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After returning from repairing the lamp, today I will share with you a dictionary, Tao Yuanming's famous "Return to Xi Ci". At the end of the article, there is a high-definition version of Su Shi's "Return to Xi Ci" volume collected and sorted, which can be downloaded directly by friends who like calligraphy.
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About the author
Tao Yuanming (352 or 365–427), also known as Yuanliang, also known as Qian, called himself Mr. Wuliu, privately known as "Jingjie", known as Mr. Jingjie, a native of Chaisang, Xunyang (present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Famous poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is said that Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather was Tao Kan, a famous minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and he fell in the middle of the later family road. Emperor Xiaowu of Jin entered the army in the eighteenth year (393) and served as a sacrificial liquor in Jiangzhou, but was soon dismissed and returned to Tian. In the third year of Yuan Xing (404), he joined Liu Yumu as a member of the Zhen Army, and in the first year of Yixi (405), he was the commander of Pengze County, and resigned his official post and went into hiding because he was dissatisfied with the darkness of the official field. From then on, emperor Yuanjia of Song died of illness in the fourth year (427).
Tao Yuanming's works now have more than 120 poems, twelve poems and essays. Tao Yuanming was the first poet in China to create a large number of idyllic poems, and later generations called him "the lord of the hundred generations of pastoral gardens, the sect of seclusion through the ages". The poems mostly describe the pastoral scenery and the daily life of the countryside, express their feelings of poverty and happiness, disgusted with the darkness of the officialdom, and the poetic style is simple and natural, diluting and peaceful, which has a great influence on the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. Some of the works express cynicism and present a "king kong angry" side. There is "Tao Yuanming Collection".
Zhang Fenglong,"Mr. Wuliu"
Pu Ru "Ascending shu xiao"
Yuan Yao, "Five Willows Return to Zhuang"
Xu Shouchen's "Return to Xi"
Chandu's "Idyllic Scenery"
Wu Hufan,"Caressing the Lonely Pine and Pan Huan"
Wang Yuanqi "Spring Clouds Out of Xiu"
Pu Ru "Return to xi ci"
Pu Ru's "Tao Yuanming's Poetic Intentions"
Pu Ru "Cloud Has No Heart to Come Out"
Anon. "Homecoming"
Zhao Mengfu's "Return to the Word" volume
Su Shi's "Return to Xi Ci" volume
Shen Du's "Return to the Word"
Zhao Mengfu's "Return to the Word" (partial)
Wang Pet's "Homecoming Speech"
Wen Zhengming Xiaokai "Return to Xi Ci"
"Homecoming"
Returning to Xi, the countryside will not return? He who thinks of himself as his heart, he is sad and sad! Those who have realized the past can be traced. The real lost is not far away, and I feel that today is not yesterday. The boat is far away with lightness, and the wind flutters and blows clothes. Ask Zhengfu the way forward, hating the dawn of the sun.
Nai Zhan Heng Yu, Carry Xin Zai Ben. Servants welcome, children wait at the door. The three paths are deserted, and the pine chrysanthemums still exist. Bring the young into the house, there is a bottle of wine. Lead the pot to drink for yourself, and Xiao Tingke to yi yan. Leaning on the south window to be proud, judging the ease of the knees. The garden day is involved in fun, and the door is often closed although it is set up. Help the elderly to rest, and when they look at each other. The clouds have no intention of coming out, and the birds are tired of flying and knowing that they are returning. Jing Feng Feng will enter, caress the lone pine and coil.
Come home, please rest in the end. The world is contrary to me, and the words are repeated? Happy relatives love words, music piano book to dispel worries. The peasants told Yu Yichun that something would happen to the western domain. Or a life towel car, or a lonely boat. It is both a hilly hill and a rugged hill. Wood is thriving, and the spring trickles down. When the goodness of all things is obtained, the journey of my life is rested.
