Selected from Cultural Relics, No. 03, 1989, Jinzhong Archaeological Team
Taigu County is located in the central part of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan Basin on the eastern edge, its southeast is the Taihang Mountains, the northwest is the Pingchuan River, the territory of the Lingyu River, Wuma River originates from the Taihang Mountains, west into the Fenhe River. Baiyan Village is located in the western foothills of Taihang, about 15 kilometers away from the county seat of Taigu County, 3.75 kilometers away from the Lingyu River in the north, the Wuma River in the south, and the Yangyi River in the southwest, and the two villages are about 4 kilometers apart (Figure 1). The ruins are mainly distributed on the riverside terraces northwest of Baiyan Village, and the existing range is about 830 meters long from east to west, about 430 meters wide from north to south, and the area is more than 350,000 square meters.
The site was discovered during a census by the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Working Committee in 1956. The Jinzhong Archaeological Team, jointly composed of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and the Archaeology Department of Jilin University, with the assistance of the Taigu County Cultural Management Institute, conducted re-examination, drilling and test excavation in the spring and summer of 1980, and carried out three large-scale excavations in the summer and autumn of 1980, the spring and autumn of 1981, with a total excavation area of nearly 3,000 square meters. The excavation work was carried out in conjunction with the teaching of field archaeology, and there were nearly 100 undergraduate students of the field archaeology training class and the improvement class held by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and Jilin University, as well as nearly 100 undergraduate students of the 77th, 78th and 79th levels of archaeology of Jilin University, 6 undergraduate students of the archaeology major of Shanxi University, and 2 comrades of the Overseas Cultural Exhibition Office of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. Two comrades from the Taigu County Cultural Management Office also participated in the excavation. The excavations were carried out at four sites, with a brief report on the main findings of the excavations at site one and a separate report on sites TWO, III and IV (1).
First, cultural accumulation and site staging
The first excavation site was on a tall earthen platform in the western part of the site that the local people called "Zhaiqu". The earth platform is more than 8 meters above the surrounding surface, the perimeter wall is steep and straight, the top is relatively flat, the plane is slightly oval, the longest is about 90 meters from north to south, and the widest from east to west is about 70 meters. The earthen platform is full of rich cultural accumulations and is the focus of the excavation. In the summer of 1980, a 2X5-meter trench was excavated, and the next three excavations opened a total of 84 5X5-meter exploration parties, with an actual exposure area of more than 2,000 square meters; a large number of ash pits and a small number of sites, pottery kilns, tombs, etc.; a large number of excavations: pottery, stone, bone, horns, teeth, mussels and a small number of bronze and gold artifacts were excavated.
Among the four excavation sites at the Baiyan site, the cultural accumulation at the first site is the most abundant, generally with a thickness of about 3 meters and a local thickness of 4 to 5 meters. The distinctive feature of the accumulation here is that there are many ash pits, and the cultural layer is often broken and separated by many ash pits. According to the superimposed breaking relationship between the multi-layered cultural layer and a large number of ash pit remains, the characteristics of typical pottery and the differences in pottery combinations, the cultural relics here can be divided into six major periods. The first three periods belong to the Neolithic period, and the last three periods are the Xia Shang Zhou era.
The T15 south wall cross-sectional view can reflect the layer relationship between the morning and evening accumulation of the first, third, fourth and fifth phases of the remains (Figure 2). This probe is divided into 8 layers according to the soil color.
Layer 1: Tillage, about 15-30 cm thick.
Layer 2: Loess, hard, about 10-25 cm thick. This layer is a modern layer.
Layer 3: Gray soil, soft in texture, about 30-50 cm thick.
Layer 4; gray and black soil, loose, about 15-60 cm thick.
The 3rd and 4th floors are the fifth phase of the cultural layer, and there are certain differences in the shape of the two layers of pottery. The lower opening of the second layer breaks the connotation of HJ6, H37 and H41 of the third layer with the third layer; the lower opening of the fourth layer breaks the H93 of the fifth layer, and the connotation of H23 is the same as that of the fourth layer.
Layer 5: Gray soil, hard, about 10-30 cm thick.
Layer 6: Light gray flower soil, hard texture, about 10-25 cm thick.
The 5th and 6th floors are the fourth phase of the cultural layer. The lower opening of the 5th layer breaks the H19 connotation of the 6th layer with the 5th and 6th floors.
Layer 7: Dark gray soil, soft, about 5-25 cm thick. This layer is the third phase of the cultural layer.
Layer 8: Yellow-brown soil, fine and soft, about 10-45 cm thick. This layer is the first phase of the cultural layer. The opening under this layer breaks the connotation of raw H99 with this layer.
In addition, there is a sixth phase of T123 ash pit H 348 that breaks the hierarchical relationship of the fifth phase of the cultural layer T123® layer. T108 has the second phase of the site F14 to break the first phase of the ash pit H1149, itself by the third phase of the ash pit H1079 to break the layer relationship.
According to the difference between the layer relationship and connotation, the first, fourth and fifth phases of the above six remains can be further divided into several stages of development, and the second, third and sixth phases cannot be restaged due to the limitations of materials.
