Abstract: Song Dynasty porcelain wine utensils have completely become the mainstream wine utensils, whether it is official kilns or folk kilns, a large number of exquisite wine utensils have been fired.
In the Song Dynasty, the catering industry was developed, and large restaurants also sold liquor, known as "Zhengdian", at that time, in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were as many as 72 famous zhengdians alone. Other small restaurants are called "foot shops", which are even more difficult to count, as well as food shops, cake shops and tea shops. The Song Dynasty Zhang Zeduan's "Map of the Upper River of the Qingming Dynasty" depicts the prosperous urban life of the Northern Song Dynasty capital, bieliang, during the Qingming Dynasty. Shops on both sides of the street are lined with pedestrians, and tea houses, liquor stores, restaurants, etc. can be seen everywhere, which is very lively. The "Tokyo Dream Record" records: "The population is vast, adding tens of thousands of people does not add more, and the subtraction is not less." The so-called flower array wine pool, fragrant yam sea. There are no Yufang alleys, Yanguan Song Building, and tens of thousands. ”
The largest restaurant in the Song Dynasty," the "White Alum Building" (later changed to Fengle Lou), was added to a height of three stories during the Song Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Xuanhe of the Song Dynasty, with a total of five towering buildings, during which the flying bridge railing sills or light or dark were connected to each other, the bead curtains were shown, the lights were dangling, and every fifteenth day of the first month, the White Alum Tower put a lotus lamp on each tile ridge, which was full of light and beautiful. High-ranking officials and celebrities of the Song Dynasty, and even Emperor Huizong of Song himself, came to the BailuLou to drink and have fun, and the New Issue of Great Song Xuanhe and Testament described: "There is a throne on the Fan Tower, and Emperor Huizong feasted and drank here with Master Li. "The catering industry in Lin'an in the Southern Song Dynasty includes tea shops, liquor stores, tea hotels, noodle shops, meat and vegetarian shops, etc., the most famous restaurants, day and night customers are full of doors, so it is not busy. As a result, the winemaking industry was unprecedentedly prosperous, and according to Zhang Nengchen's "Record of Wine Names", there were as many as 237 kinds of famous wines in the Northern Song Dynasty. The Song people often make their own wine and give it to their friends, but also ask for the wine of their friends' families to express their deep friendship.
The Song Dynasty also appeared a large number of literati and scholars, who liked to borrow wine to help entertain, and developed many liquor orders and extremely elegant word orders, making drinking an elegant act. In addition, the Song Dynasty implemented the policy of "Xingwen", "xingwen and religion, suppressing military affairs", elevating the status of civilian officials, treating literati and doctors kindly, and rewarding them with various names in the economy, and gradually formed the tradition of "ruling the world with scholars". The aesthetic taste of the scholar laid the development direction of the field of art and literature in the Song Dynasty, which provided a prerequisite for the development of wine utensils and aesthetic implications. At this time, the high-quality wine has initially completed the transition from rice wine to rice wine, due to the improvement of winemaking capacity, the expansion of wine varieties, the increase in demand for wine utensils, the porcelain industry has introduced new products, and the instrument type is handsome and beautiful. Porcelain wine utensils have completely become the mainstream wine utensils, whether it is official kilns or folk kilns, a large number of exquisite wine utensils have been fired.
