For thousands of years, the history of the wild bees in China has been continuing, and even the captive bees are introduced to the wild. It is often the domestic bees that fly away and become wild, and the wild bees that become domestic after recovery. However, there is no historical record of Western bees in the wild in our country. It is generally believed that the western bee is a domestically raised variety imported from abroad, and there are no native western bees in China. Therefore, the western bee in foreign countries is a modified domesticated bee species by wild bees, and its wild land is in the place of origin. There are many records of the history of wild western bees abroad, such as the ancient Spaniards in 7000 BC harvesting wild honey and leaving the world's earliest cave murals; After the Kievan Rus' found wild hives in the mountains in the 9th century, they cut a mark on the tree as a "logo", indicating that the hive belonged to him, and in autumn people took honey in the tree hole with their own "logo"; Wild Siberian forest mountain bees were found in the Sverdlovsk province of the former Soviet Union in the 1940s, very ferocious and so on. These are typical portrayals of the wild wasps harvested by European countries in different historical periods.
Western bees have been introduced to China for more than 100 years, before the introduction of western bees, were there any wild Western bees in China? After the introduction of the western bee, did any domestic western bees in China fly away and become wild western bees? These questions have always been the content of our research, investigation and research.
<h1>1 The selectivity of wild bees to climatic honey source conditions</h1>
Wild bees survive in the long-term evolution process by selecting and adapting to climate and honey sources. The climate exceeds the adaptability of bees, and it is difficult for bees to survive, and the honey source cannot meet the feed that bees need to reproduce and overwinter, and it is difficult for bees to survive. Therefore, bees in the wild, in the evolutionary history of hundreds of millions of years, have continuously selected climate and honey source conditions for generations, allowing races to survive and reproduce. Wherever wild bees live, the climate is generally not seriously harmful to bees, and bees are able to adapt to and survive the adversity caused by the climate. At the same time, the honey source is abundant, which can provide breeding period feed and wintering feed for bees, especially wild bees in areas with a long wintering period have stricter requirements for honey source conditions. For example, due to the long wintering period, the ecological structure of the honey source required by the wild wasps in Changbai Mountain is relatively complete, and the flowering period of the honey source plants is continuous, the honey powder is abundant, and even in the bad harvest year, it can reproduce normally and store enough wintering feed. Otherwise, the bees in Changbai Mountain will be difficult to cross the winter and will not survive for a long time under the overwintering period of 5 to 7 months and the wild conditions with extreme temperatures of -40 °C. For another example, in the process of breeding, Western bees such as Italian bees often due to the mistakes of beekeepers, natural bee colonies fly into tree holes and stone caves to nest, and temporarily survive in the wild form. However, it is difficult for this wild bee to survive for a long time, and the reason is that climatic conditions or honey source conditions are not suitable for the survival requirements of wild west bees that are not artificially managed. China's Changbai Mountains, Xing'an Mountains, Xishuangbanna, Hainan Island and other regions are rich in honey sources, and the climate has its own characteristics, and all of them are distributed in the wild. However, there is no distribution of wild western bees in these areas, because although these areas are rich in honey sources, climatic conditions are not suitable for the survival of western bees, so the natural bee colonies that fly into the wild cannot survive for a long time under unmanned conditions.
<h1>2 Adaptability of Western bees to wild environments</h1>
According to domestic and foreign studies, western bees evolved from eastern honey bees. Now the wild habits of eastern bees were also the habits of the ancestors of Western bees. Therefore, living in a hive, once the Western bee flies out of the hive and returns to nature, it can still survive for a short time like a wild bee. However, they are unlikely to survive for a long time, for example, there are cold-resistant black wasps in China, there are also heat-tolerant wasps, and they fly to nature and become wild every year in the breeding, but it is rare to find that these bees can survive like wild bees, and most of them freeze and starve to death in tree holes, stone caves, and bushes. It can be seen that the degree of adaptation of the western wasp to the wild environment depends on the climate and honey source.