2. Remains of the First Phase
The remains of this period are divided into two stages of development.
1. Relics
Discover sites and ash pits. The site was badly damaged. The surface of the ash pit mouth is round, oval, square and irregular, and the pit form is mainly bag-shaped, cylinder-shaped and pot-bottom-shaped. The caliber is generally 1.5-2, the depth is 0.5-1 meter; the caliber of a few large ash pits is more than 3 meters, and there are slopes.
H 99 is the first oval pot bottom ash pit, with a diameter of 5.9-4.55 and a depth of 2.2 meters. The west side of the pit wall has a five-step ramp up to the middle of the pit bottom. The bottom of the pit is relatively flat, with 0.1-0.3 meters of road soil, and the pit wall is flat and smooth (Figure 3).
2. Pottery
The first stage of pottery is mainly sand-filled gray pottery, with gray and reddish-brown two kinds; clay pottery is secondary, of which gray pottery is the mainstay, followed by red pottery; and a small amount of fine clay pottery and black pottery. Sand pottery is decorated with rope patterns and narrow stripes with additional heaps with diagonal smear marks, in addition, there are a small number of lines and baskets. Large utensils often have large cockscomb-shaped ears. Clay pottery is mainly plain surface and basket pattern, individual ornamental checkered patterns; the pattern should be more transverse or oblique, the stripes are short, and the two ends are pointed. The pottery of the second stage of Cantonese is dominated by clay pottery, followed by sand gray pottery, and the number of clay black pottery has begun to increase, and there are a small amount of clay and sand red pottery. Sand-filled pottery with multiple jomon patterns and wide stripes with longitudinal smear marks. Cockscomb ears are significantly reduced. In clay pottery, basket patterns are the mainstay, followed by plain noodles. The two types of pottery are common, including pots, jars, bowls, clay pottery pots, pots, pots, koshiki, urns, bowls, bowls, etc. In the second section, kettle stoves and dings appear in the sand-filled pottery, and beans, flat-mouth urns and utensil lids appear in the clay pottery.
Sand pottery
Cans are numerous and are the main cookers. The first segment is characterized by a pointed lip, a wide folded edge, an external ventral bulge, the maximum abdominal diameter leaning upwards, and a pair of cockscomb-shaped forbidden ears at the largest abdominal diameter. Most jars are decorated with jomons and additional stacks for several weeks. For example, specimen H282:3 (Figure 4:9). It is worth noting that there are a small number of non-embellished rope patterns and additional stacking patterns in this paragraph, which are all red-brown pottery with sand and slightly earlier. For example, specimen H1056:3 mouth along the following line pattern (plate one: 1; Figure IV: 11). The second segment is characterized by a square lip with fewer pointed lips, folded edges, a bulging abdomen, a maximum diameter of the abdomen, and very few cockscomb ears. They are decorated with rope patterns, and occasionally there are additional stacks of patterns for one or two weeks. Such as specimen H359:59 (Fig. 5:6); specimen H961:3 pointed lip, single ear (Fig. 5:2).
Cylinder A section of specimen H99:5 thin square lip, folded edge, mouth, bulging abdomen, the maximum abdominal diameter leaning up, decorated with a pair of cockscomb-shaped ears, sand gray-brown pottery (Plate 1: 2; Figure 4: 10).
Bowl A section of specimen HU48:2 oblique wall adduction, false circle foot, circle foot with lace-like edges, decorated with a thin rope pattern (Fig. 4: 6) 0
Clay pottery
Pots are numerous. Small mouth, round shoulders, oblique abdomen, flat bottom, a pair of vertical bridge-shaped ears on the shoulders, many basket patterns below the shoulders, and a very few ornamental checks. A segment features a flared mouth with a prominent outer magnificence. Specimen H1165:3 has a checkered pattern on the shoulder and abdomen (Fig. 4: 7); specimen H1152:7 is missing from the lower part, flared, bulging shoulder, and shoulders are decorated with several weeks of fine lines, which are decorated with mud cakes and baskets on the lower abdomen (Fig. 4: 1). This pot is slightly older. Specimen H288: l mouth residue, clay orange red pottery, shoulders decorated with a red band composed of solid prismatic and mesh prismatics, and a basket pattern on the lower abdomen (Fig. 5:1) 0
Shallow abdominal basin A specimen H96:4 has a diagonally straight and open wall, an oblique lip, a cake-like circle foot, a pair of crown ears on the upper part of the abdomen, and a horizontal basket pattern (Fig. 4: 3) 0
Large mouth right A specimen H99:9 pointed lip, wide folded edge, bulging abdomen, a pair of crown ears in the middle of the abdomen, and a horizontal basket pattern on the lower abdomen (Fig. 4:2).
Open jar 2nd specimen H238(1): 1 folded rim, round lip, mouth edge under a week of additional heaping, upper abdomen nearly straight, plain polished, decorated with a triangular tapered thorn pattern, lower abdomen adduction, decorated with basket pattern, a pair of vertical bridge-shaped ears in the middle of the abdomen (Fig. 5: 4).