(Northern Song Dynasty) Zhang Zeduan Qingming Upper River Map (Partial) Silk Color, Length 24.8 cm Width 528.7 cm Collection of the Palace Museum
The plum bottle is the most typical porcelain wine vessel of the Song Dynasty. The mouth of the plum bottle is small, the neck is short, the shoulders are plump, and the bottle body is slender and straight, delicate and delicate. It is rumored that the plum bottle is named because its small mouth can only accommodate plum branches. During the Song Huizong, someone took a plum bottle and offered it to him, he watched and played with it for a while, and then casually inserted a plum branch into the bottle, which was named the plum bottle. However, there has been little "plum bottle" in the literature. Volume VII of the "Bottle and Jar" of the "Drinking Stream Zhai Porcelain" says: "The plum bottle, with a thin mouth and a short neck, a very wide shoulder, a slightly narrow shin, a slight abundance when folded in the foot, and a small caliber is only commensurate with the thin bones of the plum, so it is called a plum bottle." "The Liao Dynasty murals depict a plum vase inserted into a plum branch, so some scholars believe that the plum vase may have served as a flower vessel. The Shanghai Museum has two Song Dynasty black flower plum vases on a white background, one with the belly book "Qinggu Fine Wine", from the Cizhou kiln; the other from the Kiln of Yu County, Henan Province, with the belly book "Drunken Township Wine Sea", from which the inscription infers that the plum bottle is actually a wine utensil. In Tang Yin's "Eight Immortals in Drinking at the Time of Li Bo", a waiter is pouring the wine in the plum bottle into the large vat, and it can be known that the plum bottle is the vessel for holding wine.
#pgc-card .pgc-card-href { text-decoration: none; outline: none; display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; } #pgc-card .pgc-card-href:hover { text-decoration: none; } /*pc 样式*/ .pgc-card { box-sizing: border-box; height: 164px; border: 1px solid #e8e8e8; position: relative; padding: 20px 94px 12px 180px; overflow: hidden; } .pgc-card::after { content: " "; display: block; border-left: 1px solid #e8e8e8; height: 120px; position: absolute; right: 76px; top: 20px; } .pgc-cover { position: absolute; width: 162px; height: 162px; top: 0; left: 0; background-size: cover; } .pgc-content { overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .pgc-content-title { font-size: 18px; color: #222; line-height: 1; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; } .pgc-content-desc { font-size: 14px; color: #444; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; padding-top: 9px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.2em; display: -webkit-inline-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; } .pgc-content-price { font-size: 22px; color: #f85959; padding-top: 18px; line-height: 1em; } .pgc-card-buy { width: 75px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 50px; color: #406599; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; } .pgc-buy-text { padding-top: 10px; } .pgc-icon-buy { height: 23px; width: 20px; display: inline-block; background: url(https://lf6-cdn-tos.bytescm.com/obj/cdn-static-resource/pgc/v2/pgc_tpl/static/image/commodity_buy_f2b4d1a.png); }
Tinghuai kiln Ru kiln national invention patent jade blue glaze large vase ornament Ruzhou Ru porcelain vase flower arrangement ¥2888 purchase
Rushan Ming Ru drunken jade pot spring wine
The jade pot spring bottle evolved from the water purification bottle in the tang dynasty temple, created and burned in the Northern Song Dynasty, with a skimming mouth, a thin neck, a hanging abdomen, a circle foot, and an extremely soft contour line, revealing a girlish spiritual beauty. The legend of the jade pot spring bottle is named after the Song poetry "jade pot pre-spring"; another theory is that the Tang people often called the wine "spring". Tang Dynasty Sikong Tu's "Poetry and Elegance" Yun: "Jade pot buy spring, enjoy the rain and mao house; "Jade pot to buy spring" should be to use the jade pot to buy "spring (wine)", and the jade pot refers to a jade pot or a jade-like celadon pot. Its upper neck is thinner, the middle of the neck is slightly constricted, and the downward gradual transition to an apricot-round drooping abdomen, with a soft curve, a relatively large circle foot, or introverted or out-of-the-box.
The wine injection vessel is a vessel for holding wine and pouring wine, mainly including pots, pots, jugs, zuns, husses, and so on. In the Song Dynasty, pots were generally used, such as holding pots, lifting beam pots, etc. Before the Han Dynasty, the pot generally did not have a flow and handle, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a pot with a flow handle, such as a chicken head pot, a sheep head pot, etc., in order to cooperate with the rise of the seat in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, drinking on the table, and there was a short stream of wide handle notes, and used with cups, the Song Dynasty jug was evolved on this basis. The Tang Dynasty Zhuzi pot body is more rounded, the flow is short, the handle is flatter, giving people a sense of roundness and fullness; while the Song Dynasty jug body is slender and handsome, the flow is slender, and the handle is relatively fine, reflecting the sense of elegance and elegance. In the Song Dynasty, the pots had many lids, and the lid top was usually decorated with animal-shaped twists. And the Song people are accustomed to drinking rice wine after warming, so they invented a warm bowl, which is used in conjunction with the pot, and the hot water is poured into the bowl when used, and the pot can be placed in it, which is convenient to use. The shape of the warm bowl is mostly imitation of gold and silverware, and the melon prism is more common.
