October 31 is the 304th day of the year in the solar calendar (305th day of leap years), and the last day of October, 61 days before the end of the year.
1. The Ming Dynasty Almighty Confucian King Shouren was born
On this day, 549 years ago, on October 31, 1472 (September 30, 1472 in the lunar calendar), the Ming Dynasty's Almighty Confucian King Shouren was born.
Wang Shouren (1472-1529) was a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang. Zi Bo'an,100 Yang Mingzi ,also known as Mr. Yang Ming (阳明先生), was also known as Wang Yangming (王阳明), and died in Nan'an on September 30, 1472 (i.e., October 31, 1472 AD) when his wife Zheng Shi was born in Yuyao, and died in Nan'an on the 29th day of November 1529 (i.e., January 9, 1529 AD) of Jiajing. The most famous thinker, philosopher, calligrapher and military figure of the Ming Dynasty in China. Lu Wang's master of the study of the heart is not only proficient in Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, but also able to unite the army and conquer the war, which is a rare all-round Confucianism in Chinese history. Because he once called himself Yang Mingzi in Yuyao Yangmingdong Tianjielu, he is now generally called Wang Yangming, and his doctrine is called "Yangmingxue". It has had important and far-reaching influences in China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asian countries.
2. Germany began the Reformation
On 504 years ago today, on October 31, 1517 (October 17, 1517 in the lunar calendar), Germany began the Reformation.
The Ninety-Five Theses, an outline of martin Luther's debate posted on 31 October 1517 on the gates of wittenberg castle church in Germany, is considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
In his Theses, Martin Luther denounced the practice of selling "indulgences" and put forward the principle of "faith in Jesus to be saved" and opposed the method of atonement for sins with money. Luther argues that the Pope does not have the right to absolve man of his sins, and that the right to be free from sin is in God, so the claim that indulgences can be exonerated is false. Its significance lies in the fact that, for the first time, it openly rejected the Catholic doctrine that atonement for sins can only be made through the Church and the Pope, and was thus widely accepted by all strata of society.
3. Qing changed "Chengtianmen" to "Tiananmen"
On This day, 370 years ago, on October 31, 1651 (September 18, 1651 in the lunar calendar), the Qing Dynasty changed the name of "Chengtianmen" to "Tiananmen".
Tiananmen Square in the early years of the Republic of China
It is generally believed that Ku Xiang designed and built the famous Tiananmen Square. In fact, What Kuo Xiang designed and built is not Tiananmen, but the predecessor of Tiananmen, "Chengtianmen".
In 1417 (the fifteenth year of Ming Yongle), Ming Chengzu Zhu Di prepared to move the capital to Beijing, and sent famous craftsmen such as Pu Xiang to be responsible for the design and construction of the imperial palace complex. Ku Xiang carefully designed the main gate of the Imperial City, completed in 1420, then called "Chengtian Gate", a 5 wooden archway with yellow tile cornices on 3 floors, which is the old name of the main gate of the Imperial City of the Tang Dynasty, indicating that the emperor "inherits the fortune of heaven" and "is ordained by heaven". In the first year of Emperor Mingying's reign (1457), the Chengtian Gate was destroyed by fire, and in the first year of Emperor Xianzong's reign (1465), it was rebuilt under the auspices of Shangshu Baigui of the Ministry of Works. This time it was no longer the archway, but the 9-bay gatehouse, which was destroyed by war at the end of the Ming Dynasty.
In the eighth year of Qing Shunzhi, that is, in 1651, Shizu Fulin rebuilt this city tower, and after reconstruction, on October 31, the Chengtian Gate was renamed Tiananmen, which was roughly the same style as it is today. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, this was a forbidden place, it was only the gate of the imperial palace, surrounded by red walls and gloomy courtyards. At that time, Tiananmen Square faced the Daming Gate (renamed the Great Qing Gate in the Qing Dynasty, later renamed the Zhonghua Gate, and demolished after liberation), with the Imperial Road in the middle and the Thousand Steps Corridor on both sides. From the time of the construction of the Tianmen Gate until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, except for the emperor and nobles who came and went, the common people were not allowed to pass. Except for solemn ceremonies, the Daming Gate is not open all year round. The feudal emperors went in and out of Tiananmen Square on specific days, from the winter solstice to the Temple of Heaven to worship the heavens, the summer solstice to the northern suburbs of the ancestral land, the Mengchun Prayer Valley, and the mid-spring ploughing field. The emperor went out on a campaign to sacrifice the road in front of Tiananmen Square.