Urn Ten Specimen H99:10 Pointed lip, wide folded edge, mouth, micro-bulge of the upper abdomen, larger shape. The lower part of the mouth is decorated with two weeks of additional heaping, the upper abdomen is polished, and the lower abdomen is decorated with a basket pattern (Fig. 4:4)o
A section of specimen H260:4 clay pottery containing a small amount of sand grains, pointed round lips, oblique wall adduction, lace cake-like circle foot, single round hole at the bottom (Fig. 4: 5). The second stage specimen H908: l deep ventral pelvic, flat bottom with dense round holes. Light gray pottery, the basket pattern of the vessel has been smoothed, but it is still faintly recognizable (Fig. 5:3)0
Bowl mouth, oblique abdomen, flat bottom. Second-stage specimen H458:3 gray (Fig. 5:5)o
Fine clay pottery
Bowls are all mouthed, oblique abdomen, flat bottom, decorated with red and brown colors, and a small amount of black color. A red ribbon on the upper abdomen of a specimen H262:l consists of vertical parallel lines between diagonal solid triangles (Fig. 4:8)o
III. Remains of the Second Phase
Houses and ash pits were found, where the houses were better preserved. F2 is a double-room house in the shape of a pocket crypt (Fig. 6). The plane is in the shape of a "Lü" glyph. It consists of the south, north and aisles. The south room is oval-shaped, with an east-west diameter of 3.06 and a bottom diameter of 3.72 meters; a north-south diameter of 1.9 and a bottom diameter of 2.8 meters; and a residual height of 1.48 meters. The aisles are rectangular in shape. The North Room is a vault-roofed cave dug westward at the north end of the aisle. It is inhabited by a square shape with a side length of about 2 meters. From the living surface to the top is 1.86-2.04 meters.
In the northeast corner of the aisle, a burnt earth surface was found, 1.6 meters long from north to south and 0.7 meters wide from east to west. The burnt soil is 0.18 meters thick and covered with grass ash 0.05-0.1 meters thick, which may be a ground stove.
On the cave walls of the south room and the aisle, several semicircular grooves were found with formed charcoal, which should be pilaster holes.
The living surface is flat: hard. A total of four living surfaces were found through dissection. The first layer is hard black soil with a thickness of 0.03-0.05 meters; the second layer is grass soil, which is 0.04-0.15 meters thick; the third layer is braised soil with a thickness of 0.03-0.06 meters; the fourth layer, the lowest layer, is light loess soil with a thickness of 0.02-0.05 meters.
The fill near the living surface consists of a large amount of charcoal, clay blocks, grass soil and less daytime white ash blood. The soil filling is accompanied by large pieces of broken pottery, and a total of more than 20 pieces of faience pottery and more than 10 pieces of plain and jomon pottery have been restored.
With the exception of faience pottery and some pottery excavated from F2 and F14, the texture and ornamentation of other pottery are basically the same as those of the first stage of the first period. However, the number of dings, kettle stoves and large-mouth reds in the sand-filled pottery has increased, most notably the appearance of empty-footed tripod kettle-shaped axes.
Jar square lip, small turned edge, extremely narrow along the surface, belly arc. Specimen F2:44 mouth along the outer side of an additional pile of patterns, the whole body decorated with rope patterns (Fig. 7: M) O
The jar is thick with square lips, narrow edges and valgus, and a slightly bulging abdomen. The whole body is decorated with a jomon pattern and several additional stacks. Specimen F2:70 lip edge embossed rope pattern (Fig. 7: 1) O
Ding Specimen F14:40 mouth along the outer fold, square lip, lip margin embossed lace. The abdomen is flat-bottomed, pelvic, decorated with rope patterns and four additional heaps, with four hands, flattened square feet, and a carved pattern on it (Plate 1:3; Figure 7:5)o
Specimen F2:30 round lip, curled edge, high neck, folded abdomen, three legs straight. The upper part is kettle-shaped, muddy, plain polished, and the lower part is three empty feet with sand. The table is rough and gray (Plate 1:4; Figure 7:6) o
Pot specimen F2: 29 small mouth, straight neck, shoulders, oblique abdomen, flat bottom. The shoulders are polished, leaving basket marks, decorated with two cake-like mud pieces, and the abdomen is decorated with basket patterns (Fig. 7:2).
Bean specimen H259:8 the upper part is mutilated, about disc-shaped, thin stalk, flared mouth circle foot. Black polished pottery (Figure 7:8).
The lid of the vessel is inverted to circle the foot bowl for me. Specimen H259:7 plain surface polished, residual basket marks (Fig. 7:3).
In the two houses of F2 and F14, dozens of pieces of fine clay pottery have been excavated in a concentrated manner, most of which are faience pottery. Most of them are orange-yellow pottery, decorated with purple-red strips with black edges. There are also a small number of black pottery fragments painted in red.