The Tiliang pouring pot is a highly innovative product of science and technology in the Song Dynasty. The lid of this kind of pot is only decorative, can not be opened, when injecting wine, the pot needs to be turned upside down, the wine is injected from the hole in the center of the bottom of the pot, and the pot is placed correctly after filling, because there is a leak inside the pot and the water is separated, and the bottom water injection hole will not leak. This design is very clever, indicating that the Song people's use of wine utensils has also developed from practicality to fun.
Since the Song Dynasty, drinking utensils have become cups, cups, bowls, etc. with smaller capacities, and are used in conjunction with jugs and bottles. Cup, is a small bowl or cup of tea and wine, the shape is generally straight mouth, deep lonely abdomen, more and plate-type cup matching use, some cups and torso as one; there is a bucket-shaped cup, also known as bucket cup, open, pointed bottom, oblique straight wall, small circle foot. The reason why the utensils have become smaller is mainly the wine brewed in the Song Dynasty, and the alcohol content has been increasing. It is speculated that in the Southern Song Dynasty, distilled liquor (liquor) was successfully brewed, and this wine was strong, so the amount of alcohol consumed by the Song people was significantly reduced compared with the previous generation. The Han Dynasty people drank alcohol in terms of "stone", the Tang Dynasty people used "bucket", and in the Song Dynasty, most of them were counted as "liters". Therefore, the Drinking Utensils of the Song Dynasty are all small cups, cups, bowls, etc., such utensils are exquisite craftsmanship, thin and elegant, and are high-grade drinking utensils.
(Song) Zhao Tuo Wenhui Tu (partial) Silk color, length 184.4 cm Width 123.9 cm Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Emperor Huizong of song's "Wenhui Tu" depicts the scene of the scribes drinking and giving poetry to their friends: the forest is green grass, surrounded by carved fences, the trees are sparse, the scribes lay out huge cases, some people sit around here, some people stand under the trees to talk, the attendants are busy pouring tea, the tables are neatly arranged in front of the cups, plates, chopsticks, and wine cups with trays, and there are various cups and plates placed in front of the dishes, and each side has a pot for convenient wine filling; near the table is four or five attendants who are busy preparing tea and wine, and the table is placed on the ground with pots, plum bottles, long sticks, cups, cups, and so on , to be served on the table by the attendant. Among them, the plum bottle under the table, with its mouth sealed, is a form that Song has not appeared before. There is even a fire on the left side, and the pot is directly placed in the charcoal fire to warm the wine. In the upper right corner is Zhao Yixing's self-inscribed poem "Inscription Will Map": "Ru Lin Huaguo is the same as ancient and modern, and Yin Yong Fei is awake and drunk." Toshi made a new knowledge into the book, and the picture was still happy to see Fumio. In the upper left corner is Cai Jing's inscription and rhyme poem: "Ming Shi is not the same as Tang Tong, and the eight tables return to the avenue." Ridiculously, when the eighteenth soldier, Jing Lun who was out of the crowd. In the Song Dynasty, in the context of "heavy literature and suppressing martial arts", the atmosphere and heroic style of the previous dynasty were changed, and the shape and ornamentation of wine vessels were like the poetry and paintings of that time, paying more attention to rationality, practicality, delicacy, delicacy and charm, reflecting the literati's indifferent, quiet and long-distance state of mind.
