Yuan Shikai died in the scolding, the warlords fought, the May Fourth awakening, the vast Shenzhou, where is the road?

The raging tide of the years is waiting to be saved

At 10:45 p.m. on March 21, 1993, at the old railway station in Shanghai, three gunshots rang out. Song Jiaoren, acting chairman of the Kuomintang, fell into the bloody rule and died in the early morning of the next day, at the age of 31.

Song Jiaoren was assassinated on the way to Beijing to prepare for the formation of a cabinet, and the whole country was in an uproar. When Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing received the news of Song Jiaoren's death, they were shocked and angry, and urgently planned countermeasures. But there was a dispute over whether to resort to legal means or to resort to force. At this time, Yuan Shikai had already begun to act, first borrowing 25 million yuan from the five-nation bank group for military expenses without the approval of the National Assembly, and then forming a war cabinet with the general Duan Qirui instead of Zhao Bingjun, and then publicly sending a telegram mocking the incompetence of Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing. The Kuomintang found that there was no way out, and several southern provinces sent telegrams to Yuan and began the second revolution. Unfortunately, in a hurry, there were no generals who could fight, and in less than two months, they were defeated. The founding fathers became "wanted criminals" again, and Sun Yat-sen's head was worth 200,000 yuan.

On October 6, 1913, the Chamber of Representatives in Beijing officially elected the President of the Republic of China. The atmosphere on this day was really strange, the military and police outside the field were dense, as if facing a great enemy, and more than 3,000 people shouted around the venue to support Yuan Shikai. Inside the venue, the election lasted from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., supporting Yuan Shikai's good food and drink, while the Kuomintang lawmakers who tried to restrain Yuan Shikai had to go hungry.

Yuan Shikai hid in his office and waited for the result, and the two rounds of voting did not bring him to the legal number of votes. Finally, under the external force of hostage and the suppression of hunger on the inside, Yuan Shikai finally got the votes he wanted from the parliamentarians. Once in office, he left parliament aside.

On November 4, 1913, Yuan Shikai issued an order to dissolve the Kuomintang, which ordered the dissolution of all organs of the Kuomintang within 3 days, and all Kuomintang members were expelled from the meeting. The number of members expelled in two days has left Congress short of a quorum for a session.

On January 10, 1914, the first official parliament was officially dissolved by Yuan Shikai. Later, the Provisional Covenant Law was also abolished, and Yuan Shikai announced that the president could not only be re-elected indefinitely, but also recommend heirs, how different was this from the emperor?

On January 18, 1915, the Japanese minister to China, Nichiji Yijin, met with Yuan Shikai, the president of the Republic of China, and personally handed over a secret document to Yuan Shikai, who was "shocked and difficult to reply for a while." This secret document is the "Twenty-One Articles."

The conditions of the "Twenty-One Articles" were so harsh and the ambitions were so great that even if the Japanese exchanged support for Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, Yuan Shikai did not dare to easily agree. In order to attract the world's attention, the Chinese government deliberately leaked some of the contents. However, the European and American powers were not as generous as the Republic of China government thought. On March 13, U.S. Secretary of State Brian issued a statement saying that "the United States frankly acknowledges that the proximity of the territory has created a special relationship between Japan and these regions." A special relationship implies tacit acquiescence to Japan's special interests in China.

In order to put pressure on Yuan Shikai's government, Japan added 30,000 troops in Shandong to intimidate China by means of war. On May 25, Yuan Shikai's government signed the revised Twenty-One Articles. Some Japanese people poured into the streets of Beijing and shouted, "Long live the Empire of Japan!"

This is a great shame and humiliation for Chinese, and everyone knows that this is a key step in Japan's attempt to plot against China. Tens of thousands of people in Shanghai rallied in protest, and students in schools in Beijing recited the ultimatum every day after school to show that they did not forget the national shame. Some young students committed suicide as a result, some wrote blood letters with broken fingers, and some asked to join the army.

In Changsha, the Hunan First Normal School compiled and printed a book of remarks opposing the "Twenty-One Articles" with the title "Ming Shame Chapter". After reading it, one student wrote four vows on the cover: "May 7th, the Republic of China is a strange shame; How to take revenge? In my student!" He was Mao Zedong.

In Tianjin, Zhou Enlai, who was only 17 years old, shouted: "Mang mang Shenzhou, which has fallen into the wild waves to be saved, vast China, the mainstay of the middle stream, who is Yi?"