Pot Specimen F2:49 Hip Neck, Wide Folded Shoulders, Oblique Abdomen, Flat Bottom, Vertical Bridge Ear. The shoulders have a fuchsia pattern (Fig. 7: 10) o specimen F2:27 high neck, bulging abdomen, flat bottom, neck a pair of mud protrusion decoration. The upper abdomen is decorated with three black colors on a fuchsia stripe (Fig. 7:12)o
Long-necked pot Specimen F2:47 extravagant mouth, folded shoulders, oblique abdomen, flat bottom. Longer than the lower part of the ribs - decorated with mud protrusions (Fig. L: 9).
Deep abdominal basin Specimen F14:31 flat folded edge, pointed round lip, slightly retracted mouth, deep curved abdomen, flat bottom. The abdomen is decorated with three black colors on a purple-red stripe (Fig. 7:4)o
Handicap basin Specimen F2:31 plain surface polishing (Fig. 7:7).
4. The remains of the third period
Discover sites and ash pits. The surface of the ash pit mouth is mainly circular, and most of the pits are cylindrical, followed by bags. Large ash pits still have many stepped ramps.
It is divided into two categories: sand and mud. Sand-filled pottery contains - some larger sand sticks. The pottery is hard and accounts for about 1/2 of the total pottery. Clay pottery is dominated by gray pottery, followed by red pottery. There is no fine clay pottery. The most characteristic of this period is the black leather pottery with reddish-brown tires, which is found in zun, beans, utensils and other utensils. Sand-filled pottery is decorated with rope patterns, and clay pottery decorations are mainly oblique and vertical basket patterns, which are neatly arranged and have the same width and narrowness. The types and shapes of pottery are very different from those of the previous period, and the sand-filled pottery has a rag, a sound, a kettle stove, a pot, an urn, etc., and a clay pottery has pots, pots, zuns, urns, koshiki, beans, utensil seats, and lids. The mouth edge and the outer side of the base of the utensils in this period are thickened or have a convex edge, and the clay pottery is popular for folding the abdomen, and the edges and corners are obvious.
Jar Specimen T22(9): 3 dwarf collar, folded edge, rounded lip. The collar is polished and the abdomen is decorated with rope patterns (Fig. 8:10). Specimen H1059:10 rolled edge, pointed round lip, stump along the inner edge of a groove, under the mouth decorated with rope pattern (Fig. 8:11).
Kettle stove Specimen H219:l is a fragment of the kettle stove girdle waist, with a pair of cockscomb-shaped ears above the corset. The kettle and the stove are forked at the waistband, and the inner wall of the kettle has a circular waist partition, and there is a circular fire eye on the stove. The vessel is decorated with a jomon pattern with fire marks (Fig. 8:9).
Specimen H108:38 Single-handle canned abdomen, three vertically separated empty feet joined to the outermost side of the bottom of the tank, there is no boundary between the foot and the can abdomen. The lower abdomen is decorated with longitudinal rope patterns, and the feet are decorated with horizontal rope patterns (Fig. 8:2).
Specimen H147:4 is a crotch fragment with a cockscomb-shaped hand above it, three bags of feet separated, sand-filled coarse gray pottery, and thick and deep rope patterns (Fig. 8:6).
The number of pots is much lower than before. Specimen H219:14 Open, thick round lip, low neckline, lower mutilation. The shoulders and abdomen are decorated with basket patterns (Fig. 8:3) o
Specimen H219:15 The junction of the collar, shoulder and abdomen is obviously folded, and the collar, shoulder junction and upper abdomen are each decorated with a weekly wedge-shaped cone pattern, and its lower part is decorated with a basket pattern (Fig. 8:1) o Specimen H219:3 Has two wedge-shaped tapered spines on the long neck, and the lower abdomen is decorated with a basket pattern (Plate 1: 5; Fig. 8: 13).
The specimen H1112:28 is a stump of mud on the outside of the mouth, decorated with a vertical basket pattern (Fig. 8:4).
Bean specimen «227:12 Large shallow dish, the plate is thickened along the bottom, the inner wall of the plate has a folded edge, the bean handle is thinner, and the lower part is mutilated. The inside of the disc is black polished, and the outside of the disc is decorated with a vertical basket pattern and two additional stacks (also 8:7).
The number of seats is the largest. All are black leather polished pottery. Specimen «79:4 Corset of the waist, upper mouth extravagant, lower mouth outer skimming, the lower part of the base folded vertically, the body has a perforation (plate II: 5; Fig. 8: 5).
Koshiki is small in number. Specimen H1006:4 open, thickened outer rim, oblique abdomen, upper abdomen stacked with a pair of toothed mud ears. The vessel is decorated with a vertical basket pattern (Fig. 8:8).
Lid inverted circle foot bowl type. Specimen HH53:1 vertical basket pattern throughout (Fig. 8:12).
5. The remains of the fourth period
Sites, pottery kilns and ash pits were discovered.