<h1>3 Xinjiang black bee wild reality</h1>
Xinjiang black bee is the most cold-resistant western bee breed in China, and it is also one of the western bee species with the strongest cold resistance in the world. In the case of local winter extreme temperatures - below 40 °C, it can safely overwinter outdoors, and in the early spring, the nesting will be collected at about 8 °C, and the nesting can still be collected in the drizzle and low temperature weather during the nectar period. Although the adaptation of Xinjiang black bees to Xinjiang's climate is formed in the place of origin or in Xinjiang still needs further investigation, the history of Xinjiang black bees in the Altai Mountains and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang has been formed. Last year, we went to the Altai Mountains and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang to investigate the Xinjiang black bees, discovered the wild scene and wild history of the Xinjiang black bees, and are continuing to conduct in-depth research. The following historical facts about wild Xinjiang black bees have been mastered and investigated.
3.1 In September last year, Xinjiang beekeeper Master Lian Cunhong led us to find black bees living in a hollow ancient pine tree about 1.5 meters thick in the Tianshan Mountains (this group of black bees was found 6 years ago, I don't know how many years the black bees lived in this tree hole), and later, with the help of Master Lian, after all the twists and turns, we have preserved the black bee queen of this wild bee colony.
3.2 In the 1960s, Xinjiang beekeeper Master Qiao Lin built a bridge in the Altai Mountains in a February season to cut down trees, and when sawing a pine tree, the saw was stuck. They broke open the pine tree and found that it was a hive of wild black bees, and it was honey and spleen wax that would stick to the saw.
3.3 Nur Danzike (72 years old), a Kazakh beekeeper in the Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, went into the mountains with his father in the early 1940s and saw the Russians (expatriates) collecting black bees in wild trees, packing them in wooden boxes and transporting them home for breeding. He remembers grazing in the mountains when he found nesting black bees in the flue of his house. After the Russians moved away in 1956, he went on to keep black bees, which have been keeping for more than 40 years.
3.4 According to the investigation helped by Master QiaoLin, Ahemati (more than 80 years old), an old Kazakh beekeeper in the Altai Mountains of Xinjiang, moved to Xinjiang from Russia, remembering that when he was in his teens (around the 1930s), his neighbors Russians found 3 groups of wild black bees in the mountains and harvested 200 to 300 catties of honey. At the same time, he said: After 1917, some Russians were expelled from the country, entered the mountains of Xinjiang to escape the wilderness, traveled a long way, the road was bumpy, it was impossible to carry the bee colony, he recalled that the bees raised by the Russians at that time were wild black bees collected locally.
3.5 Xinjiang beekeeper Master Li Xilin (Manchu) beekeeping in the Tianshan Mountains, saw wild black bees in the mountains, the year before he recovered a group of wild black bees and placed them in the bee farm, which was more violent.
3.6 According to the help of Master Qiao, in recent years, when Master Wu was collecting pine seeds in the Altai Mountains, he found that there were l groups of wild black bees living in the rock crevices of the mountain.
3.7 According to the help of Master Lian Cunhong, there is a group of wild black bees in the stone crevice on a stone stone that is more than 20 meters high in tianshan mountain.
There may be many typical examples and historical materials of the survival of wild Xinjiang black bees in China, but the history of the wild black bees in Xinjiang that has been mastered so far has revealed the possibility of Western bees being wild in China (the possibility of other species of western bees being wild in China is not excluded), but the wild black bees found in Xinjiang and the wild black bees found in history are whether the Russians brought them into China from Russia or Kazakhstan, or the Altai Mountains of Xinjiang, China. Wild black bees have long existed in the Tianshan Mountains or this is the distribution area of wild black bees, and further research is needed to understand this history.
Through the investigation of wild Xinjiang black bees, it is deeply felt that wild western bees have their own biological characteristics as different bee species such as wild middle bees, large bees, and small bees, and have different adaptability to climate (cold resistance, heat tolerance), but have the same requirements for honey source conditions (rich honey source, continuous flowering period). Therefore, the wild xinjiang black bee in the Altai Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, whether it is flying away from the Russian hive in the year, or the original local wild bee species, if there is no local structure of reasonable, ecologically superior natural honey source resources, there will be no wild black bee. The formation of wild biological characteristics of black wasps in this geographical condition, so that this population can survive in the natural state for a long time, which is worthy of in-depth exploration and study.
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