*Transferred from the "Ethnology and Anthropology Anthropology" public account.
【About the Author】Professor of the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University, doctoral supervisor.
【Abstract】The mountain city in Sichuan during the Song and Yuan dynasties was a city site of a special period with a large number of survivors, a good state of preservation, and high cultural value. The hierarchical types of these mountain city sites include the four levels of system division, road, prefectural military superintendent, and county, while the prefectural state is the mainstay; The geographical types of city sites include four types: mountaintops, peninsulas, islands, and compounds, of which the mountaintops are divided into flat-top, oblique-roofed, convex-roofed, and concave-roofed types. In view of the fact that there are still problems such as rough records in the investigation of mountain city sites in Sichuan in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the future investigation of mountain city sites should increase efforts in the basic information records of city sites, the identification of the age of city site ruins, the investigation of the constituent elements of city sites, and the analysis of the defense system of city sites.
【Keywords】Song Yuan; Sichuan; Anti-Mengshan City; Cities; archaeology
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, with the invasion of Sichuan by the Mongol army, occupying half of the rivers and mountains including the capital of Sichuan, Chengdu, the original Song Dynasty's defense system along the edge of the Sichuan Basin collapsed, and the southern Song dynasty in Sichuan faced a situation where there was no danger to defend. In order to defend Sichuan, the upstream barrier of the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty stepped up its defensive deployment in the Sichuan region, began to use the dangers of mountains and rivers to build fortifications, built mountain cities and water villages in the three longitudinal rivers (Jialing River, Tuojiang River and Minjiang River) in Sichuan and the horizontal large rivers after the confluence of the three rivers, that is, the dangerous points along the Yangtze River, and moved the prefecture cities and county towns that had no danger to defend at that time to these mountain cities and water villages to curb the advantages of the Mongolian Yuan cavalry, thus building a mountain and water city with the shanshui city as the point, the river as the line, and the combination of dots and lines. A mutually responsive defense system. As the Mongol Yuan, they began to mainly practice mobile operations based on cavalry, and later when they were stationed to carry out tug-of-war with the Sichuan Song army, they also began to use the captured Song army's mountain city water village and the newly built mountain city water village as a stronghold and a forward position. In order to supplement the shortcomings of cavalry mobility, the Mongolian Yuan army also built a new water army for maneuvering along the river. Since the fourth year (1240) of the Southern Song Dynasty Jiaxi and the deputy envoy of the Chongqing system and the prefect of Chongqing Pu Xuanzhi rebuilt the city of Chongqing "for the foundation of Western Shu", to the fall of Changning Lingxiao City in nine years after the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty (to 25 years, 1288), during these decades, the total number of mountain cities and water villages built by both the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongolian Yuan in the Sichuan region reached 83 (most of which were built by the Southern Song Dynasty). After the demise of these mountain cities and water villages in the Southern Song Dynasty, except for 33 places such as Quxian Ceremonial City, which were continued to be garrisoned by the Yuan army, the rest have been completely demolished. After the death of the Yuan, even these undemolished mountain cities were abandoned and decayed and became ruins. It was only during the Xian Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty that during the Rebellion of the White Lotus Sect in Sichuan, the people of many prefectures and towns avoided chaos and went up the mountain, and they repaired and rebuilt the original Song YuanShan City to protect themselves. Most of the Song and Yuan mountain cities, except for the lower or part of the wall section of the city wall is from the Song and Yuan dynasties, the rest are the style of the Qing Dynasty, which is a reflection of this history. Because the Song and Yuan mountain cities were mostly built on mountains that were not easy to produce and live, most of the abandoned city sites of these mountain cities were not occupied for other purposes, and most of the city sites were still fully preserved, which provided physical materials for modern research on the history of the Song and Yuan wars, the history of the city, and the local history of the area where the mountain city was located. (Figure 1)
In the Song and Yuanshan Cities of Sichuan, many scholars have conducted field investigations and systematic studies. The author specializes in archaeology, naturally first of all, starting from the current situation of the sites that can be observed in these mountain cities, I want to observe the scale and form of these mountain cities, understand whether the construction of mountain castles at that time considered the administrative structure specifications of the city, understand the location choice and geomorphological choice of the city at that time, and the test of these choices in the practice of defense and combat. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Four Roads of Chuanxia were referred to as "Sichuan", and these four roads were Yizhou Road (Chengdu Fu Road), Zizhou Road (Tongchuan Fu Road), Lizhou Road, and Kuizhou Road, whose capital was in today's Chengdu City, Sichuan Santai County, Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, and Fengjie County, Chongqing City, and its territory included most of present-day Sichuan Province, chongqing Municipality, southern Shaanxi Province, northern Guizhou Province, and northwest and southwest of Hubei. The southern song dynasty and the city sites in this area during the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty are the objects of our analysis. Since the author has only inspected a few sites of the Southern Song Dynasty against the Mongol Yuan, the author mainly through the information released by other scholars' research reports, from the administrative level and topography of these mountain cities, these Song and Yuan Sichuan mountain cities are classified, hoping that through these classifications will help to understand these mountain cities.
1. Grading according to the level of construction
In the Song Dynasty, the administrative system of the three levels of roads, military supervisors of Fuzhou, and county was implemented, but there were also the settings of propaganda envoys or appeasement envoys in charge of various roads. In the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the need to resist the invasion of the northern countries, the Sichuan region gradually increased the authority to appease the envoys, making them the chief officials in charge of the military, civil affairs, and finances of the various roads. At the time of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the mountain cities of Sichuan could be divided into four levels according to the administrative level: system division, road, military supervisor of Fuzhou, and county.
(1) A first-class mountain city of the Department of System
The Pacification Division of Sichuan Silu was stationed in Chengdu for a long time, but after three years of Duanping, Chengdu was in ruins and there was no danger to defend, and the Division was moved to Chongqing. Chongqing was originally a mountain city surrounded by rivers on three sides, and after being rebuilt by Peng Daya, the deputy envoy of Sichuan, it has become the premier large-scale mountain city in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Southern Song Dynasty's Sichuan defense strategy, that is, the construction of mountain cities along several large rivers in Sichuan, with the mountain city as the point, the river as the line, the combination of dots and lines, and mutual support was formed, Chongqing, the largest mountain city located at the meeting point of the Sichuan rivers, naturally became the center of Sichuan's roads and became the primary target of both the offensive and defensive sides.