The site is well preserved. F4 is the first section of the dome-roofed cave house (Figure 9). The plan is slightly oval, 3.1 m northwest to southeast and 2.3 m southwest to northeast. The southwest of the cave roof collapsed, and the highest remaining part of the cave was 1.64 meters from the living surface. The living surface is relatively flat, and it is a hard surface of 5-10 cm thick grass mixed with mud and red boiled soil. The perimeter wall of the cave, about 20 centimeters above where it lived, was also roasted red and about 1 centimeter long. At the west corner of the interior there is a dome 1 shell 'world niche, the bottom of which is flat with the dwelling, the mouth width is 50, the height is 50, and the depth is 20 cm. The bottom of the niche and most of the walls inside the niches are black-brown burnt due to long-term fire grilling, which is very hard. This should be the site of the ground floor stove. In the northeast of the interior, there is a large niche with a roof, the bottom of the niche is flat with the living, the mouth width is 1, the height is 0.76, and the maximum depth is 1 meter. There are two large and small circular straight-walled flat-bottom pits on the bottom of the loess niche. The top of the niche is partially grilled to a reddish tinge. There are 3 BAI-shaped wall flat bottom pits and 2 long strip circular bottom pits on the living surface, of which the bottom and pit wall of No. 3 pit are red burnt soil, with a diameter of 20 and a depth of 12 cm. The doorway faces southwest. Slope-like, broken by H98, 0.6 m long and 0.66-0.8 m wide. Doorway road dirt corpse / about 10-20M meters. There is a circular bottom pit near the door, the pit wall is inclined to the southwest, the caliber is 20, and the oblique depth is 24 cm. Next to this pit there is a round stone block with a 10 cm 7: grass mixed mud under the mat, as if it were deliberately placed here.
It is mainly gray pottery, with some gray-brown, tan and red-brown pottery, and a small amount of brown-tyrann black-skinned pottery is only found in the first paragraph. Sandwich sand pottery is mixed with uniform sand particles as fine as the tip of a needle, and clay pottery is almost all coarse clay pottery, so sand pottery and clay pottery are very close and are not easy to distinguish. Both coarse sand pottery and pure clay pottery are rare. In the ornamentation, the jomon pattern is large, the first stage is dominated by thin jomon, and the second section is dominated by medium and thick jomon, and there are a small number of extra-thick rope patterns. In addition, there is a kind of peanut skin textured rope pattern and the general rope pattern style is very different, this rope pattern in the first paragraph has a very thin line, more eye-catching. Other common ornaments include string patterns and additional stacking patterns, and there are also juvenile wedge dots, circular pit patterns, circle patterns and triangular scratches (Fig. 1 O) - there are very few plain pottery. In terms of utensils, the cookers are mainly manes, followed by badgers and hammers, and very few and most koshi, deep-belly jars and dings; the containers are pots, pots, pots, beans, three-legged urns, small pot-shaped bowls, mouth bowls, four-legged square cups, etc.; the wine vessels have barrels.
There are many mane forms. The general features ( including most of the remaining manes of the fifth period described below ) are split crotches with pointed tapered solid heels. The number of curved crotch bristles is small, and the columnar solid heel flat foot bristle and the solid heel pocket mane are rare. In this issue, large high-necked bristles and extravagant or dwarf-necked bristles are popular.
There are two types of collared mane: one is the open, pointed bottom pocket foot high neck mane (plate two: 1, 2; Figure 1-1: 1, 4); the other is the rolled edge, bottom bag foot high neck mane (Figure ——-: 2, 5). The first feature is represented by a high-necked bag with a foot (Fig. 11: 1, 2). This mane collar is docked with three fat and developed bag feet, and the volume of the mane is mainly in the three bag feet. Because the bag foot is fat, the demarcation between the collar and the bag foot, the bag foot and the solid heel is significant, the angle between the collar foot is small, and the neck (2) is shorter. Do some of the manes have a rope pattern on the heel or three longitudinal grooves that are wide and narrow above and below and several weeks of lateral bracing marks? There are certain rules for the jomon pattern of the instrument table, and the two sides of the crotch groove are mostly asymmetrical rope patterns, usually the right side (according to the front of the observation of the side) rope pattern towards the crotch groove arc, and the left side of the rope pattern extends diagonally downward. The collar has been printed with jomons, but most of them have been smoothed, leaving faint traces of jomons, and a few bristles are plain rope collars or lip embossed jomons n. The second segment is characterized by a high-necked deep-ventral mane, which is mostly curved abdomen (Fig. -,-: 4), and the curled edge and bottom pocket foot type are mostly oblique abdomen (Fig. -•-・:5). A round abdominal cavity is connected between the high neck and the three bag feet, and the curved demarcation between the collar and the abdomen, the bag foot and the solid heel is no longer as significant as the previous section, and the angle between the collar and the abdomen has become larger, and the neck diameter is long. This kind of mane is derived from the high-necked mane with developed front pocket foot, and begins to have the characteristics of a developed abdominal cavity, but still retains the high-necked characteristics of the old mane. It is rare to have jomons or grooves on the heels of the feet, and the asymmetrical rope patterns on both sides of the crotch grooves have been significantly reduced, while the number of symmetrical rope patterns that extend diagonally downwards has begun to increase. The degree of smoothing of the rope outside the collar is worse than that of the front section, and intermittent rope patterns are often left. The plain rope collar (Fig. 11:5) and the rope cut mane increased, and a small number of high neck bristles with a full Jomon neckline appeared (Fig. 11:4).