4. Nobel Laureate in Chemistry - Beyer's Birthday
On 186 years ago today, on October 31, 1835 (September 10, 1835 in the lunar calendar), the Nobel Laureate in Chemistry - Beyer was born.
King William IV of Prussia was in a particularly good mood on this day, and he specially held a banquet in the court for a scientist, who had long heard that this scientist was a generation of wizards, so he personally greeted him at the palace gate. But when he saw the scientist, he couldn't help but be stunned; he was so young. Afterwards, he said to his ministers: "Unexpectedly, this university scholar who has a reputation all over Europe turned out to be a young man!" The young man was the German organic chemist Adolf von Beyer, who was only 24 years old.
Bayer lived up to the education and expectations of his parents. During his first two years at the University of Berlin, he devoted himself to physics and mathematics, and in 1856 began to focus on chemistry. In 1858 he received his doctorate from the University of Berlin. His doctoral thesis, "A Comprehensive Study of The Coagulation Of Organic Compounds," opened up a new avenue for chemical research. Because he was modest and studious, he studied hard and discovered the molecular structure of the three basic dyes of indigo, sky blue and crimson in modern times. His achievements in organic dyes and fragrances fulfilled what his mother wanted to "make our world more colorful." He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry at the age of 70 and died at the age of 82.
5) Nevada became the 36th state in the United States
On October 31, 1864 (October 2, 1864), 157 years ago today, Nevada became the 36th state in the United States.
Nevada, a state in the United States, is known for its well-developed gambling industry. It became the 36th state of the United States on October 31, 1864. Located in the western United States. It borders Oregon and Idaho to the north, Utah to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and California to the southwest. With an area of 286,297 square kilometers, it ranks 7th out of 50 states. Population 2,495,529 (2006). The capital is Carson City.
The name Nevada state is derived from Spanish, meaning "snowy mountain" or "covered in snow," and was originally used to describe the coldness of sierra Nevada in the western part of the state. Several U.S. Navy warships are also known as the USS Nevada.
6. Chiang Kai-shek's birthday
On this day, 134 years ago, on October 31, 1887 (September 15, 1887 in the lunar calendar), Chiang Kai-shek was born.
Chiang Kai-shek during the Xinhai Revolution
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) A native of Fenghua, Zhejiang. Zhongzheng, formerly known as Ruiyuan, zhou tai, and zhiqing.
No matter how we evaluate Chiang Kai-shek, we must recognize that Chiang Kai-shek was a far-reaching figure in Chinese politics in the 20th century.
7) Global viral influenza claims millions of lives
On 103 years ago today, on October 31, 1918 (September 27, 1918 in the lunar calendar), viral influenza claimed the lives of millions of people worldwide.
The 1918 flu pandemic, a global influenza pandemic that occurred between 1918 and 1919, was caused by an infectious disease called Spanish flu, which infected about 1 billion people worldwide and killed 25 to 40 million people (at the time the world's population was about 1.7 billion people); its global average fatality rate was about 2.5%-5%, and 0.1% of the general flu. It's deadly in comparison. The name does not come from the outbreak of the flu from Spain; but because about 8 million people in Spain were infected with the disease at that time, even the King of Spain, so it was called Spanish influenza. In Spain, it is called French influenza.
8. "First Lady of Europe" Deneuve was born
On this day, 78 years ago, on October 31, 1943 (October 3, 1943 in the lunar calendar), the "First Lady of Europe" Deneuve was born.