The wine storage vessels of the Yuan Dynasty are still dominated by plum bottles and jade pot spring bottles, and they all have bottle caps, but most of the bottle caps of the excavated wine utensils are lost or broken. Influenced by the nomadic liquor, a variety of jugs and cans are also popular. The Yuan Dynasty believed that "soldiers and ceremonies are the major affairs of the country", and there were special court porcelain and patterns, such as "Cardinal Ware" and "Taixi" characters. The "Privy Council" is the highest military organ of the Privy Council in the Yuan Dynasty, and the "Privy Council" is printed with the symmetrical word "Shufu". There are also many pieces of "Inner House" plum bottles that have been handed down, but these several plum bottles are very different from the quality and standard of the Ming Dynasty official kilns. Some researchers have shown that in the Yuan Dynasty, there was no special "inner house" institution, but the "History of the Yuan" mentioned in many places that local soil and specialties were "enshrined in the inner house", "for the inner house" and "to respect the inner house", which must refer to the court.
Yuanren Hu Sihui's "Drinking and Eating" records: "Araji wine, sweet in taste, hot, and poisonous, the Lord dissipates cold and wet accumulation to remove cold, steams with good wine, and takes dew." At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Ye Ziqi's "Grass and Woods" said: "Fajiu, taken from the semen of the shochu of the vessel, is called Ha Laji (Araji), the wine is extremely strong, its clear as water, cover wine dew also ... This is all the law wine of the Yuan Dynasty, and there is no ancient one. The "Araji" and "Hojiu" mentioned in the text are obviously distilled liquors, and the concentration of brewed liquor is generally less than 18%, while the concentration of distilled liquor will reach more than 30%. The improvement of wine content and the eating habits of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty all played a certain role in the development of wine utensils. The blue glazed cup of the golden plum moon pattern gemstone unearthed in Baoding, Hebei Province, and the blue and white chrysanthemum pattern cup excavated from the Hutian kiln, the caliber is generally about 8 centimeters, and they are all small wine glasses.
Lu Junyao Zhixian wine vessel
On this basis, the Yuan Dynasty began to have two new porcelain wine utensils, the small cup and the target cup. Persuasion small cup, straight mouth lying foot, astringent bottom, caliber 7 cm, persuasion caliber 16 cm, the center of the plate has a raised ring of the cup. According to the Chronicle of the Mongol Chronicle of the Guests of Burang, the 13th-century Mongol custom was that if milk or other food or drinks were deliberately spilled on the ground, they would be executed; if they did not intend to do so, they would also pay huge sums of money to the shamans to perform rituals of purification. The Mongols feasted and drank, and when they drank the wine, they took it on a plate so as not to spill it on the ground. The target cup, or goblet, is a cup in the upper part and a long-stemmed foot in the lower part. In the engraving of the "Mongol Feast Map" in the Yuan "Shi Lin Guangji", the target lamp is both a drinking vessel and a vessel for holding fruits. In the Yuan Dynasty, the cellar unearthed blue and white tangled branches peony pattern target, the heart book "Life is drunk for a hundred years, counting thirty-six thousand", it can be seen that the Yuan people mostly use this as a drinking vessel. In the Yuan Dynasty, "Araji wine", wine and horse milk wine were popular, and horse milk wine was regarded as "national wine" by the Yuan rulers, so it seems that the small cup of persuasion should be the drinking utensils of Araji wine, and the target cup should be used as a drinking instrument for drinking wine and horse milk wine.
