Shennong is one of the ancestors of the Chinese nation, as early as the ancient times he made great contributions to the field of agriculture, its taste of hundreds of grasses, the production of silk and other stories have been popular and used to this day, is the object of the yearning of the whole people of all dynasties.
Song Yingxing, who wrote "Heavenly Works and Things", is one of his "fans", song Yingxing after hard research and perennial practice, came up with a series of methods to improve the productivity of agriculture, handicrafts and other industries, and wrote books and biographies to make great contributions to the development of ancient society.
When Song Yingxing was young, he was gifted and intelligent, never forgotten, and was familiar with the hundred families of the sons, and could be called a little prodigy. When participating in the Jiangxi Township Examination, Zhongju took the third place, his brother was nine years older than him, he took the sixth place, and a good friend of his, who took the fourth place, this person was called Tu Shaoxuan, who can be said to be his close friend and the noble person in his life. After lifting people, the three of them walked from the south to the north and entered Beijing to take the exam.
A group of people all the way boats and cars, full of ambition, the road to catch the exam, lasted five months, the journey is thousands of miles, all the way to see is practical skills, practical learning. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, although there was constant party strife and political darkness in the court, the overall social and economic development was rapid, and agriculture and handicrafts reached a certain height at this time and entered a period of vigorous development.
Bad luck, Song Yingxing and the three people rushed to take the exam for the first time, they were drunk on the head, and encountered the notorious Shen Tonghe fraud case in history, according to historical records, when the candidates angrily scolded: "Bai Ding Huiyuan, insulting this list." "Will try to be illiterate first, slippery world's big fool."
Later, Wu Daonan, who was then the Head of the Rebbe Shangshu, reported that Wu Jiang had raised people Shen Tonghe and Zhao Mingyang, cheated on the field, and was immediately ordered to retake the examination. Huiyuan Shen Tonghe handed in a white scroll in the re-examination, punished him with a staff, and exiled for thousands of miles. Zhao Mingyang, the substitute examiner, was punished with a staff, stripped of his meritorious name, and never used it; for forty-four years of the Wanli Calendar, he cheated in the field of science and technology, shocking the government and the public, and the officials involved were severely punished.
The first time Song Yingxing and the three of them went to Beijing to take the exam, they encountered such a farce as cheating in the field, and all three of them were named Sun Shan. However, three years later, he rushed to take the exam again, Tu Shaoxuan ranked 45th in the second class of the high school, and the Second Song Brothers did not go well in the field, and they were once again named Sun Shan. After that, the two brothers went to the exam again, and they were middle-aged.
The second year of the Apocalypse, the third scientific expedition is not the first, the fifth year of the Apocalypse, the fourth scientific expedition is not the first, the first year of Chongzhen, the fifth scientific expedition is not the first, Chongzhen is four years, and the sixth scientific expedition is not the first.
Sixteen years on the bus, the brother is fifty-four years old, and the brother is forty-five years old. Although he fell behind six times, he saw everything in the world and the people's livelihood, so he went deep into the city to study various practical knowledge of agriculture and handicrafts. It is not feasible to live in the height of the temple, but it is far away from the rivers and lakes but it is famous in history.
From youth to middle age, Although Song Yingxing failed to pass the test every time, his experience increased greatly. The east side is not bright and the west side is bright, as he said, "For the square miles, what is not visible and what is not seen and heard." In ancient times, traffic was not smooth, information was blocked, and it was extremely valuable to travel far away. Just like reading thousands of books; traveling thousands of miles, experience from ancient times to the present has always been a treasure.
Song Yingxing is not a traditional scholar, and he is high up in the world, and he is not diligent in his four bodies. As he grew older and more experienced, he realized through observation that social wealth came from handicrafts and agricultural production accumulation.
However, in the social background of only high reading at that time, there were not many people who had such an understanding, and even fewer people had such an understanding and chose this road, which was bound to be a difficult road.
Song Yingxing collected records and sorted out a lot of information on the way back and forth in the first half of his life. The knowledge of agricultural production and handicraft production that has appeared in China for thousands of years has been summed up, and at the same time, it has also made a summative summary of technical experience, and made them systematic and organized. And "Tiangong Kaiwu" is the essence of his main works.
Tiangong Kaiwu, its name comes from two classics, one is the Book of Shang, and the other is the I Ching. The Book of Shang has clouds "heavenly workers in their place", and the so-called "heavenly workers" refer to the energy of nature and natural duties. "Opening things" is a sentence in the "I Ching", "opening things into business" is to create all things, develop all things, and achieve all things.
Therefore, "Tiangong Kaiwu", that is, man should use nature, man and nature should be coordinated, and manpower should cooperate with nature, which is a traditional Chinese philosophical thought.
Embodying Song Yingxing's simple materialist view of nature, it is really very advanced. The essence of the ideas in this book is Chinese view of technology that has been passed down from ancient times.
The existing "Tiangong Kaiwu" is a photocopy of the reproduction and reproduction of the Tuben "Tiangong Kaiwu". The first printing of the Tu ben "Tiangong Kaiwu" was in 1637, almost four hundred years ago, and there is only one left in China, and there are only three in the world. "Tu" refers to Song Yingxing's lifelong close friend, confidant Tu Shaoxuan, who funded and helped Song Yingxing to print, it can be said that without his help, "Tiangong Kaiwu" may not have had the opportunity to come out.