Chongqing is located at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing rivers, and the Jialing River and the Yangtze River flow side by side along the north and south sides of Jinbi Mountain, and finally converge at the Chaotianmen Gate at the eastern end of the mountain range, forming a bird's head-like peninsula surrounded by water on three sides. As the Ming Dynasty Wang Shisheng said, "Heaven and earth are as dangerous as Chongqing, Jia and Ba are separated by stone veins, and there is only one line of discord such as Guati, which is very strange." If a city is built on this bird's head-shaped peninsula, the most appropriate choice is to use the rivers on the north and south sides as a natural city, and then build a city wall in front of the shortest bird's neck on land to encircle it. The great city of Jiangzhou built by Li Yan of the Shu Han Dynasty was planned in this way, and the Southern Song Dynasty and the Ming and Qing Dynasties only continued to follow the plan of the Shu Han. From the current data, although there were already brick and stone walls in the Shu Han Dynasty, and now the ancient LuoCheng in Guanghan City, Sichuan, the popular construction material at that time was rammed earth walls, and the Han Dynasty City Wall of the White Emperor City in Fengjie County, Chongqing was an example. During the Shu and Han Dynasties, Li Yan built the great city of Jiangzhou, which is likely to be the same as the walls of other city sites in the same period, and was built on a stone foundation with soil. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Peng Daya rebuilt the city of Chongqing, and the base site of its city wall may have been due to the attack on the Shu Han Dynasty, but the material for building the city should be the same as the anti-Mengshan City built in the same period, mainly using stone. At present, the mountain cities of the late Song Dynasty that have been investigated, such as the Diaoyu City in Hechuan District of Chongqing, the SongCheng of the White Emperor City in Fengjie County, and the Shenjian City in Luzhou, Sichuan, are all stone structures, and Chongqing City, which was the capital and headquarters of the city at that time, should not be an exception. The city of Chongqing in the Southern Song Dynasty was not destroyed in the wars of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and it has been preserved. At the time of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Shao Guizi's "Snow Boat Sayings" recorded and commented on Peng Daya's construction of the city: "Peng Daya knew Chongqing, Daxing city was built, and his subordinates were even more disobedient. Peng Yue: 'There is no reason not to look at money as money and not to look at people as people. 'And if the city is formed, the subordinates shall erect a monument to it. Daya thought it was not necessary, but set up four large stones on top of the four gates, and the big book said: "In a certain month of a certain year, Peng Daya built this city for the foundation of Western Shu." After that, many of the displaced people of Shu returned. Shu died, the city was unharmed, and the true Western Shu was not at all. Volume 57 shows that the Chongqing city wall of the Song Dynasty was still used in the Yuan Dynasty. At the time of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the transition in Chongqing was relatively smooth, and the city walls and buildings in the city were basically well preserved, but most of the buildings were destroyed by a fire in the late Yuan Dynasty. These destroyed buildings were repaired and rebuilt in the late Yuan Dynasty, especially during the Ming Dynasty's capital Chongqing, so after the Ming Dynasty took control of Chongqing, there was no major construction activity in the city, but during the Ming Hongwu period, the Chongqing Wei commander Dai Ding reinforced and rested the city walls. The main purpose of this construction was to repair the previous city wall, open up more gates, and build the golden purple (sub) gate facing Chongqing Wei to be magnificent. The Ming Dynasty Cao Bian's "Records of the City Walls of Chongqing Province" said: "Chongqing, now Shudong Opera County. ...... Shi Mu Ke Kao, the name of the author, then Shu Zhuge Xiangshi protected Li Yan to taste the great city of this, and the present city also covers its ruins. Suitable for Song Jiaxi, peng Dayafu was built because of his site Daxing City, and after Shu disturbed, the people actually relied on the city to be complete, but at that time the door was only four ears. At the beginning of my Ming Dynasty, the guards made Dai Ding re-establish, and the gate was increased to ten and seven, and now the opener is nine, and the gold city tower is faint, and the stone is as new as the old one. Volume 74 Ming Dynasty Cao Bian this record of the repair of the city is an account of the early years of Longqing (1567 ~1568) Wang Qianzhang repaired the city wall of Chongqing, the scale of this city repair project is not large, "the initial budget should be more than 3,000 gold, and the work and the cost of the work is only more than 2,000 ears." Volume 74 The repaired city of Chongqing continued until the end of the Ming Dynasty, when the peasant army Zhang Xianzhong attacked the city of Chongqing, and used explosives to blow up a section of the brick city wall near the far gate of the western part of the city, thus capturing Chongqing. However, at that time, the walls of Chongqing were still basically intact, and the city and its buildings were greatly damaged when Zhang Xianzhong's general Sun Kewang captured Chongqing and was about to evacuate Chongqing. The Qing Dynasty scholar Gu Shanzhen's "Book of Shu" said: "It is expected that the houses in Chongqing will be burned down, and the city walls will be flattened; Because the Chongqing city system generated stone walls, half of the river, half of the mountain, Ming Wang Zhen once stood on this usurpation, and stopped at the top of the stacked stones. It was expected that the thieves would push the battlements into the river, and after several days on the flat ground, it was discussed that Zunyi would enter Qian. After Sun Kewangjun's tossing and turning, the Officials of the Chongqing Prefecture of the Qing Dynasty had to make a major construction of the city of Chongqing. Although the buildings in Chongqing were seriously damaged in the wars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the city wall was only the city tower did not exist, the pheasant was flattened, and the wall of the Tongyuan Gate section was blown up, and the degree of destruction of the city wall itself was not very serious, so in the second and forty-seventh years of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, Li Guoying, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and Chen Bangqi, the prefect of Chongqing, did not have a very large scale of the project to rebuild the chongqing city wall. The Qing Dynasty local chronicle of these two construction projects said: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Xianzhong attacked the Far Gate and the City Circle. In the second year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the governor Li Guoying completed the construction. "Volume 24 Youdi, The City Wall Was Repaired This time, because it was ugly and simple, and in the future, with the increase of the population of Chongqing, the city wall was also repaired from time to time. In the 47th year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, Chen Bangqi said: "The ancient system of Yu County controlled the three prefectures and seventeen yi, and the two rivers of Minfu were merged into two rivers, which was a major metropolis in the whole of Sichuan. Since the former Military Revolution, although he has cultivated and lived for more than twenty years, he has lacked all kinds of duties. That is, the rule of a government, decadence and desolation, not only