In the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, surrender was a technical task, some people were made hou bai generals after surrendering, some people were imprisoned after surrendering, and some people were in different places after surrendering.
After the surrender, it was Zhang Liao and Zhang Wenyuan, who although he scolded Cao Cao on the White Gate Tower, he was given the title of Zhonglang General and Marquis of Guannei, at that time it was three years of Jian'an, Guan Yu had neither a marquis nor a general, Zhang Fei, like Zhang Liao, also got the rank of General of Zhonglang.
After surrendering, he was imprisoned by Yu Wenze, and Guan Yu did not undress and extend his seat, but very disdainfully put him in prison: "I kill Ru, I kill the dog's ear, and the empty sword and axe!" (Let people be sent to Jingzhou, waiting in prison) wait for me to return, do not make a district. ”
If Guan Yu had taken Xiangfan's triumphant Jingzhou, it would most likely have been brought back to Xuchang after being humiliated by the ban—this was also the protection of the ban: at that time, Yu Ban was a general of the left and a false Jie, such a high-ranking general, it is reasonable to say that Liu Bei should decide his life and death to stay, Guan Yu neither killed Yu Ban nor sent him to Chengdu, obviously with other plans.
The famous general who was in a different place after the surrender was, of course, Lü Bulu Fengxian. He had lowered his stature, showed favor to Cao Cao with a smile on his face, and asked Liu Bei to intercede for him, with the result that "Cao Ling would hang Lü Bu to death and then behead him." ”
The head of the owl is not just cut off the head and finished, but to put the first level of exhibition for several days, and sometimes to tour the display, which is extremely harmful and insulting.
As soon as Zhang Liao scolded Cao Cao on the White Gate Tower, the readers zhujun knew that our basis today was the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" rather than the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", because in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhang Liao saw that Lü Bu was at the end of his rope, so he took the initiative to surrender with his own group of younger brothers: "Taizu broke Lü Bu in Xia Pi, Liao surrendered his people, worshiped the general Zhonglang, and gave him the title of Marquis of Guannei." Count the battle merits, and move the general. ”
Zhengshi is very boring, the novel is very wonderful, so today we still take the interpretation of things: the three generals we mentioned earlier, according to the surrender technique, can be divided into three products: Zhang Liao first scolded Lü Bu and then scolded Cao Cao, not only to save face for himself, but also to Cao Cao to show that he has broken with Lü Bu, belongs to the ownerless, after surrender can be used with confidence, is for the superior product; Yu Ban knows that Guan Yu is proud and not humiliated, bullying and not bullying, as long as he obeys soft and confesses, he will be able to save his life, but he may not be able to save face. Lü Bu did not see clearly that he had fallen into a situation of mortality, and he also tried to save his life with a sneering smile, losing both face and head, belonging to the next product - knowing that Cao Cao Liu Bei would not let himself go, it was better to be tough to the end, but also to preserve the last dignity.
The surrender of Zhang Liao, Yu Ban, and Lü Bu can be divided into three products, and Guan Yu's surrender can be regarded as the best product that surpasses the upper grade--the three things of the TuntuShan Guan Convention, Cao Cao understood with a smile when he heard it: "This contradictory demand, especially the five words that can be summarized in the first article, shows that Guan Yu has admitted that Liu Bei is a rebel, and if this word falls into Liu Bei's big ears, he will not be angry enough to spit out three liters of blood?" ”
The "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" undoubtedly honors Liu and degrades Cao, and of course beautifies the Shu Han generals to the greatest extent, but there is an old saying called "too much to be too late" - doing things too much is actually the same as not doing enough.
Guan Yu's surrender to Cao Cao is indeed a matter in the main history, and in order to round this matter, it is necessary to give the martial sage Guan Yu enough steps to depict the surrender as awe-inspiring, not just as simple as the official history records.
In the main history, Guan Yu surrendered after being captured or surrendering voluntarily, there are also two theories. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Chronicle of Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms says that Guan Yu voluntarily surrendered: "In the first month of the fifth year of Jian'an, Dong Cheng and others plotted to leak, and all of them were ambushed. The Gong general marched from the east to prepare, broke it, and captured his general Xiahou Bo. Ready to go to Benshao, get his wife. Prepare the general Guan Yu tun down Pi, resume the attack, and yu descend. ”
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Zhangma, Huang Zhao, and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, both use a "bird" character when recording Guan Yu's surrender: "In the fifth year of Jian'an, Cao Gong went on an eastern crusade, and the first lord ran Yuan Shao." Cao Gong's bird feathers returned to the house, worshiped as a partial general, and the courtesy was very thick. "Cao Gong did his best to collect his people, took his wife, and returned to Guan Yu."