The first edition of Tiangong Kaiwu consisted of eighteen volumes, 85,754 words, and 123 pictures. The brush printing is made of the best bamboo paper in Jiangxi, as well as the best pine smoke ink in Huizhou, the handwriting is clear and translucent, and the pages are thick. The binding is divided into three volumes: the upper, middle and lower volumes, with six volumes in the upper volume, seven volumes in the middle volume and five volumes in the lower volume.
Printing is divided into four stages: writing samples, engraving, brush printing and binding, and there are several small processes in each stage.
When writing samples, the handwriting is dignified and handsome, and the force penetrates the back of the paper. Why should we force through the back of the paper, because the book pattern written must penetrate the back of the paper, and it is necessary to expand to the wooden board to be compacted, so that the handwriting can be clearly revealed and easy to engrave. In this way, the engraved version is reversed, and the printed book is positive when printed with an inverse version.
The last sentence before the fall of the paragraph in the "Tiangong Kaiwu Prologue" is very powerful, "This book has nothing to do with the name of merit and progress." This fully reflects Song Yingxing's open-mindedness, pattern, and speculation. He had character, thoughts, and was a great scientist.
"Heavenly Works and Opening Things" is loaded all over the world, and the number of objects is tens of thousands, and the matter is the same. The first thing in "Nai Grain" is about growing grain. The second thing in "Naifu" is to make clothes. The third part of "Zhangshi" is written about color taking. The fourth part of "Pure Essence" is written about grain. The fifth of "ZuoWei" is the production of salt. The sixth chapter of the "Sweet Taste" is written about sugar and honey, and it is recorded that "whoever makes animal sugar receives fifty pounds of sugar per mouthful of sugar." "This is roll-up.
"Tao Yuan", "Smelting and Casting", "Boat Car", "Hammer Forging", "Burnt Stone", "Paste", "Killing Qing", "Hardware", "Jia Bing", "Dan Qing", "Qu Tiller", "Pearl Jade" are the middle and lower volumes. Production techniques such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil pressing, etc. are documented.
The grain is in front, and the pearl and jade are in the back, taking its meaning of "expensive grain and low gold jade". Such thinking prompted Song Yingxing to abandon his meritorious name and return to nature. Thus discovering the law of natural growth, the conception between heaven and earth made him write "Heavenly Work and Open Things".
Since Song Yingxing has been deeply cultivating agriculture and handicrafts, his friends have known his likes and shared with them the advanced technology in their jurisdiction.
During the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, at the invitation of Tu Shaoxuan, Song Yingxing came to the place where Tu Shaoxuan took office. Tu Shaoxuan was then the commander of Tongxiang County, Zhejiang, which was the land of fish and rice, the capital of silk, and the advanced technology of silkworm reeling.
"It is said that the cultivation of mulberry silkworms was initiated by the yellow emperor's wife and ancestors, and it is recorded as early as the book "Book of Shang" in the classical book, Yanzhou is rich in colored silk, which has a history of thousands of years, and the looms, techniques and breeding methods related to silk are all treasures left by the ancestors of successive generations."
Exquisite silk, as early as the Han Dynasty, has been traded in the western countries, the achievement of the trade route is busy. The maritime silk trade has been extremely prosperous since the Time of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and Zheng He of the Ming Dynasty went to the West seven times, and silk went to Nanyang and Africa. It is today's "Silk Road" and "Maritime Silk Road". It still plays a role that cannot be underestimated.
After seeing the silkworm breeding methods and silk weaving techniques in Huzhou and Jiaxing, Song Yingxing was very happy. The silkworm bath method is one of its advanced technologies.
The "method of silkworm bathing" is to bathe silkworms with brine or salt water, eliminate weak silkworms, leave the strong, do not waste mulberry leaves, and the silkworm spits more silk. Song Yingxing understood that these direct calls were wonderful. This is the "Naifu" of the "Heavenly Works", "the first text, is the clothing." ”
Later, Tu Shaoxuan led Song Yingxing to the Ordnance Bureau to see the improved gunpowder, and with a loud noise, Song Yingxing sighed, "The benefit of the arc arrow, to threaten the world, I am a chinese nation, it is necessary to have good weapons, in order to be able to protect the country and the people." ”
With the all-round help of friends, "Tiangong Kaiwu" changed its manuscript several times, and finally settled eighteen volumes, Tu Shaoxuan fought for righteousness and wealth, and helped Song Yingxing to print it.
The book should include the wisdom of the ancestors, and the book should include the skills of this world, and this book has nothing to do with the name and progress. Do not make praise, do not make exaggerated articles. For the sake of the country and the people, this is also the common wish of the three brothers. Song Yingxing advocated: "If we have it this year, we must also think about the next year, and this year's abundance, we must also prevent disasters in the coming year." "So that people's livelihood can be sustained.
In the first year of Shunzhi, Song Yingxing resigned his official post and returned home, and in the second year of Shunzhi, Tu Shaoxuan fled with his whole family due to the fragmentation of his family country, and overturned in the Junshan Lake, and no one in the whole family was spared, and he bid farewell forever. In the third year of Shunzhi, Song Yingsheng was martyred because of the righteousness of chengchenzi.
During the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, Song Yingxing had reached his old age, returned to Fengxin, Jiangxi, cultivated and ran his family, taught the agricultural and handicraft techniques in the book to his neighbors, taught culture and technology, and killed two birds with one stone. A cloth shirt, a pair of straw shoes, this legendary Fengxin name Ru, is a kind old man in the field.
In ancient times, there were heavenly works to open things, and today's people continue to open up the past.