has the feeling of depression. After years of Xin Wei, Yu was ordered to guard the state ,...... After reading for four years, the wind gradually subsided, the government had spare time, and I visited the city wall schools, mostly in the smoke and grass, and I was about to move and abolish the idea of lifting and falling. "The two reconstructions of the early Qing Dynasty were basically carried out on the basis of the City of Chongqing in the Ming Dynasty, and their main projects were only to repair the city that was pushed down by the peasant army at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the individual sections of the wall that were blown up during the war, to rebuild the destroyed city gate towers, to restore the enemy towers on the city walls, and to build new temples such as the City God Temple. If we briefly summarize the evolution of Chongqing City, we can know that the small city of Jiangzhou built after the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Baguo only surrounded the upper half of the northern part of the Yuzhong Peninsula, from Chaotianmen in the east to Tongyuanmen in the west, and bounded by the "Big Liangzi" on the peninsula ridge in the south. After the expansion of Li Yan of the Shu Han Dynasty, the city walls of Jiangzhou were extended to the lower half of the southern part of the Yuzhong Peninsula. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Peng Daya rebuilt the city of Chongqing on the basis of the Shu Han Dynasty, and added a character city to the southwest of the city to strengthen the defense of land and water, which was only slightly expanded in scale than the Shu Han City. After the ming and qing dynasties, the city of Chongqing was the same as the old city of the Southern Song Dynasty, but the city gates were increased. In other words, the scope of Chongqing City in the Ming and Qing dynasties, that is, the scope of Chongqing City at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, only the orientation of the Chongqing Government Office changed in the Qing Dynasty. (Figure 2.1)
(2) Road Level 1 Mountain City (Mountain Castle where the Pacification Division is stationed)
In the Southern Song Dynasty's Chuanxia Fourth Road, the original city where the road government was located was a flat land city. After the outbreak of the Song-Mongol War, some of these flat cities had been occupied by the Mongolian Yuan army, and the rest had no danger to defend and had to move the city. Both Chengdu Fu Road and Tongchuan Fu Road moved into the Genting City of the Huai'an Army, and The Chuzhou Road moved with The White Emperor City, the old city of Kuizhou before the early Song Dynasty. Since during the Southern Song Dynasty, especially during the Song and Yuan Wars, the Sichuan Zhulu had already implemented a high degree of military control, and the Department of Envoys was also in charge of the military, civil affairs, and finance of the Four Roads, and unified command of the military and civilian operations of the various military prefectures and counties in Sichuan, the Zhulu Supervision Department actually had little effect. In this situation, the mountain cities garrisoned by the Pacification Division, namely Fengjie White Emperor City (夔州 Pacification Division), Luzhou Shenjian City (Luzhou Pacification Division) (Figure 2.2), and Leshan Lingyun City (Jiading Pacification Division) became the most important support points and the link between the System Division and the General Prefecture Military Supervision City.
Genting Castle was built in the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1243) and was one of the most important strongholds of the mountain castle defense system built by Yu Jiu. After the city was built, Chengdu Fulu moved into the city, and Li Rongsi, one of the four major Rong divisions in Sichuan in the Southern Song Dynasty, moved to this city, which also shows this point. Genting City is located on the right bank of the Tuo River, 20 kilometers from Jintang County, Sichuan, in the middle of Longquan Mountain, the boundary between the Chengdu Plain and the hills in central Sichuan. Here is the main road from Chengdu to Sichuan, the Song Dynasty in the East Bank of the Tuo River not far from Yunding Mountain, there is a Huai'an Army, Huai'an Military City has no danger to defend, so the Southern Song Dynasty built a mountain city on Yunding Mountain at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. Genting Mountain was formerly known as Sanxue Mountain or Shicheng Mountain, and from the name of the mountain alone, it can be seen that the situation of the mountain is like a city, which is very prominent. The Ming dynasty Cao Xue's "Records of Famous Places in Shuzhong" quotes the old "Zhi" Yun: "The Three Learning Mountains in the Eastern Thirty Mile, Li Eight Hundred and Three Degrees of Immortality here, so it is also called Qixian." Its lower pass wall is a thousand people, and the only way can be ridden by people, which is called the Three Learning Passes. "The mountain castle is long from north to south 2. 1 km, east-west width 2 km, circumference of about 7. 2 km. The outer city wall has been mostly destroyed, "only under the Xiaodong Gate and near the Garden Jue'an there are remnants of the artificial wall, and there are remains of the city gate in both places, and it seems that an outer city was also built near the Tuojiang River." The inner city was built on the top of Genting Hill, using natural cliffs as a city wall, and the cliff-free walls were blocked by stone masonry walls. It is said that there are six gates, with the south and north gates as the main gates, of which the north gate also has the outer urn city. There was originally a character city on the slope of the hill facing the Tuojiang River under the main city, and the city wall extended all the way to the edge of the Tuojiang River, and there are still traces of it, which should be a defensive measure to seal the docks of the Tuojiang River. There are many pools in Genting City, and some wells, known as "three pools and nine wells", some of which existed before the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. Volume 76 of the Taiping Huanyu Chronicle says: "Genting Mountain, formerly known as Shicheng Mountain, is shaped like a city, forty-five miles west of the county. On the top of the flat can be ten acres, there is the abbot of the divine spring, clear as the photo, Yunxia Changxing. It is said that there are still "Yingbi Pond, Wannian Pond, Jingang Pond, Yangliu Pond, Zhaoyue Pond, etc., surrounded by herringbone pattern striped stone barriers, as well as dragon king, golden bowl longevity, golden dragon and other wells, the well walls are six to eight shapes, all of which are Song Dynasty shapes, these ponds and wells are scattered throughout the mountain temple, that is, near the military camp at that time, and are the source of drinking water for the military and the people." The Genting Mountain area is a water-scarce area, and the pool on the mountain is the source of life that the mountain city can hold.
(3) Prefectural military supervisor-level mountain castle
The first-level mountain city of Fuzhou Military Supervision was the cornerstone of the Southern Song Dynasty sichuan, and Yu Jiu's original construction of the anti-Mongolian mountain city system was based on this level of mountain city. According to Yuanren Yao Xuan's "Zhongshu Zuo Cheng Li Zhongxuan's Gonggong Zhi": "Song Chen's Yu Jie proposed to abandon pingtu, that is, Yunding, Yunshan, Dayu, Dehan, Baidi, Diaoyu, Qingju, and Kuzhu to build fortifications, and move the eight provinces of Chengdu, Peng, Lang, Yang, Kui, He, Shunqing, and Longqing to rule them, with the title of Eight Pillars, and defend themselves without a fight." Volume 49 belongs to this level of Song Yuan Mountain City the largest number, of which the most important and most influential is hechuan Diaoyu City.