Yuan Shikai shouted at the state council meeting not to forget the national shame, but he also did not forget the ambition that was already behind the times. A few days later, people discovered that his so-called "spirit of trying to be bold and doing something hard" was nothing more than a ridiculous performance based on feudal dreams.

Beijing in 1915 was a dance of demons. First of all, the three hongwen of several Chinese and foreign scholars, "The Theory of The Constitution of the Monarchy and the Salvation of the Country", "The Republic and the Monarch", and "The Enduring Policy of the Republican Constitution", stirred people's hearts and minds. Immediately after that, the Preparatory Committee and various petition groups appeared on the scene, advocating the restoration of the imperial system and persuading Yuan Dazong to become emperor.

Yuan Shikai's ambitions to make himself an emperor have been revealed, and Liang Qichao once wrote a long letter to Yuan Shu to persuade Yuan not to claim the title of emperor and destroy the republican system; He also pulled Yuan's subordinate Feng Guozhang to see Yuan Shikai and dissuaded Yuan Shikai from becoming emperor in person. However, the efforts of all parties were ineffective, and Yuan still insisted on claiming the title of emperor. The intolerable Liang Qichao wrote more than 10,000 words of "Strange! The so-called problematic state system has made a profound and sharp refutation of the various fallacies of the imperial school from the theoretical point of view. After the publication of this article, the whole country was shaken.

On December 19, a general finally arrived in Kunming after more than a month of arduous trekking and traveling from place to place. He was Liang Qichao's student Cai Yi. Before leaving, the two masters and apprentices met: "If things are not good, I will not die if I die; If qi ji also withdraws, we will not be in the DPRK. "Its integrity is so obvious that it is touching.

On January 1, 1916, the Nationalist Military Government of the Republic of China was established in Kunming. Cai Yi then led a force of 3,000 men north, fighting for months with hundreds of thousands of troops sent by Yuan Shikai with less than two months of supplies. As soon as the Cai Shuyi banner was displayed, all localities responded one after another, and the cry against the imperial system resounded throughout the land of China.

In March 1916, Yuan Shikai, who had reached the desperate situation of rebellion and separation, announced the abolition of the imperial system, and he only served as a short-lived emperor for 83 days before becoming the president again. However, where can people tolerate him to regard the fate of the country as a child's play, turning his hands into clouds and overturning his hands as rain? Under the scolding, Yuan Shikai died on June 6, 1916. Vice President Li Yuanhong succeeded him.

The cause of protecting the republican form of government was successful, and the leader Choi, who was seriously ill, died in the winter of 1916 at fukuoka University Hospital in Japan at the age of 34. Heroes die in their prime, making people cry. Liang Qichao wrote in the Bang Lian: "The people rely on the public to have personality, and the hero has no life and is also a heavenly heart."

The death of Song Jiaoren made Yuan Shikai's trip to steal the country; Cai Yi's death has made China's political situation even darker.

At this time, China was a paradise for careerists, with the name of a republic, but without the reality of republicanism, the republic became a signboard. Zhang Xun's restoration, Cao Kun's bribery election... Warlords, you sing and I appear, and ugly dramas are staged one after another. In the name of the national government, in fact, the warlords divided, and later, from occupying half a county to dominating a province or several provinces, conspiracy and coup d'état, war and chaos were the main themes of that era, and the "city head changing king banner" was the most common scene.

In 1916, a student of the Nankai School in Tianjin wrote a poem: "The vast continent rises up, and the whole country is drowsy; The saddest autumn has arrived again, and the sound of insects chirping is unbearable. "He's Zhou Enlai. The poem reflects the concerns of advanced elements in China at the time about China's fate.

The indignant Sun Yat-sen repeatedly launched revolutions in the south to overthrow the Beiyang warlords. Cai Jimin, a hero of the Xinhai Revolution, wrote a poem saying: "Immeasurable head and immeasurable blood, poor to buy a false republic!"

In the vast state of God, where is the road? Various theories of national salvation came into being in the land of China, such as education to save the country, science to save the country, industry to save the country, and even militarism to save the country. In 1915, most people did not notice the birth of a publication in Shanghai.

On September 15, 1915, the anger caused by the "Twenty-One Articles" did not subside, and the Youth Magazine was founded on the Huangpu River in Shanghai. In that chaotic era, especially the imperial counterattack on the republic, Chen Duxiu and a large number of other intellectuals realized that there was no point in carrying out a simple political revolution in China, and that if we wanted to "save China and build a republic, we must first carry out an ideological revolution" and free people from the shackles of feudal thought. A movement of cultural enlightenment is finally unfolding in China.