Extravagant along the small mane, the first specimen H948:l (Fig. 11: 3) extravagant along the round lips, neck convergence, high crotch, bag foot and solid heel clearly demarcated. Grey with a thin rope pattern. The second specimen H157:3 (Plate II: 3; Fig. 1 • ~: 6) has a diagonal flat edge at the mouth, and there are several weeks of clear round markings on the edge. The neck is slightly retracted, and the boundary between the bag foot and the solid heel is not significant. Dark grey with loose thick rope pattern.
In addition to the above-mentioned mane, there is another large straight-ventral mane in the second segment of this issue, which is characterized by a very developed abdominal cavity and an arced crotch (Fig. 12:5)o
The restorer is mostly an upper open basin, and the inner wall of the basin floor has a ring-shaped calculation frame. In this period, there are many thin waist types, narrow extravagant edges, oblique deep abdomen, and some abdomen is slightly drummed in the upper part of the abdomen, slightly shouldered. The first specimen H98:8 (Fig. 12:10) is pressed into a wavy lace-like shape, and the abdomen is decorated with a thin rope pattern and several weeks of string patterns.
There are two types of additional pile-up mouth crimes and single-handle fish sounds. The former has a deep abdomen and a shallow abdomen, and the latter has an open mouth and a mouth. In this issue, there are more piles of wrinkles and mouths, and there is no calculation frame on the inner wall of the waist. The first specimen Fl:23 (plate 2: 4; Fig. 12: 4) deep abdomen, the lower part of the circular bottom pocket foot high neck bristle characteristics of the same period, gray, decorated with light fine rope pattern, abdominal wall attached to the mesh heap.
The number of koshiki is very small, and the bottom of the gimbal is a round hole, and the hole is large and sparse.
Ding is very rare, only the flat triangle of the remnants of the feet, gray, decorated with thin rope patterns.
Short-footed deep-belly tank This kind of cooker first appeared in the second paragraph of this period and continued to the fifth period, but it was very few. It is a long, slender body along the deep abdomen, decorated with rope patterns throughout, and three extremely short tapered solid feet attached to the bottom of the tank. The bottom is often covered with thick black soot, some adhere to the braised earth, or burned to a dark brown.
Basins are dominated by flat-bottomed Jomon basins, circular basins. There are very few vegetarian pots. There are three main types: round shoulder oblique abdominal pelvis, oblique straight abdominal pelvis and curved abdominal pelvis. Section -1 Round shoulder oblique abdominal basin specimen H392:39 (plate 2: 6; Fig. 12: 8) extravagant along the round lip, slightly shoulder, gray, decorated with rope patterns. The second oblique straight abdominal basin specimen H1119:1 (Fig. 12:1) is a rare one in the oblique abdominal basin, which is well-made, the bottom is mutilated, the extravagant edge, the square 'lip' lip, the lip surface is concave, the edge and the abdomen are convex, gray, decorated with peanut skin-like string pattern.
Only a small number of circumfoot fragments are seen. Small-mouth rope hair cans are the main type of can utensils, the first section is still small, and the second section begins to increase. Small mouth, wide shoulders, oblique abdomen, flat bottom, shoulder and abdomen are decorated with rope patterns. The second specimen H1062:28 (Fig. 12:13) remnant, drum shoulder, gray, decorated with a jomon pattern.
Small jar First specimen H392:15 (Fig. 12:9) Large mouth, flat edge, low collar, bulging abdomen, mutilated bottom. The lower part of the collar is very thick and convex. Tan, plain surface, rough surface.
Beans This issue is mainly popular with fine-knuckled bowl-shaped beans. The second specimen H1062:55 (Fig. 12:7) The bean handle is broken, and the bowl-shaped bean plate is rolled along the round lip, the neck is bundled, the oblique abdomen is deep, and the bottom is round. It is grayish brown, the mouth edge is polished inside and out, the surface is rough, and there are unpolished residual rope patterns. In addition, in the first paragraph, some fine-knuckled shallow plate-shaped beans were found, specimens Fl:6 (Fig. 12, 6) the bean plate and the bean handle were mutilated, the bean plate was open, the oblique abdomen, the inner wall had a pointed convex edge, the bean handle was slender, the middle was decorated with two-week string pattern, and the lower circle foot was trumpet-shaped. Light gray, polished surface, regular production.
There are many three-legged urns, which are the main large reservoirs, multi-conical solid feet, but also a small number of cone-shaped semi-solid feet, upturned boot-shaped solid feet and flat feet. The first specimen H98:181 (Fig. 12:2) has a flat mouth, a curved abdomen, a cone-like solid foot ten groups of short, gray, loose and light rope patterns throughout.