Diaoyushan City is located on Diaoyu Mountain on the Dongcheng Peninsula in Hechuan District, Chongqing, about 5 kilometers west of Hechuan Old City. The site is located at the confluence of the Qujiang, Fujiang and Jialing rivers, from which you can follow the three rivers and go out to the vast area of northeast Sichuan; From here, you can also go down the Jialing River to Chongqing, the capital of Sichuan at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and from Chongqing down the Yangtze River to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the geographical location is very important. The mountain castle was first built in the third year of Chunyou (1243), and the Sichuan system made Yu Jiu use the Ran brothers to build the Diaoyu Mountain Castle on the basis of the original Diaoyushan Cottage. After the completion of the mountain castle, Hezhou and Xingrong Division were moved to Diaoyu City. In the second year of Baoyou (1254), when Wang insisted on holding Hezhou, he also "the people of the five counties of Shizhao, Tongliang, Bachuan, Hanchu, and Chishui, which belonged to Fa County, counted 80,000 household registrations and 170,000 Ding, to complete their cities" (Yuan Mingshi's "Diaoyushan Chronicle"). The main city of the mountain city stands majestically on the flat-topped lonely mountain, using the surrounding natural cliffs and artificial masonry walls to form an irregular-shaped mountain top ring, the existing sections of the city wall total length of about 7320 meters, an area of about 2. 5 square kilometers, there are Huguo Temple, ancient military camps, imperial city, Budo Yamen, Shizhao County Ya and Dacaofang and Fanjia Courtyard and other residential area ruins. There are also large and small tianchi and other water sources in the mountain top city, although the drought and the pond water is inexhaustible, it can ensure the water supply of the military and civilians in the city. On the south and north sides of the main city, a character city connecting the main city and the river was built, and the eastern wall of the south and north character city and the main city was built, which closed the western end of the entire Dongcheng Peninsula, making the peninsula a semi-natural outer city of diaoyu City. The vast outer frontier provided a relatively stable grain-growing base during the war, which was essential for protracted defensive operations. (Figure 2.3)
(4) County-level mountain cities
Counties are the most basic local administrative units of the dynasties, and the number of counties should have been the largest, but in the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1236), after the Mongol Kuoduan led an army to capture Chengdu and destroy 54 states in Sichuan, Sichuan Silu "Dukuo Prefecture And Luzhou, Guozhou, hezhou only remained." After that year, until the first year of Chunyou (1241), the Mongol army invaded Sichuan for many years, killing and plundering, and the social economy of Sichuan was greatly damaged. The population of Sichuan's zhulu has declined sharply, and many counties have become empty. In this case, the mountain cities that resisted the Mongolian Yuan were mainly based on fuzhou as a unit, and the military and civilians of the prefectures and counties moved into the mountain cities where the prefectures were stationed, and there were not many county-level mountain cities. There are only a few cases in the south, such as the southern cross-Aocheng (southern county) and the Hejiang Anleshan city (Hejiang county). These mountain cities often lack research and are the least informative in the Song and Yuanshan cities in Sichuan.
The southern cross-ao city is located less than a kilometer outside the old city of Nanguan in southern Sichuan, and has now been wrapped up in the city. The "Rural Chronicle of Southern Counties" says: "The southern ancient city crossed the Aoshan Mountains in the south of the county, and Song Baoyou tried to move and rule here, and the Yuan restored the old rule." In the illustration of the southern county chronicle of the Qing Dynasty, not far from the south gate of the county town, there is a cross-Ao Mountain, and the foothills of the mountain are painted with the shape of the cliff, and it can be known that the periphery of the mountain is still relatively steep, so it was selected as the county seat site during the war. (Figure 2.4)
Second, according to the classification of topography and landform
Before the outbreak of the Song-Mongol War, the cities built in the Sichuan region were basically built in places where life and transportation were convenient, such as flat land, hillsides and water. Even the mountain castles, which were originally located in dangerous areas, were relocated to open and open areas nearby, as exemplified in the early Northern Song Dynasty from the Baidi/Chijia Mountains at the mouth of the Qutang Gorge to the town of Yong'an in western Hubei. After the outbreak of the Song-Mongol War, according to the established defensive strategy of mountain castles, all the remnants of the built cities were relocated to the rebuilt or newly built mountain castles. These mountain cities, some on the top of the mountain, some on the peninsula, and some on Jiangxin Island, can be divided into four categories according to the geographical situation in which they are located.
(1) Types of mountaintops
This is the most common type of Mountain City in Sichuan in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Building the city on a dangerous hilltop near the main water and land transportation routes can not only control these waterways, but also be easy to defend and difficult to attack, but the disadvantages are also obvious. The area of the mountain top is often limited, and it is necessary to solve the drinking water problem of the people in the city, sometimes hindering the enemy and limiting themselves. According to the topography of the mountain, the mountain city of Sichuan in the Song and Yuan dynasties can be divided into three types:
1． Flat top type
The summit is surrounded on all four sides by steep cliffs, but the summit is relatively flat or slightly inclined, and a low wall is built along the cliff around the summit, and the cracks and openings between the cliffs are sealed with stones, and a road around the mountain is opened along the low wall, forming a wall around the top of the mountain, which can not only rely on natural dangers for defense, but also facilitate the transfer of troops in different areas. In the basin hills of the Sichuan Basin and the parallel ridge valley area of the eastern basin, there are many flat-topped mountains with relatively flat peaks and erosion into cliffs near the top, and these flat-topped mountains have been used as natural walled cities during wars and chaos in the past. The construction of mountain cities in Sichuan in the Song and Yuan Dynasties also made extensive use of this natural terrain and landform to build many flat-top mountain cities. Wanzhou Tiansheng City is such a typical flat-top mountain city.