The ancient text "poultry" and "capture" are connected, and this "capture" word does not only refer to live capture, killing, capturing, and surrendering can be said to be "capture", such as Guan Yu beheading Yan Liang and Wen Ugly was killed, in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is "Good, ugly are shao famous generals, fight again, si birds." ”
The historical record is not detailed, but let's still look at the description of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms": Guan Yu was besieged at Tuntu Mountain, and his old friend Zhang Liao came to persuade him to surrender, fabricated that Guan Yu would commit three deadly sins if he did not surrender, and laid out the three advantages of surrender, and Guan Yu also put forward three conditions, which is "three things about Tuntu Mountain".
Zhang Liao's words can be ignored, the three things agreed upon by Guan Yu, the last two can be ignored, just the first condition, has already contradicted itself: "First, I and the emperor set an oath to jointly support the Han room, I only surrender the Han Emperor, not Cao Cao." ”
Mao Zonggang believed that Guan Yu's move was "to distinguish between kings and subjects", but Zhong Bojing, who participated in the review of the "Popular Interpretation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms", questioned: "Ben is not a traitor to Han, he Yun surrendered to Han? ”
Seeing this, the author also changed into two big heads at the beginning: Liu Bei was the "Uncle of the Great Han Emperor" who was five generations younger than Liu Xie, and he was also the general of the Great Han Left, YuZhou Mu and the Marquis of Yichengting, who should be an out-and-out Han general, and although Guan Yu did not have the rank of general of Zhonglang like Zhang Fei, they took "jointly supporting the Han Room" as their responsibility, and they should also be within the Han army structure.
Guan Yu's "surrender han does not descend Cao", which sounds like a joke to Cao Cao: "I am Han Xiang, Han is also me." This can be obtained from there. ”
Cao Cao had been consulting the four sides as the "Great Han Emperor"(this is in the Novel of Rendition, and Cao Cao in the Zhengshi did not appoint himself as a Minister until the thirteenth year of Jian'an), according to the saying at the time, it was the "Heavenly Patrol Hunting", that is, the conquest for the Tianzi, and his opponents became separatist forces and rebels.
Neither Yuan Shao nor Liu Bei admitted that they were rebels, and they both said that they were "thieves under the commandments", that is to say, they were legitimate Han generals, while Cao Cao was a traitor with the intention of usurping Han.
Liu Bei's "righteous name" was broken by Guan Yu's sentence "surrendering han": The loyal and good generals of the Great Han will surrender to The Han, how is this lie round?
Liu Bei's anger was not extremely deep in the Secheng Palace, but Zhang Fei, who was straight, did not care so much: "Loyal subjects would rather die than be humiliated, and the big husband has the reason of having two masters!" You carried your brother on your back, surrendered Cao Cao, and made you a marquis. Come to earn me again today, I will fight with you to the death today! ”
Mao Zonggang, who has always admired Guan Yu very much, could not help but agree with Zhang Fei's words at this time: "Before, I was called a brother and a brother, but now I am suddenly calling you and me." If you and I are brothers, we are righteous; if you are unrighteous, then you are you and I am me. The oath of the peach orchard is not to seek the same life, but to seek the same death. Now that you have betrayed righteousness, then you will live and die, and you will be happy. The words are indignant, and the voice is agitated. Descending Cao is negative Liu, negative Liu is negative righteousness; righteousness is brother, negative righteousness is human: Yide True Sage also. It can be known that what The cloud is long, Yi De cannot do, nor will he do. ”
Mao Zonggang believed that Zhang Fei's words and deeds were comparable to those of a saint, so what should Guan Yu, who was revered as a "martial saint" by the Qing Dynasty, do?
Readers all know that for a long time, the martial saints were All Jiang Shang Jiang Ziya, at least in the Song Dynasty, Guan Yu was still only a member of the "Seventy-Two Generals of the Martial Temple", and his status was not only lower than that of the Holy King Wucheng King Jiang Taigong and the Yasheng Liu Marquis Zhang Liang, but also lower than the Ten Zhe Baiqi, Han Xin, and Zhuge Liang, which may be different from the understanding of the saints by various dynasties, especially the Qing Dynasty, who would rather worship Guan Yu than Yue Fei.
Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao, whether to cherish his life or take care of the overall situation, this point does not care about him, the topic we want to discuss today is if Zhang Fei Zhang Yide is surrounded in Tuntu Mountain, how will he choose? Guan Yu's surrender to Han was tantamount to self-professing to be a traitor, and if Liu Bei heard this, how would he feel?
Guan Yu finally returned to Liu Bei's camp, which is indeed worthy of respect by later generations, but how should his "surrender han not cao" be understood, and the readers are definitely benevolent and wise, and it is difficult for the author to draw conclusions for a while, so this question has to be left to everyone to interpret: During the Jian'an period, Liu Bei was not a warlord? Liu Bei started another stove, was it to revive the Han Dynasty or did he have the Zhitu King? Compared with Dong Zhuo, Lü Bu, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Liu Biao, and Liu Zhang, what are his similarities and differences?