In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), when the golden gui was fragrant, a group of scholars from Jiangnan gathered in the painting house of the Qinhuai River, and the convener of the meeting was Zhang Pu, a Taicang man. Zhang Pu (張溥), also spelled Tianru , was honored by the people of shi as Mr. Ximing , and co-founded the Fushe Society with Zhang Cai, who was also a Taicang native.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, in order to consolidate his own country and mountains, was particularly afraid that the readers would discuss the government together, so that the dynasty's ideological control would be invalid, and the imperial system "Lying Inscription" issued the schools under the heavens, stipulating that if the scholars discussed state affairs and government affairs, they should be beheaded.
The effectiveness of authority based on violence was always diminishing, and by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the murderous "Lying Inscription" had almost become a fiction, and the gathering and association of literati in Jiangnan became a common practice. In the beginning, the disciples gathered together entirely to improve each other and exchange knowledge, and many clubs were completely discussing how to write the Eight Strands of Literature and cope with the imperial examination. But gradual gatherings and associations are not limited to this. Like the heirs of Wang Yangming's doctrine, they often held large-scale "lectures" to discuss grand philosophical issues; after the establishment of Donglin Academy, the mainstream of scholars, that is, the scholars abandoned by the officialdom, gathered together to discuss politics and politics, which affected the entire public opinion. After the carpenter Emperor Xizong ascended the throne, the eunuch party led by Wei Zhongxian and the Donglin people had a fierce conflict, a number of outstanding scholars died tragically in prison, and the Donglin elite was lost. Academies were also demolished, and the trend of associations and lectures was suppressed.
But the Ming Dynasty, which had reached its twilight years, was left with only a huge shell, and its social control was quite limited. After Chongzhen ascended the throne, the castration party was purged, the Donglin people were rehabilitated, and the wind of association rose again.
When Zhang Pu was still a student, he was very famous, and many young disciples in Benyi and Waiyi worshipped him as a teacher, including Wu Weiye, who later became famous all over the world. At that time, Zhang Pu was similar to the posture of Kang Youwei of Nanhai in Guangdong at the end of the Qing Dynasty. In the previous year, in the second year of Chongzhen (1629), they held an inaugural meeting at Yinshan in Wu County, Suzhou Province. The so-called "fu" of the fushe has the meaning of restoring Donglin, so people call the fushe "xiaodonglin", but the fushe is not the only literati society in Jiangnan at that time, like Chen Zilong, Xia Yizhong and others established several societies in Songjiang.
Due to Zhang Pu's fame, in the end, the other societies were centered on the Fushe, and Chen Zilong, Xia Yizhong, and other people who founded other societies also joined the Fushe. - Because such literary associations are, after all, relatively loose and not as disciplined as later political parties, they basically cannot join other people's parties when they join this party.
The movement of the Yin Shan Assembly was still relatively small, because at that time, only Zhang Caizhong was a jinshi, and the others were just ordinary students.
In China, whether it is a person or a group, the prestige and other resources he has are often closely related to his position in the field of power. Chongzhen's three-year Jinling Conference was different, and many members had already won the lift at this time.
Huang Zongxi's father, Huang Zunsu, was an important figure in Donglin, and Emperor Xi was killed by Wei Zhongxian. After Chongzhen ascended the throne, he contacted the children of other victims, went to Beijing to complain, and became the leader of the "Orphans of Donglin", after the Donglin people were rehabilitated, he came to Nanjing, participated in Chongzhen's three-year Jiangnan Township Examination, and was introduced into the Restoration Society, so he also participated in the grand meeting on this painting boat. In his later years, he recorded the literati meeting in this song and dance in the "Records of Thoughts":
Gengwu (Chongzhen 3rd year) (and Zhang Pu) tried in Nandu, in order to meet in Qin Huaizhou, all in the same year, Yang Weidou (Tingshu), Chen Wozi (Zilong), Peng Yanyou, Wu Jungong, Wan Nianshao, Jiang Chuzhen, Wu Laizhi. The next few were Shen Meigong, Shen and Yu.