Tiansheng City was originally located on Tiancheng Mountain, 2 kilometers northwest of the old city of Wanzhou City, Chongqing, and is now wrapped up in the urban area of Wanzhou. Here a mountain protrudes from the northwest bank of the Yangtze River, the Tributary of the Yangtze River Xuanxi River flows through the south of the mountain, the lower part of the mountain is a steep slope, the upper part is a cliff, the cliff is like a wall, surrounded by a city, hence the name of Tiansheng City. Because the mountain was naturally a city, it was used as a military fortress for a long time. Legend has it that during the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei once stationed troops here. Before the Southern Song Dynasty built the anti-Mengshan city system, there was already a city with a gate here, and it already had the name of Tianzi City. The Minutes of Reading the History of Public Opinion says: "Tiancheng Mountain, five miles west of the county, is steep and blocked on all sides, but the northwest path can be climbed, also known as Tiansheng City." According to legend, Han Zhaolie tasted the garrison here, and Chang Xuan so yun XiaoshiCheng also. Between the Song and Yuan dynasties, after Yu Jiu created the Sichuan Mountain City defense system, Wanzhou was moved into Tiansheng City, and wanzhou Zhizhou, which has been defending the city since then, has been added and repaired. The city is a natural wall with cliffs, but it is only defended by building tall walls and checkpoints at key nodes in the upper and lower mountain castles. The city has five gates, of which the Middle East and West Gate are located on the ridge in front of and behind the mountain castle, which is the most important. Most of the city gates were carved into the cliffs, and only the west gate was built for the masonry blocks. There are four large and small ponds chiseled into the top of the city, which are said to be able to provide drinking water for thousands of families, probably because of the water source guarantee, and the last southern Song Dynasty defender Lü Shikui held here for a long time until the city was breached. (Figure 3.1)
2． Sloped top type
In the Sichuan Basin, there are many mountain ranges with steep mountains on one side and slope on one side, such as the Jianmen Mountains, longquan Mountains, Huaying Mountains, Tongluo Mountains, and Fangdou Mountains, and the large rivers pass through these mountainous sections to form a mountain shape with cliffs on two sides, three sides or even four sides and the top of the mountain tilting. Building a city along a steep slope of a cliff can achieve a multiplier effect with half the effort. Sword Pavilion Kuzhu Pass is such a slope-top type mountain city.
Kuzhu Pass, also known as Kuzhu Village, now known as Zhujiazhai, is located in the west of Jianmen Town, Jiange County, Sichuan, about 10 kilometers west of the famous Jianmen Guanxi. To the north is the cliffs of Jianmen Mountain, to the east is the wall-standing canyon of Xiaojian Creek, and there are continuous cliffs on the east and south sides, with only a narrow path leading up to the summit. Qing Gu Zuyu's "Minutes of Reading the History of Public Opinion" volume 68 Sichuan Three Records Of Jianmen Mountain: "The road of the big sword is quite flat, and the small sword is on the shelf of the stone, which is particularly dangerous." He also quoted the old "Zhi" to record the bitter bamboo pass: "At the top of the small sword mountain, the four cliffs, in front of the giant ravine, the lonely door controls the stronghold, and one husband can guard it." Song put it here. "Its mountains are deeply divided, and the west is bordered by a pass, and the cliffs are towering, like a castle. From the extremely narrow path of the Xiaojian Creek valley at the bottom of the mountain, there is only a cliff gap in the southeast to reach the top of the mountain, so the city gate was built here at the end of the Song Dynasty, and there is also an inscription on the arch of the city gate coupon, which is also the inscription of Duan Wenjian, the prefect of Longqing Province. The summit is about 4 square kilometers, quite open, so after the completion of the Kuzhu Pass, Longqing Province and Jianzhou were moved to the city. Considering that The Jianmen Mountains are both high in the north and low in the south, the mountain city should belong to the inclined flat-topped upper city. (Figure 3.2)
3． Convex type
There is no large area of flat land at the top of the mountain, but the slope is surrounded by cliffs and steep ridges or rivers, and there are natural obstacles to rely on. At the bottom of the hill, there is a natural obstacle to build a wall with high outside and low inside, and around the top of the hill, you can form a convex or hoop-type mountain castle. The convex mountain city is generally not large, and it is difficult to accommodate more garrisons and residents on the mountain, and it is difficult to solve the water problem if it does not rely on the river, so the number of this type of mountain city is not much. The narrow sense of Fengjie White Emperor City can be classified as a convex mountain city (of course, the city is located on the peninsula, and can also be regarded as a peninsula type mountain city).
There are two kinds of white emperor city in a narrow sense and a broad sense, the narrow meaning of the white emperor city refers to the city on the white emperor mountain, the broad sense of the white emperor city is the late Song and early Yuan dynasty Southern Song Dynasty Southern Song Dynasty Fuzhou defenders destroyed the city of Qixi Kuizhou, the prefecture and county officials moved to the White Emperor City, the Mongolian Yuan army "attacked the White Emperor City, to the division of the old is the return" of the White Emperor City, the White Emperor City undoubtedly includes the connected Qutang City (Ziyang City, Chijia City). The narrow sense of the White Emperor City is located on the White Emperor Mountain that extends into the Yangtze River, and only the Maling line is connected to the Jigong Mountain (Chijia Mountain) on the north bank, and the entire White Emperor Mountain is like an isolated island in front of the gate. As early as the Han and Jin Dynasties, a rammed earth wall was built around the Baidi Mountain, and there are still ruins of this wall that can be found today, and have been added and repaired in later generations. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, after moving the city of Kuizhou from the west to the old city of the former White Emperor City, the city defense facilities were improved. The city wall is above the highest water level line of the Yangtze River in Baidi Mountain, and the city wall is built along the steep slope of the mountainside, and the White Emperor City can be surrounded, and a nearly circular mountain city wrapped around the mountain can be formed. On the northwest side of the mountain city is a narrow ridge (called "Maling" in ancient times) that connects the White Emperor Mountain with the Jigong Mountain, and the main gate of the White Emperor City should be located in this position. At the mouth of the mountain facing the north bank of the Qutang Gorge, there should also be a city gate, so that you can go out of the city and cross the East Ridge to the iron pillar of the Suojiang River at the mouth of the gorge. In addition, at the water gate south of the White Emperor City, the water-stealing hole boardwalk, which was built in the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, is still in use, and the remains of mechanical hoisting facilities have been found. (Figure 3.3)
4． Concave top type
Several continuous peaks protrude around the mountain, surround the summit, build a city wall along the ridge, and use the wall to plug the gap between the peaks to seal the entire mountain to form a peak city. Leshan's Lingyun City (including The Three Turtle City and the Nine Peaks City) seems to be regarded as a less typical concave-topped mountain city. The more typical concave-top mountain city is still the Huichuan Yangma City under the rule of the Yang clan tuguan of Bozhou, which is closely related to the anti-Mengshan city in Sichuan.