(Ming) Tang Yin Drinking Eight Immortals (Partial) ink and pencil on paper, 23 cm in length and 838 cm in width, Liaoning Provincial Museum Collection
After the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the most important and largest kiln factory, which lasted for five or six hundred years in the Ming and Qing dynasties. "White smoke covers the sky during the day, and red flames burn the sky at night" is to depict the grand situation of Jingdezhen. The variety of wine utensils in the early Ming Dynasty was dizzying. The second volume of the "Ming Ben Dazi Application of Broken Gold" records that there are 23 kinds of wine vessels in the early Ming Dynasty: "Zun, 榼, 欙, 罍子, Fruit Combination, Pan Offering, Persuasion Cup, Persuasion Cup, Persuasion Plate, Tai Dian, Scattered Cup, Zhu Zi, Partial Ti, Cup, 杓, Wine Sutra, Urgent Whiskers, Wine Poppy, Ma Lu, Qu Jiao, Qiao, Qiao, Taibai." Among them, porcelain wine has wine sutras, notes, persuasion cups, persuasion plates, table cups and so on. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there was a liquor and vinegar koji bureau, and there were liquor households and koji makers subordinate to the government, and there were special liquor shops in the palace to supply liquor to the imperial palace. The "Township Drinking Ceremony" article of the "Ming Shi Li Shi" states that Hongwu sixteen years "Zhaoban 'Township Drinking Ceremony Schema' in the world". With the improvement of winemaking technology, the commodity economy was active, and the production and consumption of wine exceeded that of the previous dynasty. The government for the production of liquor "neither has a ban, nor a ban, so the people use wine as a daily necessity, which is more indispensable than gluttony, if the flow of water, gushing, and the theory of virtue of good life, there is no one who holds it." Winemaking workshops and pots are found throughout urban and rural areas, and the main liquors are distilled liquor and fermented liquor such as fruit wine, flower and grass wine, and animal wine.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were many types of pots, commonly including chicken heart style, pear type, jade pot spring style and so on. In Chen Hongshou's "Banana Shade Listening to the Piano", the violinist sits cross-legged on the stone slab, the listener holds a white-glazed wine glass and sits on a stone bench, and the waiter sits on the ground holding a jade pot in his hand. The "Bonsai Jutu" composed by Shen Zhou of the Ming Dynasty set up a grass pavilion in the miscellaneous trees, surrounded by curved railings to form a courtyard, and there were several pots of blooming chrysanthemums on the wall of the courtyard. Three people in the pavilion drink, drink and admire chrysanthemums, the mood is leisurely, a waiter holds a jade pot in spring, holding the pot and standing, the cloth is loose, the scenery is pleasant, and the autumn is high and refreshing. There are several trees in the water, and the scenery is simple. Distilled liquor was popular in the Ming Dynasty, and in addition to being used to fill the cup with wine, the jug could also be used as a wine serving utensil for temporarily drinking unfinished wine during the storage banquet. In addition to holding pots, the Ming Dynasty also had wine holding vessels and bottles. Bottles and bottles are used together to hold wine, bottles are used to hold wine, and the bottles are taken into drinking utensils. The bottle is an open three-legged container without a lid, which only has the function of holding wine and does not have the function of storing wine, and if the wine in the bottle is not finished, it should be poured back into the wine storage utensil. Therefore, it is impossible to use it for drinking liquor with a higher degree.
(Ming) Shen Zhou Bonju Yu Appreciation Map (Partial) Color on Paper, Length 23.4 cm Width 86 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the drinking utensils were persuaded, persuaded, and the table cups, etc., after the formation, the shape of the drinking vessel increased, its shape was small, the texture was excellent, and it focused on innovation, with cups, cups, cups, and knights. The drinking in the "Li Chunfang" engraving of the Wanli edition of "Zhuangyuan Tukao" should be a small cup that can be held in hand. Chenghua Doucai Cup, from the beginning of the creation of the fire has been highly sought after, Ming Guo Zizhang in the "Yuzhang Taozhi" said that "the kiln has a chicken bowl cup, for the wine vessel of the most", Wanli literati Shen Defu said: "Kiln ware is the most expensive Chenghua, the second is Xuande." The genus of cups is not more than a few gold at first. Yu did not know how to cherish it when he was a child. It is the beijing master, into a kiln wine cup each pair to Bo yin hundred gold, to give for the tongue can not be under. "The most famous is the chicken bowl cup, which is painted on the outer wall with a chicken ornament, and the shape resembles the name of the tank. With the increase in the types of drinking, the shape of drinking utensils has also been diversified, and drinking utensils are not only practical utensils, but also playable utensils. In Qiu Ying's "Spring Dawn of the Han Palace", the ladies play musical instruments, and the table next to them is placed with warm bowls and pots, table cups, wine glasses and other commonly used wine utensils.