Catherinen Deneuve
In October 1943, caterina Deneuve, the most prestigious of the French silver world, was born in Paris into a family of actors.
On her 20th birthday, she received Jacques Remy's gift of perfection: starring in "The Umbrella of Cherbourg". In the film, Deneuve pours the sweetness of the love she has experienced and the sadness of abandonment into the heroine Jane Viv, and the performance is really moving, and the successful performance wins her the best performance award awarded by the French Film Academy. Winner of the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, "The Umbrella of Cherbourg" became a film of the 60s that fascinated young people. In 1965, Deneuve entered a new phase in the carol. It is marked by her great success in the epoch-making film Disgust, directed by Roland Polanski, in which she plays a nail trimmer who has endured the torment of the men around her, is in a trance and has difficulty controlling herself.
Her brilliant performance became a classic for "Disgust" and was listed as a major feature in the collections of all film archives. After becoming one of the world's top movie stars, Deneuve has starred in more than 20 films such as "Tracking", "A Gentleman's Companion", "Cold-Blooded Horror", "World Song", "Creation", "Day beauty", "Trish Anna" and "Donkey Skin Princess". Her acting skills have also matured day by day, and her play path has become wider and wider.
In 1980, her successful acting skills in the blockbuster film "The Last Class" directed by François Truffaut, the representative of the New Wave, won the film ten awards at the 1981 César Awards in French Cinema, and she also won the Best Actress Award. Her mature performances and impressive style eloquently prove that she is the deserved queen of the French silver world today, and on October 28, 1988, the paris municipal authorities announced that the statue of the famous movie star Caterina Deneuve, selected by the citizens of Paris, would be selected as a new symbol of France to replace the previous statue modeled by Brigitte Bardot.
9. Li Tianci successfully created the "Rapid Investigation of the Dry Branch of the Common Era"
On this day, 46 years ago, on October 31, 1975 (September 27, 1975 in the lunar calendar), Li Tianci successfully created the "Rapid Investigation of the Dry Branch Of the Common Era".
In October 1975, Li Tianci, a young researcher at the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, successfully created the "Daily Rapid Survey of the Dry Branch of the Common Era", which provided a new auxiliary tool for the study of the history of science in China.
The dry branch day is an important part of our calendar. In ancient times, it was used to represent years, months, and days, and it was used repeatedly and cyclically. China has used the Dry Branch Chronology for thousands of years without interruption or confusion, and it is the oldest Chronology In the world. At present, the lunar calendar still uses dry branches. Converting the dates of the Gregorian calendar is a rather troublesome problem encountered when sorting out the rich scientific historical materials of our country. Sometimes, there are often dozens of dry branches on a page of the book, all of which have to be read one by one; some need to be calculated after being found, which is time-consuming and prone to errors. Over the years, many people have tried to find an easy way to solve this problem, but without success. On the basis of summarizing the research results of his predecessors, Li Tianci broke through superstition, emancipated his mind, broke through the traditional old methods, and researched and created the "Rapid Investigation of the Dry Branch Of the Common Era".
10. China's "Polar" research vessel began to sail around the world
On this day, 35 years ago, on October 31, 1986 (September 28, 1986 in the lunar calendar), China's "Polar" scientific research ship began to sail around the world.
At 10:00 a.m. on October 31, 1986, China's first polar scientific research ship, the Polar, set sail at Qingdao Port. The "Polar" carrying the members of China's third Antarctic scientific expedition thus began its first voyage and made the first circumnavigation of the world in the history of China's navigation.
11. China's first expressway, Hujia Highway, was opened
On this day, 33 years ago, on October 31, 1988 (September 21, 1988 in the lunar calendar), China's first expressway Hujia Highway was opened.
The first expressway - Hujia Expressway
On October 31, 1988, Chinese mainland had its own highway. Hujia Expressway is the section of National Highway 204 (Shanghai to Yantai) into Shanghai, from Qilianshan Road in downtown Shanghai to the south gate of Jiading County on the outskirts of the city, which is a high-grade highway with full interchange and fully enclosed equipment for cars.