Yangma City belongs to Shuangshi Village, Gaoping Town, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou. The site of the city is located on the top of the hill by the Horn Water, adjacent to the site of the Sea Dragon Hoard, which is being declared a World Heritage Site. The legend of Shancheng was founded in the late Tang Dynasty, when Yang Duan, the ancestor of Yang's toast, raised horses here, hence the name. At present, the city walls and the remains of the city mainly include the Song and Ming dynasties, in view of the fact that Bozhou proposed to Yu Jiu, the envoy of Sichuan at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, to build a mountain city, and there are documents that the Song court asked Bozhou to build Longyan New City to protect Bozhou, and the ruins of yangma city in the Southern Song Dynasty can also be used as an integral part of the defense system of the southern Song Dynasty Sichuan mountain city. The mountain where the mountain castle is located is steep on three sides, one side of the hill slope is gentler, and the summit is surrounded by small hills, which form a small basin inside, and the gap between the hills is sealed with a city wall, and the city wall is extended to the surrounding ridge, which can be enclosed into a typical mountaintop city. The city walls are all made of stone blocks, with a circumference of more than 6,000 meters. The six gates are built in the hollows between the surrounding hills, of which Gate 6 is the only arched gate, and there is also an urn outside the main city gate, which should be one of the main gates of the city. There is an open flat land in the south of the city, and not far from the city wall on the outside, there is a stone pier platform similar to a tower at the front, which passes through the doorway between the stone piers, and there are signs of a large building foundation site, which may be an important functional area of the horse breeding city. There are now more than a dozen families living in the city, and there is a pool, which should be able to supply a certain number of people and horses stationed in the city for a long time. (Figure 3.4)
(2) Types of peninsulas
Song and Yuan Sichuan mountain city built on the side of the river, the confluence of the river or bend will form a peninsula-shaped mountain mouth, in such a mountain mouth to build a mountain city, you can use the terrain surrounded by water on three sides as a natural haohao, just build a tall city wall to block the land side, you can easily build a peninsula type of mountain city with good defense capabilities. The peninsula type of mountain castle can not only greatly reduce the amount of construction work (which is very important in wartime), but also greatly reduce the pressure of insufficient troops during defense. Chongqing City in Yuzhong and Shenjian City in Luzhou are typical peninsula type mountain cities.
Shen arm city, also known as Luzhou Old City, is located in Laolu Village, Jiaotan Township, Hejiang County, Sichuan Province, because of the peninsula where it is located like a same arm. The site of the city is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, and the Yangtze River from the northwest is blocked by the east-west Shen arm mountain, where it first turns west, bypasses the mouth of the god arm mountain, and then flows east, thus forming a peninsula situation. Surrounded by rivers on three sides and surrounded by cliffs, the peninsula is very suitable for building a mountain city for military defense. In the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1243), Yu Jiu ordered Luzhou Zhizhou Cao to build a city here, and then moved the Luzhou military and civilians into this city. The mountain castle makes full use of the topography of the steep riverbank, low in the east, high in the west, and steep cliffs in the west, and builds city walls along the surrounding cliffs. The city walls are 1,200 meters long from east to west, 800 meters wide from north to south, and 3,365 meters in circumference. There are five city gates in the city wall, namely the Divine Arm Gate (entering the far gate), the East Gate, the West Gate, the Small South Gate, and the Huangni Bapo Gate. Since there is no river danger to rely on at the East Gate, on the slope of 150 meters outside the East Gate, there is also a Waiguo (locally known as Ercheng) parallel to the East Gate, and there are fort forts on both sides of the Waiguo to strengthen the defense, and there are also wide pools (Red Ling Pond, Bai Ling Pond) dug outside the city as a moat to form a multi-layered defense in depth. In the center of the city, that is, the highest place is the Tongchuan And Luzhou Prefecture of the Ya Office, the left front of the Ya Office is equipped with a stone command platform (Bell and Drum Tower) of more than 10 meters high, and the two sides of the Ya Office are also equipped with ancestral temples such as the City God Temple and the Xuantian Temple, and there are residential houses distributed along the road around the Yamen, forming a block around the Ya Office. After the construction of the Divine Arm City, it became the upstream barrier of Chongqing, the capital of Sichuan in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the proverb "Born chongqing, iron Luzhou" also came from this. (Figure 4.1)
(3) Types of islands
The Sichuan River is not wide, and there are few large islands in the river, and most of them are fairly gentle sandbars. The island is too small to accommodate the military and civilians who built the city to move to the island, the sandbar is gentle and lacks cliffs and steep walls, it is difficult to defend, therefore, the strongholds of the Southern Song Dynasty mountain city defense system are rarely located in the river, and the only mountain cities of the island type are Zhongxian Huanghua City and Jiang'an Sanjiang Moraine, of which only Huanghua City belongs to the established city.
Huanghuacheng, formerly known as Huanghuazhou, is located 5 kilometers northeast of Chengguan in Zhongxian County, Chongqing, and is the third largest Jiangxin Island on the Yangtze River. The island is high above sea level, reaching 240 meters, so the Three Gorges Reservoir is still partially exposed to the river surface after the water is stored. The island has attracted attention early because of its large size. The Northern Wei Dynasty Daoyuan 's Water Commentary on the River' records that the Yangtze River flows through Linjiang County (present-day Zhong County, Chongqing), saying: "The river flows eastward, and the Huanghua Water Mouth and Jiangpu Ye." Right to the south of Shicheng. Yu Zhongyong: Linjiang to Shicheng Huanghuakou one hundred miles. Here, Yu Zhongyong's account has a mistake, mistakenly pinching Huang Huazhou with the location of Shicheng, 50 kilometers downstream. Qing Jiaqing's "Chronicle of Sichuan Tongzhi and Youdi" (vol. 21) records that the "Old Chronicle" quotes the "Old Zhi" as saying: "Twenty miles around Jiangpu, also known as Huang Huazhou." The island is surrounded by rivers on all sides, and the water transportation is convenient; The island has a certain height, which is conducive to the construction of the city and defense; The island is large in scale and can accommodate more soldiers and civilians. It was on the basis of these advantages that in the first year of The Ham Chung (1265), the Chungju Shōgun built a castle on Hwanghwa Chau and moved the Chungju Ji (Ham Soon Province) to the city. Huanghua City is surrounded by water on all sides, cliffs are erected, and the city wall built in that year should be located at the top of the steep cliffs around the island, but the situation of these walls is lacking in reporting, and the specific location and form cannot be confirmed. It is said that there are also ruins on the island such as the Xianchun Fu Ya of the Song Dynasty, the Military Envoy Ya, the Hongwen Gongyuan, and the School Yard. In the winter of the second year of Jingyan (1277), after several months of siege of Huanghua Castle, the Yuan army succeeded in a sneak attack, and the army led by Ma Kun, the defender of Chungju, lost the battle in the alley, and Huanghua City fell. The Yuan people moved Chungju back to their old city, and Huanghua Castle was abandoned from then on. After the Qing Dynasty, the population multiplied, and many residents settled in Huanghua City to settle down and farm, and there were once more than 2,000 villagers on the modern island. Most of these villagers moved out after the Three Gorges Reservoir was filled with water, and now Huanghua City is becoming desolate again. (Figure 4.2)
(4) Composite types
Sichuan's topography is diverse and complex, Song yuan mountain city is mainly built on the river, the most easily used terrain of the river is the peninsula, if the peninsula is too large and difficult to defend, there are dangerous mountain tops on the peninsula that can be used, there will be a composite type of mountain city that takes into account the situation of the peninsula and the mountain top; Conversely, if the peninsula is too small and there are yamagata-shaped locations available on the riverbank on the outside of the peninsula, there will also be a suitable type of mountain castle that takes into account both the peninsula and the hillside. According to this, we divide the mountain cities that meet the type into two sub-categories:
1． Hilltop City + Peninsula Guo
This type of mountain city is located on a peninsula surrounded by water on three sides, and the land side of the peninsula can be closed with a city wall, which can form a peninsula outside the peninsula with rivers as a natural city on three sides; In the peninsula-type Guocheng Castle, if there are steep hills on all sides, an inner castle can be built around this hill as a defensive core. The inner city on the top of the mountain is then covered with the outer guo of the peninsula, which can not only increase the depth of defense, but also provide a large amount of land resources, which can provide a guarantee for the long-term defense of the mountain city. Diaoyu City is actually a typical mountain top city combined with peninsula Guo.