It's over, how long is the yugoku Uchiha! If you don't entrust yourself to stay, what do you want to do? Wealth is not my wish, and the imperial hometown cannot be expected. Huai Liangchen is lonely, or planting a staff. Dengdonggao wrote poetry with Shu Xiao and Qing Liu. Talk about multiplication to the end, happy destiny to doubt!
Translations
Go back! The countryside is going to be deserted, so why not go back? Since one's own soul is enslaved by a shell, why is it sad and frustrated? I realized that the mistakes of the past were irreparable, but I understood that what had not happened could be remedied. I did get lost, but not too far away, realizing that the choice I made now was the right one, and that my past actions were the ones that were lost. The boat drifted gently on the surface of the water, brisk forward, and the wind fluttered lightly, blowing up the clothes. I asked pedestrians about the road ahead, hating that the dawn was too slow.
Finally saw his home, rejoiced in his heart, and ran past. The servants greeted me cheerfully, and the toddlers waited in the courtyard. The path in the yard was almost deserted, and the pine chrysanthemums were still growing there. I led the toddlers into the room, and there was already a sake overflowing with sake. I took up the wine jug and drank it myself, looked at the trees in the yard, and felt very happy; leaning on the south window to express my pride, I felt very comfortable living in a simple hut. Walking around the yard every day is a pleasure in itself, and the door of the small garden is often closed, and I go out on crutches, rest anytime and anywhere, and look up at the distance from time to time. The clouds naturally emerged from the mountains, and the weary birds knew how to fly back into their nests; the sun was dim, the sun was about to set, and the hands were wandering with lone pines.
Come back! I'm going to cut off my friendship with the worldly people. What else can I try to explore when things in the world are contrary to what I thought? Take the intimate words between relatives as pleasure, and play the piano and read books as pleasure to eliminate sorrow. The farmer told me that spring had arrived and that farming was about to begin in the fields to the west. Sometimes call a drapery cart, sometimes paddle through a small boat. Sometimes through deep and winding valleys, sometimes through uneven mountain paths. The grass is lush and the water flow is subtle. Envying everything in nature, it grows and flourishes in time as soon as spring arrives, and laments that his life is coming to an end.
Forget it! How long can you live in the world, why not let your heart go and let it live and die naturally? Why are you unsettled and where do you want to go? Wealth is not what I want, and there is no hope of cultivating immortals. Take advantage of the good times of spring and go out alone. Sometimes I put down my cane, picked up my farm tools to weed and cultivate the soil, climbed the high hill on the east side and whistled, and recited the psalms against the clear stream. Let's go with the flow of life and hold the idea of the Destiny of Happiness, what is there to hesitate about!
Appreciation
The "Return to the Word" shared today is a rhetoric. The style of lexicography is somewhat complicated, so I will briefly say a few words today. As soon as we see that there is a Chu local word with the word "兮" in the title, we will definitely think of Qu Yuan reflexively and think of Chu Ci. In fact, the source of the words is related to the Chu words compiled by the Han people, such as Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others.
It seems to have a little relationship with words, endowments, and texts. It is like poetry and not poetry, like a text is not a text. Looser than poetry, but more gorgeous and rhythmic than prose. But compared to the flowery rhetoric, the ethereal Hanfu, it seems to be approachable, fresh and natural.
Let's start with the title. "兮" is a mood word that has no practical meaning, just like the "ah" in the lyrics of our songs today. "Ci" is a stylistic name, and these two words are no problem. But what is "homecoming"? Coming and going? These two words have completely opposite meanings, ah, how can they be put together directly? Is it "homecoming" or "returning"?
This involves the question of Tao Yuanming's imaginary position in space when he wrote this essay. Did he write it as "in the DPRK" or as "in the opposition"? Was he in the official arena determined to go into hiding and imagined farming; or was he in his hometown reminiscing about the past before and after his retreat?
I've been bothered by this question for a long time. Later, I found out that this article actually has both "homecoming" and "returning", and it has a very complete spatial conversion problem. Returning to the text, there are two "returns" in total in the whole text.
