this Yuqi also.
The north cliff of Shixin Peak, a pine is covered by the south cliff, aiding its branches to degree, commonly known as the introduction of pine also. Its western boulder is standing on the ground [53], a pine three feet high, one acre wide, curved dry stone cliff out, from the top to the bottom, the stone is a middle crack, tangled to grab [54], the so-called disturbing dragon pine also. Stalagmites [55], Lian Dantai Peak Stone out of the standing, no branch Long, no redundant Fu [56], one stone and one pine, such as the Road has a fence [57], such as the cover of the car, jagged into the clouds, looking at the distant like a tree, strange, strange [58], can not be famous, pine no soil, with stone as soil, its body and skin are also stone. Shiyun Rain, Killing Frost and Snow[59], Gou Qiao Yuan Qi [60], Jia Demolition Taikoo [61], The Genus of Jin Anointing Water, Bi Shang Medicine, spirit grass [62], extraordinary grass and trees. Gu Wants to Cut it and take it, and play with it as a pot, which is not ugly[63]!
To the east of the ladder, there is a long pine and a long song[64], a servant of thunder, stretching for dozens of feet, and the scales and hyenas are angry. [65] Those who passed it were sorry. Yu Xiao said: "This creator for this drama, reversed it, making it more than a hundred thousand years, do not know how to make the wheel of the circle [66], Wei wei is also a spectacle [67]. [69] The Wu people sell flowers, pick the old branches of plums, bend them, and make up their knots, and offer spring as the vase flowers. Zi Song also, its also the folded branches of creation are also with! "After a thousand years, there will be those who laugh without words[70].
exegesis:
[1] Thirty-six peaks: There are thirty-six peaks in the Huangshan branch, namely Tiandu, Bowl, Qingluan, Purple Stone, Cinnabar, Lotus, Peach Blossom, Stone Man, Yunji, Cloud Gate, Floating Hill, Rongcheng, Xuanyuan, Rising, Qingtan, Cuiwei, Xiandu, Wangxian, Jiulong, Sacred Spring, Stone Gate, Stone Pillar, Stone Bed, Danxia, Alchemy, Lion, Yunwai, Purple Cloud, Hibiscus, Flying Dragon, Quarry, Stacked Barrier, Immortal, Chess Stone, Bushui, Pine Forest. There are also three peaks of Feilai, Shixin, and Shigu, and there are also famous peaks that are not within the thirty-six peaks. [2] Convergence: Overlapping and overlapping, gathered together. [3] Miwang cut into: There are steep walls everywhere, as if they were cut. [4] Tuo: Touch. [5] Yaran: The look of an open mouth. Here you describe what the cave looks like. Hole Open: Open. [6] The two sentences of "XuanYuan" are clearly revealed, like opening a door, Xuanyuan, cheerful, open, revealing, open, open, door closed, that is, the door, made of wood is called a door, and it is called a door made of bamboo reeds. [7] Departure: Departure, departure. Roll, stop the wheels from turning the wood. When the car starts, it must first go to the oar, so "hair" is "start". [8] Standing: Oblique standing. Side cover: Tilted car cover. Covers, car covers, things on the car that shade the rain. [9] 伛偻 (yǔ lǚ雨吕): Hunchback. [10] County, same hanging. [11] The second sentence of "cloud will": The cloud is about to spread the sea, so why not wait? Cloud-paved sea, one of the wonders of Huangshan Mountain. Standing at the top of the mountain, I saw the white clouds under the mountain, the mountain was high above the clouds, the sky was blue, and the clouds were full of mist, like the sea. This kind of scene is called "clouds paving the sea". Cover, with "盍", why not. Less, slightly. Zhu, the consonant of "zhihu". [12] Pavilion of the Face Peak: A pavilion with its back to the peak. [13] The clouds gather in the mountains: the clouds gather in the mountains. Clans, clusters, clusters. [14] Ruf: Like cotton wool. [15] Circling the old man's waist (lǚ膂吕): hovering between the lumbar ridges of the old man's peak. Braid, spine bones. [16] But it was messy: some were backwards, some were moving forward, and they were messy. [17] Forced rounds: Flow sharply, sometimes swirling and converging. Urgent, sharp. [18] 呍眩è zā 俺za): Zhou Za, surrounded. [19] Leakage: This refers to roof piercing, which is a description of clouds that sometimes pierce holes. Dangmo: Turbulent mo, describing the cloud as changeable. [20] Running but will: galloping, soaring, retreating, partying. This is the various gestures that describe cloud floating. [21] Chest swing: Purify the mind. [22] Rebuttal: The appearance of the dissolution of the clouds. [23] Like a wave, it is like a wave relying on the water potential. Zhang, with "staff". [24] Scattered: Scattered in succession. Streaming: The traffic is endless. [25] Rushi Banma: Like a retreating soldier and horse. Class, transfer back. [26] The sentence "窅然": Gone without a trace, no longer to be pursued. [27] "If it is too late" sentence: The elephant waits to greet the guest. Late, waiting, welcoming, welcoming. [28] "Edge Of Tiandu" sentence: "Edge of Tiandu Peak to the west at the foot of The Peak of Tiandu Peak." [29] Old wooden stick (zhī branch) diameter: Old trees support the road. Squeeze, brace. [30] Shou Teng Stone: The old vine is covered with stone. Shou Teng, Old Vine. Emboss, overwrite. [31] Suō (陳) is a sedge, an herbaceous plant. [32] Falling and suffixing: covering, winding, swaying, and concatenating. [33] The shadow of the sun pierces through: the sun's rays occasionally shine through the shade of the trees. [34] Flying Springs Sprinkling: Flying Springs occasionally spill off cliffs. [35] yǎo tiǎo bites the third sound): Dark and profound. 