Hezhou Diaoyu City is the core of the Southern Song Dynasty Chuanxia defense system and the gateway of Chongqing. The city was built on the Dongcheng Peninsula surrounded by three rivers: qujiang, Fujiang and Jialingjiang, and the peninsula was large and relatively flat, with only the inner side of the peninsula with a protruding isolated mountain on all sides. In addition to building a main city of the hilltop city type on the dangerous Diaoyu Mountain, the builders also built a city wall from the mountain castle to the river on the slopes and flat lands south and north of the mountain city, which is the famous Diaoyu City. The two groups of one-character cities are an important part of the Diaoyu City defense system, and together with the rivers surrounding the Diaoyu City and the dangerous Diaoyu Mountain, they enclose the entire Dongcheng Peninsula and together constitute the outermost circle of the Diaoyu City defense system. In this enclosed Dongcheng Peninsula, the residents of Diaoyu City can cultivate the fields and provide grain and grass for the long-term perseverance. The two-lane city is also an important barrier to the water army docks, which extend from the Diaoyu Mountain to the Jialing River, which can prevent the Mongolian Yuan Army from directly occupying the water army docks along the riverside beach, thus providing a channel for the Diaoyu City to maneuver operations and communicate with the outside world. (Figure 4.3)
2． Hillside City + Peninsula City
The White Emperor City is located at the west mouth of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, with a large river in front and a high hill in the back. The whole city is a defensive system composed of multiple mountain cities on Baidi Mountain, Maling, and Jigong Mountain. The shape of the whole White Emperor City is irregular, and the plane is similar to a cow's leg: the ox hoof part is the peninsula type of White Emperor Mountain City, the calf part is the mountain concave city of Maling, and the thigh part is the Ziyang City on the Jigong Mountain (ancient Chijia Mountain). In addition, at the top of the west side of Ziyang City, there is a city wall down the side of the ditch, straight to the bank of the Yangtze River, and this one-character city wall is probably where the ancient fish fucheng is located, and the Song Dynasty rebuilt it as an outer city; At the top of Ziyang Castle, in order to strengthen the defense of the enemy attacking from the back mountains, a double Houguan Castle was built, and a number of independent fortresses were built in the Guancheng Castle as support points. The city walls are built according to the mountainous terrain, all of which are made of stone, with a total length of about 7,000 meters and an area of about 5 square kilometers. There are 6 city gates, one gate in the east, one in the west and one gate in the north, and there are two gates of different sizes in the south near the Yangtze River, and there is a water gate. The main body of the White Emperor City, JigongShan City, belongs to the hillside type of mountain city (this is the chijia city that follows the Han and Jin dynasties, and this type of mountain city is rare in the Song and Yuan dynasties, so it is not a separate category), the White Emperor Mountain City belongs to the peninsula type mountain city (if the White Emperor Mountain is not located in the water, it can also be regarded as a convex mountain top type of mountain city), and the entire broad sense of the White Emperor City is the combination of the hillside city and the peninsula city, which belongs to the composite mountain city. (Figure 4.4)
Above, I have briefly classified the mountain cities of Sichuan at the time of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, hoping to be helpful in answering the questions raised at the beginning of this article. Unfortunately, the author is constrained by the original data, and it is difficult to classify all or most of the mountain castle ruins of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and lacks statistical data to respond to the previous questions. Therefore, before concluding this article, I would like to talk about my superficial understanding of the Sichuan Mountain City Research Method.
The mountain castles and villages in Sichuan and Chongqing, especially the ruins of the mountain cities in the Southern Song Dynasty against the Mongolian Yuan, have been investigated and studied by historians, archaeologists, architectural historians and military historians, and have achieved many results. However, in the previous investigation, the investigators seemed to be too easy to touch the scene, and as soon as they arrived at the ancient battlefield site, they recalled the offensive and defensive battles between the Song and Mongolian sides that took place here, and often did not pay enough attention to the physical ruins of the mountain city in front of them. Some famous mountain city sites, after many investigations, published articles still lack some of the most basic information. This has brought difficulties to us to carry out battlefield scene research, city site classification research, and comparative study of city sites. Personally, I think that to carry out the investigation of the mountain cities of Sichuan in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, we should pay attention to the following aspects.