Ming Dynasty emperors and nobles for gold and silver wine vessels and jade wine vessels are not less in love, Ming Ding Mausoleum and Wanli Emperor Xiaojing Empress coffin can be found in gold and silver and jade wine vessels, although the development of porcelain is more perfect and rich, but porcelain wine utensils are gradually replaced, the use of functions also gradually turned to flower arrangement, decoration, play and other utensils.
(Ming) Qiu Ying Han Palace Chunxiao Figure (Partial) Silk color, length 30.6 cm Width 574 cm Collection of the Palace Museum
Porcelain in the Qing Dynasty can be described as the pinnacle of perfection. Thousands of years of experience accumulation, coupled with Jingdezhen's unique raw materials, the management of the inspector, the political stability and economic prosperity in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the preferences and attention of the three emperors of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, the porcelain industry has been further developed, not only restored the Ming Dynasty Yongle, Xuande since the Doucai, Holly, but also fired brilliant and distinct green flowers, thick and light, layered blue flowers, in addition to the newly created "pastel", "enamel color", "bronze color", etc., can be described as "colorful, dazzling, purple and red, beautiful". Except for the official kilns in Jingdezhen, the folk kilns in various places are extremely prosperous and have achieved great achievements. In particular, the gradual west wind, the export of ceramics, the introduction of Western raw materials and technology, make the ceramic industry more colorful and colorful, but also due to mass production and imitation of the wind, the academy pursues fine and delicate work, although there are amazing works, but the lack of creativity and craftsmanship.
The obvious characteristics of Qing Dynasty wine utensils are many antique utensils, all kinds of porcelain statues, pots, bottles, etc. used by the Qing Palace, all of which are antique wine vessels, and there are many varieties of color glazes in the Qing Dynasty, and the color changes are complex and colorful. There are lemon yellow, egg yolk, and earth yellow in yellow; there is Ji blue, light blue, and emerald blue in blue; there is Ji red, purple red, rose red, and cowpea red in red; there is fish white, egg white, gray white, and grass white in white; there is purple black, gray black, mucuna black in black; and so on. And at that time, there were strict regulations on the use of color glaze, such as when the emperor sacrificed the heavens and the earth, he should use blue glazed wine glasses to sacrifice the heavens and yellow glazed wine glasses to sacrifice the ground. The December flower cup of the Kangxi period is a peak of the Qing Dynasty wine utensils, twelve small wine glasses shaped like a bell, each painted with twelve monthly representative flowers, there are two varieties of blue and white flowers and blue flowers, each cup has a flower and a poem, headed by daffodils, followed by magnolia, peach blossoms, peonies, pomegranates, lotuses, orchids, osmanthus flowers, chrysanthemums, hibiscus, moon seasons, plum blossoms, painting on one side, and inscriptions on the other side of the poem, the fetus is thin and exquisite, and the concept is ingenious. However, the fresh and elegant literati atmosphere advocated by Kangxi and Yongzheng was diluted by its aesthetic in Qianlong and transformed into a gorgeous and tedious style.
(Ming) Qiu Ying Qingming Upper River Map (Partial) Silk Color, Length 30.5 cm Width 987 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum
The production and development of porcelain wine utensils reflect the development of social science and technology, economy and social customs. Wine utensils have gradually evolved from the original practical utensils to ornamental utensils, which have been given a deeper cultural connotation, and people regard them as treasures to collect, adding endless fun to life. The ancients cloud "fine wine is not as good as beautiful utensils", well-brewed wine with pleasing wine utensils, can achieve the unity of drinking and artistic aesthetics, but also the characteristics of wine culture.
Source: Beijing Academy of Painting
Statement: The above views do not represent the views and positions of this account, this sharing is only for everyone to exchange and learn, if there is infringement, please contact, delete immediately!
Pin Porcelain China is committed to disseminating traditional culture and ceramic culture at home and abroad, and comprehensively reporting the latest information and trends in traditional culture and ceramic industry. Pay attention to the headline number "Porcelain China", learn different ceramic culture knowledge, and understand the latest ceramic industry information! Private message to contact the submission! ~ Like favorite Retweet comments