窅窱, the same as "窈窕", has a profound and tortuous look. [36] Non-Reincarnation: It seems to be no longer human. [37] Tianyu Restoration: The sky is vast and boundless. Magnificent, expansive look. [38] Clouds: Various scenes. [39] The sentence "Huሓng lie": Trance seems to have gone to another world. 怳, same as "trance", trance, ambiguity, ambiguity. [40] Tangquan: A spring sand spring, under purple stone peak. [41] The second sentence of "Yunsheng": The emerging cloud meteorological belt is like a mountainside, and it cannot reach the top of the mountain. Tsukasa (zhǒng species), summit. "Poetry Classic: The Turn of October": "The mountain tomb collapses." Zhu Xi's note: "The hilltop mound." [42] Rufu (fúfu) frightened rabbit death: like a wild duck flying, the hare running away. Describe the cloud as quickly dissipating. [43] The second sentence of "Tianyu": the sky is vast, and the clouds have no place to attach. Attached, attached, attached. [44] Juniper (guì贵): 榧 (fěi slander), 楩 (pián 骈), Nan: are the names of trees. [45] The second sentence of "vine network": the vine is entangled, the sedge is covered, the shade is dark, dense and lush, and the verdium (wěi) is full of grass and trees. [46] "There is a stem and a large" sentence: There is a trunk that is only as good as a calf and the root of the koji is to be counted in acres. Cockroach, flex, wrap around. [47] "There are roots only" sentence: There are roots that are only eight feet to one foot long, and the branches and leaves are lush and cover the side of the road, and the branches are luxuriant. [48] "There is a cliff" sentence: There are those who cross the valley along the cliff and cling to the cliff. [49] The phrase "there is a piercing" sentence: there are people who emerge through the gap and appear to be born laterally. [50] "There are buildings" sentence: There are rickety covers decorated with bird feathers that the emperor rides. Building by building, vaguely shaking. Feathers, a car cover decorated with bird feathers, were generally only available in the emperor's car. [51] Jiǎo dumplings: Strong and brave. [52] The phrase "leaning" reads: Leaning, leaning, circling, gathering, high or low as the visitor's position is. Also, with the "ring", around. [53] Standing: Standing like a screen. [54] Entanglement: Describes the appearance of entanglement. Grab it, scramble to grab it. [55] Stalagmite rock (jiāng river): place name. [56] The second sentence of "no branch" is that there are no separate hills and no extra branches. Long, with "垄", Tokaoka, 赘 (zhuì坠). superfluous. Fu (fù pay), Tushan. [57] 笄 (jī基): An ancient hairpin for coiling hair. [58] Weird: Weird. [59] The second sentence of "Ziyun Rain" is that it is moistened by the clouds and rain, and it is killed by frost and snow. [60] Gojo Yuanqi: Absorbs Yuanqi and gives birth to germ. Yuanqi, an ancient Chinese philosophical concept, refers to the primitive matter that produces and constitutes all things in heaven and earth, or refers to the chaotic and undivided entities of yin and yang. [61] A piece of armor: The same as the "nail block", the outer skin of the grass and tree seeds cracks and sprouts. Taikoo: Ancient, ancient. [62] Golden Paste Water: Things such as yuyu liquid and qiong pulp are said to be born of mountains and rivers and qi, and drinking it can lead to immortality. Bi Yam: Unknown. Lingcao: Also known as "Ganoderma lucidum" or "Purple Zhi", fungal plants, the ancients believed to be immortal grasses. [63] Unchanged ugly: Isn't it also too shallow? Shallow, not widely heard. [64] Death: The appearance of flexion and stretching freely. [65] "Scaly hyena" sentence: Pine bark and pine needles stretch upwards vigorously. Scales refer to the scaly bark of a pine tree. Stomping, towering. Furious, stretching upwards forcefully. [66] Chá yācha :Branches stretch to the side. Wheel (jūn army): The appearance of a bend. [67] A spectacle: gathered to become a strange sight. [68] Wu people: People from Jiangsu and Zhejiang. [69] "Offering Spring" sentence: In the spring, it is made into a particularly strange vase of flowers to boast of each other. [70] Signs: Verification, confirmation.
Qian Qianyi's "Journey to Huangshan" has a total of nine articles, and here are the third and eighth of them.
The author of the third article focuses on describing the "cloud-paved sea" of Huangshan Mountain. "Cloud Paving the Sea" was originally a wonder of the Huangshan Mountains. According to the "Anhui Province Chronicle • Huangshan Map": "There are also the wonders of clouds and the sea from time to time. Out of the clouds, a white, the breeze blowing, especially different. "With vivid brushstrokes, the article depicts the whole process from the clouds to the sea to the clouds, and is written vividly and concretely, so that readers can appreciate the reality of this spectacle."
The eighth chapter focuses on the "heterosexual" of Huangshan. The author sometimes uses the writing method of the whole lens to summarize the various postures of "heterospin", and sometimes uses the writing method of the object to write the lens, and the stone and pine of the connecting pine, the disturbing dragon pine and the stalagmites and the alchemy platform are suddenly displayed. Through these descriptions, we do feel that Huangshan is "everywhere loose, no pine is not strange".