That is to say, the Jiangnan celebrities who participated in the conference, except for Huang Zongxi and Shen Shouguo's brothers, all of them were in the middle, and they were really meritorious in the front, the beauties were beside them, there were wine and songs, and these celebrities headed by Zhang Pu should be so spirited, and Huang Zongxi was a lonely loser among many.
Some people recorded that about 2,000 people participated in this conference, and it was almost the time when the disciples who participated in the township examination came to join in the fun, and the business of the Qinglou was really good that autumn. Those who are in the same boat with Zhang Pu and Huang Zongxi should be the backbone of the Restoration Society. Of course, there are indispensable Qinhuai famous prostitutes who accompany wine and sing. They naturally greeted the proud ones on the court, and Huang Zongxi could of course only go to the corner alone.
This Zhang Pu can be regarded as "the leader of the literary world, the flower world Bole", the social atmosphere at that time was beautiful and famous, complementing each other, and the beautiful women in the Qinglou were praised by the celebrities, and immediately worth a hundred times; and a certain not very famous scholar, if he got the favor of a famous flower in a Qinglou, would also be passed down as a beautiful talk. Of course, there are also stories of vassals and elegant pseudonyms who go to the Qinglou to make a girl and are ridiculed. There was a famous prostitute named Liu Yuan, who slept with a certain "celebrity" at night, and turned his spine to the "celebrity" face inside, and the "celebrity" felt that he had been snubbed, patted Liu Meimei's shoulder and said, "Ru didn't know that I was a celebrity? Liu Meimei turned her face and said, "What is a celebrity?" How much is it worth? ”
If this Liu Meimei had met Zhang Pu, it would not have been like this, because Mr. Tianru had become famous very early, he was a real celebrity, and such a literary leader Qinglou woman would not have been able to swear, and even if he dared to offend him. He became popular with many famous prostitutes, including Li Xiangjun (also known as Li Xiang) in "Peach Blossom Fan", and he introduced him to Hou Fangyu. At that time, it was a graceful thing for the literati to introduce each other to the Qinglou women they had used. Hou Fangyu recalled: "When the servant came to Jinling, Zhang Ximing of Taicang said to the servant: 'Jinling has a female servant surnamed Li, who can sing the "Jade Mingtang Words", and there is a wind tone in the fall. ’”
However, at that time, Li Xiangjun could not appear in the painting boat, she was only about eighteen years old when she met Hou Fangyu around the eleventh year of Chongzhen, at this time she was still a girl less than ten years old, Dong Xiaowan was about the same age as her, Liu Ru was still a maid in Wujiang Xiangguo Zhou Dengdi's home at this time, and when she came to Jinling, she was already Qian Qianyi's side room, and the older generation of Ma Xianglan had died. Who will be singing in the boat at this Jinling conference? Shi Wuming, but Li Xiangjun's false mother Li Zhenli was in her prime at this time, and she had a close relationship with the Fushe people, which should be in the painting at this time. This man has a heroic spirit, has gambled at night, and has exhausted all his money.
Huang Zongxi's examination luck was not good, three consecutive township examinations were lost, and later in the Manchu Qing Dynasty Ding Zhongyuan, he was determined to be a relic, he no longer participated in the Qing court's imperial examination, and his meritorious name to death was still a life - that is, commonly known as Xiucai. Zhang Pu and his proud disciple Wu Weiye tried the second year, and after the temple examination, they were selected as Shu Jishi, and their fame was even greater. It was not a good thing to become famous too early, and his learning has not grown much since then. Many years later, Huang Zongxi later commented:
In the Han Garden, the price of sound is getting higher and higher, and the devotee is equal to You and Xia (the two students who followed Confucius, You and Zixia). The door is not beneficial to friends, and Tianru is also proud of his talents, and the next pen is rich, so there is no hard work. Taste the gold fan, letter pen manuscript, so the achievement, can not be far away, for a pity also!
Once a cultural person is prematurely hyped up as a public figure, it is equivalent to entering the entertainment industry, and his academic achievements must "not be far away". Therefore, Zhang Pu's success at the Jinling Conference and Huang Zongxi's frustration, and then examined later, are really a blessing and misfortune.