A year later, Youth Magazine was renamed New Youth. Interestingly, "New Youth" is popular among the new youth, but thanks to an old Hanlin.

On January 4, 1917, in a snowstorm, Peking University welcomed their new president, Cai Yuanpei. As soon as he entered Peking University, Cai Yuanpei announced the policy of "including the canon, recruiting all families, free thinking, and inclusiveness" and carried out strict reforms. The first thing he did was to push the crowd and hire Chen Duxiu, who did not have a higher education, as the dean of liberal arts at Peking University.

Chen Duxiu hired hu Shi, a 26-year-old professor at Peking University, the main contributor of "New Youth", and Lu Xun and others also began to emerge in "New Youth". From this point on, at that time, China's first-class scholars entered Peking University, and Peking University had a large number of outstanding teachers such as Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, Gu Hongming, Liu Shipei and so on.

On January 15, 1919, Chen Duxiu erected two banners on the "New Youth" - Mr. De and Mr. Sai, and "democracy" and "science" became familiar terms in China for more than 10 years, and also became the banner and spiritual heritage of the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement. It was in the relentless search for democracy and science that Chinese began to find a way out of the predicament.

The world situation in 1917 initially made Chinese quite happy. World War I ended, and China, which sent 200,000 Chinese workers to the war, became the victorious power. In January 1919, the Chinese delegation made seven demands to the Paris Peace Conference, hoping to withdraw foreign troops and return the concession land and concessions, and later proposed to cancel the "Twenty-one Articles" under the pressure of the people. In that era, however, axiom did not beckon Chinese, and victory had nothing to do with the weak. The Paris Peace Conference decided that Japan would inherit Germany's interests in Shandong, while refusing to cancel the "Twenty-One Articles". Chinese people's hopes turned into disappointment, and anger was ignited.

At 1 p.m. on May 4, young students from various universities in Beijing gathered in front of the Tiananmen Jinshui Bridge, and the blood book "Return My Qingdao" fluttered across the Jinshui Bridge. Subsequently, students began to demonstrate, 20,000 copies of the "Declaration of the Whole Of Beijing Academic Circles" appeared on the streets of Beijing, and the May Fourth Movement broke out.

32 students were arrested that day, a move that provoked even greater discontent. People everywhere responded one after another, from student strikes to workers' strikes and business strikes. Various social forces directly intervened in politics, and suddenly a powerful outpouring of anger broke out among hundreds of millions of shunns, and the whole of China boiled over.

At this time, Paris, France, thousands of miles away, was not quiet. In Paris, France, the Chinese delegation was also fiercely debating in the face of the Beiyang government's order to agree to sign. On June 28, at the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty, people were surprised to find that the seats of the Chinese delegation were empty.

This is the first time since the Opium War that China has said "no" to the great powers.

The vigorous May Fourth Movement meant the awakening of the Chinese people, but the whole political situation remained dark. The question of "where is China going?" is more urgent and confusing than ever.

Just a few days after the Chinese delegation refused to sign, Soviet Russia issued the Declaration on China, declaring that it would abrogate all unequal treaties against China. The realities in Europe, and especially in Soviet Russia, led the advanced elements in China to explore a new path.

At the end of the article, I would like to thank Mr. Gu Yaqi for his writings.

The article is only more than 3,000 words long, but how many heroes and sons and daughters have shed blood and sacrificed to explore China's way out under the long river of history, and how many heroes have been glorious in this dynasty.

Chinese people survive in turmoil and survive in danger. Where will the ship sail? At a time of national crisis, advanced intellectuals stood in the midst of the torrent of history, looking for a route for China to go. The May Fourth Movement, the Chinese people began to awaken, the whole country, the same hatred and hatred, China's first large-scale spontaneous anti-feudal and anti-imperialist oppression of the whole people since the Opium War, at the Paris Peace Conference, the Chinese delegation did not participate in the signing of the conspiracy against imperialism, it was the first time since the Opium War that China said "no" to the great powers.

This is a great social revolutionary movement set off by the people of Chinese to save the nation from danger, defend national dignity, and unite national strength; it is a great ideological enlightenment movement and a new cultural movement that disseminates new ideas, new cultures, and new knowledge; and it has inspired the aspirations and confidence of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation to realize national rejuvenation with great strength. The May Fourth Movement ended China's old democratic revolution and opened the new democratic revolution, and the Chinese revolution has since entered a new historical period.

The sleeping lion woke up with the first roar, how refreshing!