First of all, we should pay attention to the observation and description of the ruins of the mountain city. There were three main personnel in the previous investigation of Sichuan's mountain cities during the Song and Yuan Dynasties: First, the personnel of the local cultural relics business department or the local history writing department, who either in order to carry out the census of cultural relics and collect data, or in order to write local history, investigated the local mountain city ruins on the ground, and basically ascertained the location, situation, scale, form and preservation status of the city sites, which were often briefly introduced in local chronicles, relevant publications or archives. The second is the research carried out by academic research institutions in other places for the purpose of studying the history of dynasties, local history or special history (military history, urban history, etc.). Due to the large number of mountain cities, these scholars have a big topic, either the history of the Song and Yuan wars, or the anti-Yuan mountain city system, there is not much time to conduct a careful investigation of a mountain city, and the depth and breadth of the investigation is often similar to that of the first type of investigation. The third category is the investigation and excavation of individual mountain city sites by relevant cultural relics and archaeological research institutions for the purpose of cultural relics protection. Since it is only carried out in a mountain city for a long period of time, the means used in this type of research include ordinary surveys, surveying and mapping records, excavation verification and other aspects, and the amount of relevant information provided is also the largest. The topography of the mountain city, the shape of the mountain city, the current status of the city wall, the length of the city wall, the remains of the city, etc. are all complete, with detailed text descriptions and detailed image records. Unfortunately, the vast majority of the materials obtained so far are the first and second types of materials, and the number of materials of the third category is very small, and the materials belonging to the related mountain cities of the latter category are only the Diaoyu City in Hechuan District of Chongqing, the White Emperor City in Fengjie County, and the Hailong Hoard in Huichuan District of Guizhou (mainly in the Ming Dynasty). The unsatisfactory basic materials will affect the conduct of further thematic studies and comprehensive studies. In view of this, in order to carry out systematic research on the castle wall, it is necessary to carry out special archaeological research on the ruins of the mountain castle and improve the level of investigation.
Secondly, the mountain city research should have a concept of time, and the mountain city ruins of different eras cannot be mixed together for recording and describing. We know that most of the mountain city ruins built during the Song and Yuan dynasties in the Sichuan-Chongqing-Qian region were repaired and rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty, and some mountain city ruins with potential for tourism development have also been so-called restored in modern times (in fact, most of them are not restored according to the imagination of the principle of cultural relics restoration, and the authenticity of the heritage is greatly affected). Because the remains of different periods are stacked together, it is necessary to distinguish and divide them during investigation, otherwise it is easy to treat the remains of the Qing Dynasty as the remains of the Song and Yuan dynasties. In addition to the cultural accumulation, the remains of the mountain city site are mainly stone buildings and structures, and to distinguish the stone structure remains of different periods, it is necessary to be able to identify the characteristics of stone components in different periods, such as stone specifications, processing traces, masonry technology, wall collection and scoring. When the Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology investigated and excavated the ruins of Hechuan Diaoyu City in previous years, through the excavation of the Southern Song Dynasty's NanyiziCheng, the South Fortress and the Water Army Wharf Ruins, it was clear that the simple Relics of the Song Dynasty were identified (among them, the Nandong Yizicheng City can be clearly seen that the city wall underwent three thickening and additions during the Southern Song Dynasty, and the later the stones used were larger, the more important it is to imagine the continuous efforts of the defenders to strengthen the defensive facilities in the long and cruel defensive battle of Diaoyu City), according to which they divided the ruins of the Diaoyu City Wall into the Song Dynasty City Wall, the Qing Dynasty City Wall, the Modern City Wall, There are four types of modern mixed city walls of the Song and Qing dynasties, and these four categories are marked on the floor plan of the city site. In this way, we can clearly understand the state of the diaoyu city wall in the Song and Yuan dynasties, as well as the continuation and expansion of the city wall in later generations, although the distribution of relics inside the diaoyu city is not enough.
Third, the mountain city survey should regard the mountain city as a city, not just as a military fortress or a circular wall. The city is a complex complex composed of a variety of functional elements, the American scholar Kevin Lynch has attributed the elements that constitute the material form of the city to the five major elements of the boundary, the path, the district, the nodes and landmarks, in addition to these five recognized urban elements, the entrance and exit of the city should also be one of the most important elements of the city. The Song and Yuan mountain castles were all planned according to the natural topography, and the surrounding walls were built along the cliffs and steep walls or rivers and streams to serve as the boundary of the mountain city. There is no regular road network and functional division in the city, but this does not mean that there is no systematic planning and functional division within the mountain city. Along the border of these mountain cities, in addition to the open city gates, the secret gates of the strange soldiers, and the water gates of the flood discharge, there are fortified fortresses for strengthening defenses, the walls of arching passages (one-word wall), and the water villages of riverside docks, etc. Along the border of these mountain cities, there are also roads patrolling around the city, artillery forts with artillery and stones, and school yards where cavalry are assembled. Within the mountain castle, in addition to the official offices of various yamen, barracks of the army, grain and grass warehouses, workshops of craftsmen, pens for livestock, housing for residents, and school grounds for training, there are also roads within the city that connect these functional areas. The road of Yamashiro is particularly important, it is the "path" for us to know and understand Yamashiro, and the road of Yamashiro is irregular, and it is difficult to find out one section and deduce the rest. Once these roads are abandoned, even if the pavement is paved with stone slabs, the roads will quickly be covered with earth and stones, overgrown with lush grass, and difficult to find. Take Hechuan Diaoyu City as an example, the mountain city is located on the peninsula surrounded by the Jialing River, hechuan old city is located on the other side of the peninsula, people since the Song Dynasty climbed the fishing city is generally surrounded by the Jialing River waterway, from the county seat down the boat, to the diaoyu City South Yizicheng pier away from the boat landing, after the mountain and then along the North YiziCheng down to the north pier, by boat down the river back to Hechuan County. Since the road to the peninsula was built, the road up and down the Diaoyu Mountain has changed a lot, and the road up and down the north and south piers has definitely been abandoned, and there are still major paths in the city that we have not yet discovered. Finding and confirming these Song and Yuan roads is something that we should pay attention to in our future investigation of the Song and Yuan Dynasties in Sichuan.
Fourth, the investigation of mountain cities should have the concept of urban defense system. In particular, it should be mentioned that the mountain city uses the dangerous obstacles of natural landscapes as a natural border, but it blocks the siege party from entering the city and restricts the defending party from leaving the city, and the long-term adherence requires both grain reserves and abundant water sources in the mountain city to ensure the survival of the people concentrated in the mountain city. Hechuan Diaoyu City can hold out for 36 years, and there are many reasons for this, and there are large and small Tianchi in the city to ensure water supply, which is undoubtedly one of the reasons. Therefore, strengthening the investigation of the road system and functional areas in the mountain city, especially the investigation of the water source, is an important part of the investigation of the Songyuan Mountain City. When Mr. Zou Chonghua investigated Genting City in Jintang County, he regarded water source as a special project, thus concluding that the supply of water in Genting City was not a problem. Whether this conclusion is accurate or not can certainly be discussed, but it is undoubtedly commendable to pay attention to the investigation of the water supply sources in yamashiro.
Editor's Note: This article is from the Journal of China West Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No. 2, 2015. The original text and pictures are copyrighted by the author and the original unit. Space limitations, comments from omitted.
Editors: Li Jianming, Wu Peng, Jia Shufeng
Editorial Assistant: Zhou Yanhong