There are many small pot-shaped bowls, with three types: large open oblique abdomen, extravagant oblique abdomen and round shoulder oblique abdomen, all of which are flat bottomed and decorated with rope patterns on the abdomen. The first specimen H392:4 (Fig. 12:11) is extravagantly obliquely ventral, gray, decorated with a thin rope pattern.
The number of bowls is less than that of pot-shaped bowls. There are large mouths and small doors, deep abdomen and shallow abdomen, and some have a pair of horizontal standard ears outside the mouth, all flat bottom, and the abdomen is decorated with rope patterns. The first specimen H392:8 (Fig. 12:12) has a large mouth and a deep abdomen, dark gray, decorated with a thin rope pattern.
Four-legged square cup First specimen M14:l (Fig. 12:3) Inner circle outer square, oblique abdomen, four square short feet. Grey-brown, plain surface.
It has a barrel-like flow and is often decorated with diagonal lines on the abdomen.
6. The remains of the fifth period
The remains of this period are divided into four stages of development.
As in the case of very few sites and many ash pits in the early stages.
The ash pit system is basically the same as the fourth phase. The pit mouth plane is dominated by ovals and circles, and there are a small number of squares and irregular shapes. The pit form is mainly a sloped wall flat bottom, a inclined wall pot bottom and a straight wall flat bottom, but there are also slope bottom and bag shaped ash pits with fixed numbers. Two-line formed ash pits with a more peculiar shape are not found in the fourth phase. Ash pits were originally dug for specific purposes, and were filled with ash such as garbage after disposal. The identification of the actual use of a large number of ash pits still needs to be studied in depth.
H23 is the first oval slope bottom ash pit (Figure 13). The caliber is 4.6-2.55 meters, the pit wall is vertical, the bottom of the pit is slope-like, and the residual depth is 0-1.4 meters. Some of these ash pits find burning soil, ash, charcoal residue, etc. in the deepest part of the bottom of the pit near the pit wall, so it is speculated that it may be related to cooking activities. If a ground stove is set up in the deepest part of the pit bottom near the pit wall, the slope of the pit bottom to the vertical pit wall can form a natural upward wind flow, which is conducive to the full combustion of firewood under the cooker and enhances the upward strength of the fire, which is similar to the principle of setting up a "ji-shaped stove pit" in the house.
H223 is the first two-stage bag-shaped ash pit (Figure 14). The first level of pit above, the mouth of the pit is a rectangular shape with a corner, 2.4 meters long from north to south, 1.85 meters wide from east to west, 1.14 meters deep, and a bottom diameter of 3.14 meters and a width of 2.26 meters. The outer slope of the east, west and south walls is small, and only the outer slope of the north wall is larger. At the north end of the bottom of the ~ pit, dig a second level of pit under the north wall. The second stage pit is elliptical, and its long diameter is opposite to the long diameter of the first stage pit, which is east-west. Caliber 1.8-1.2, bottom diameter 2.36-1.56, depth 1.5 meters. At the bottom of the first pit and the southern edge of the second pit, 4 rectangular grooves are arranged at equal distance, and there are 4 wall holes on the north wall opposite the level of the grooves. From the relationship between the grooves and the north and south levels of the wall hole, it is speculated that they may have been dug for the bearing of the horizontal wood, where 4 horizontal logs were laid, which can be used as the skeleton of the top of the second stage pit mouth wood structure. The pit walls and bottom of the two-stage pit are flat and smooth, and the bottom of the second pit has not found all the braised clay hard surfaces, ashes and charcoal residue at the bottom of other ash pits of the same type, so the pit is not like the nature of a cave dwelling house, and may be a cellar for storing goods.
H47 is the second nearly circular bag-shaped ash pit. Caliber 2-2.3, bottom diameter 2.3-2.8, residual depth 3.55 meters. The pit wall and the bottom of the pit are flat and smooth. The pit is filled with gray loess and is hard. A complete piece of pottery was found at a depth of 2 meters below the mouth of the pit. In the southwest of the pit, immediately next to the pit wall, 3 complete young and middle-aged male skeletons were found stacked on top and bottom, and it was identified that the 3 skeletons had traces of being slashed, and it was speculated that this pit was a sacrificial pit dedicated to burying human animals.
Gray pottery is the mainstay, and the number of gray-brown, tan and red-brown pottery is not less than that of the previous period. The characteristics of pottery are the same as those of the previous period, but a very small amount of residue mixed with pottery slag and large sand grains found in the first paragraph of this period is special and is not found in the early stage. The ornamentation is mainly medium and thick rope, and there are a small number of extra thick rope patterns, the first and second sections of thick rope patterns are more, and the third and fourth sections of the rope pattern have increased. The number of textured ropes such as peanut skin has increased significantly. Chord patterns are still common, and there is a tendency for additional stacking patterns to decrease. Triangle scratches are more numerous and varied. Round patterns and I-shaped® pit patterns are still found, but the wedge-shaped dots have been sharply reduced and almost extinct. New appearance of gluttonous animal face patterns, cloud thunder patterns, etc. (Figure 1. ）。 The types of pottery are basically the same as in the early period, but some utensils such as bristles, beans and other forms are more varied, and there are also some utensils such as single-handed overlooked jars, mid-mouth folded shoulders, sand-filled coarse red clay pots, etc. that are not seen in the early period.