The first time in the first paragraph, "Return to Xi, the pastoral will not return", which can be understood here as "return to Xi, the pastoral will not return". He was in the official world, determined to go into hiding. So he said to himself again and again: Hurry back, the fields at home are almost deserted, and it is not right to seek physical happiness here at the expense of inner happiness. So he embarked on the way home: "The boat is far away with lightness, and the wind is blowing and blowing clothes." Ask Zhengfu the way forward, hating the dawn of the sun. Day and night, I finally saw my own house: "Servants welcome, children waiting for the door." Then he lived in his own small courtyard in isolation from the world and interacted with heaven and earth.
Then, in the next third paragraph, it appears for the second time: "Return to xi, please rest and despair." The world is contrary to me, and the words are repeated? At this time, he was already in his hometown, but for various reasons, it may be economic problems, or it may be the desire for fame and fortune, and he once again has the idea of making a career. Or is there some kind of voice urging him to come out? In order to convince himself to completely cut off the road of his career, he affirmed his previous choice of retreat, and said to himself, "Return to Xi, please rest and give up the desperate journey." Now that you have returned, you must hide it completely.
In ancient times, "cain" was often an act of fame and reputation, a kind of performance art to increase its allure to the monarch. This kind of behavior of "seeking the secret" developed to the extreme in the later Tang Dynasty, and the term "shortcut to the south" appeared. Going to Zhongnan Mountain to seek seclusion often makes the students famous, thereby increasing the probability of their own lifting, and even being directly summoned by the emperor without passing the hard examination. As a result, there are too many hermits in the South Mountain, which is simply more lively than the world. In the small circle of retreat, in fact, there are still complex interpersonal exchanges, feasting and drinking with each other in the mountains, praising and lifting, pulling relationships, and blowing fame. Therefore, in order to strengthen his determination to "truly hide", Tao Yuanming asked the retreating self to cut off all human contacts and avoid letting the dream of retreat fall short.
Having said all this, we find that the meaning of "coming and going" of "coming back" is biased in different contexts, with the former being biased toward "going" and the latter "coming". This is called "partial meaning compound word" in Ancient Chinese, which means that a polyphonic word is composed of two morphemes with related or opposite meanings, but the meaning of the entire polyphonic word takes only the meaning of one morpheme; the other morpheme is only used as a foil, and only one form has no meaning. For example, Cao Cao famously said, "Qi Kuo talks about the feast, and the heart remembers the old grace." "Contract" is tossed together, "broad" is estranged, and the meaning of "contract" is used in Cao's poems. That is to say, the two lovers of confidants and guests are compatible, and they talk and feast in one place. There is also what we often call "window", which actually contains two things, door and window, but modern Chinese has used the meaning of "window" and completely ignored the existence of "household".
From the word "going to come", which runs through the title and the text but carries contradictions, in fact, we can also see the contradictions of the author's thoughts in "Return to the Coming", as well as the contradictions of Tao Yuanming's life. When he is hidden, he thinks about Cain; but when he is hidden, he still has the desire to emerge. This may also be the contradiction of genes and blood in his body, or the contradiction of fate.
Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather was the famous Eastern Jin Dynasty general Tao Kan, who came from a poor background and became the Assassin of Jingzhou by virtue of his military merits. His maternal grandfather was the famous scholar Meng Jia at that time, and Tao Yuanming wrote a biography for him, saying: "The deeds are not in harmony, the years are not exaggerated, and there is no joy." Good wine, more than a lot of chaos; as for the forgetfulness, there is no one. "So I have always felt that Tao Yuanming's several degrees of Shiyin are inextricably linked to his two famous ancestors." The side of "Shi" is permeated with the ideal of the great-grandfather Tao Kan pointing out the jiangshan, while the "hidden" side is a reproduction of the style of grandfather Meng Jia. When the two souls are combined, he is the complete Tao Yuanming.