Mane This issue is dominated by large luxuriants along the deep-bellied mane and quotient-style crucifixated mane (1).
There are two types of extravagance along the deep abdominal mane (Fig. 15: 1, 4, 7, 10) and oblique abdomen (Fig. 15: 2, 5, 8, 11). This mane is transformed from the high-necked deep-bellied mane of the second stage of the fourth period. The internal cause of this transformation is mainly the need for the anterior high-necked deep abdominal mane to continue to expand the volume of its own abdominal cavity. To achieve this need, the neck diameter of the high-necked deep-abdominal mane needs to continue to be lengthened, and its blockage is that the high-neck is transformed into a round abdominal cavity, and the high-neck disappears and the extravagant is formed along the deep abdominal mane. It is worth noting that in this transformation process, the large straight abdominal mane with developed abdominal cavity in the second stage of the fourth stage (Fig. 12:5) may play an important role in the pattern. With the transformation of the volume part of the mane from the developed pocket foot to the developed abdominal cavity, the production method of the mane has also undergone major changes accordingly, that is, from the "three-legged docking method" to the "barrel to bristle method", this period is the period when the above two systems coexist at the same time and the "barrel reform bristle method" is increasing.
The evolution of the deep-ventral manta in this period is mainly the development of the arc-ventral mane from the arc abdomen to the rounded abdomen, while the neck diameter gradually decreases from large to small (Fig. 15: 1, 4, 7, 10); the oblique slope of the abdominal wall of the oblique abdominal mane continues to increase, and the neck diameter is also from large to small (Fig. 5: ? 、5/7!）。 In addition, the curved demarcation between the bag foot and the solid heel gradually disappeared, and there were still a few asymmetrical rope patterns on both sides of the first and second sections of the mane crotch groove, and the third and fourth stages began to be symmetrical oblique rope patterns. In particular, it should be pointed out that the first and second stages of the luxury along the deep abdominal bristle and the oblique abdomen are mostly full of rope striated mouths (Plate 1: 6; Fig. 15: 1, 2, 4), but there are also some of the mane's mouth rope stripes are erased, and the number of "intermediate" bristles produced by this hybrid is from small to large, and the number of "intermediate" bristles produced by this hybrid is from small to large, and it continues to develop into a third, The main body of a four-segment large mane (Figure 15: 7, 8, 10, 11).
The main feature of the Quotient-style frilled mane is that the mouth is made of a flange. There are more oblique abdomen and less rounded abdomen. Both sides of the crotch groove are symmetrical rope patterns, and some of the upper parts of the abdomen are decorated with a string pattern. The oblique flat margin mane of the fourth stage of the second stage (Fig. 1~: 6) may be an earlier form of this mane. The first specimen H92:33 (Fig. 15:3) is a remnant, with a flat edge square lip, the edge surface is turned flat upwards, and the same transverse plane as the mouth, and the side is regarded as a square lip. Extravagant edge, there is a sharp folding edge between the edge surface and the inner wall along the edge, and the edge surface is decorated with a two-week string pattern, gray, decorated with a thick rope pattern in the shape of peanut skin. The second specimen H4I0:5 (Fig. 15:6) has a marginal face that is turned outwards, folded down into a vertical and wide square lip, with sharp edges and angles at the lip folds, and a short heel. Dark grey with thick rope stripes on peanut skin, upper abdomen. Ornamental strings for a week. The third specimen «140:21 (Fig. 15:9, 19) The oral features are roughly the same as those of the previous specimen, only the lip fold is rounded and blunt into a square lip, the lip surface is narrow, folded, and the solid heel is short. Dark grey, decorated with a deep and tight string pattern, the mouth is decorated with a string along the inner wall and the upper part of the abdomen. The main difference between the fourth paragraph specimen H17:12 (Fig. 15:12) and the first three specimens is that its overall straight shape has developed from rectangular to nearly square, folded edge, square lip, rounded abdomen, and short heel. Grey with a jomon in the middle.
In the fourth paragraph of this issue, there is also a small mane with a flat square shape (Fig. 16:15).
The upper part of the restorer is mostly a loose mouth pot. In this period, there are more thick waist types, more wide folded edges than narrow luxury edges, all round shoulders, oblique abdomen, and increasing rope patterns throughout the body. Paragraph 2 Specimen H134:5 (Figure 16; 4) Black gray, all-over ornamented with jomon pattern.
Compared with the previous period, the heap pattern is reduced, the single mane style is more, and the second specimen H498:l (Fig. 16:14) has a folded mouth, the square lip is oblique, the handle is broken, gray, and decorated with light and thick rope patterns.
The bottom of the urn is a round hole, and the hole is small and dense.
Ding Has only a small number of deep-abdominal pelvic amphora-shaped amphoras, which are three-sided and four-sided pheasant-shaped.
The pot type is the same as in the previous period. The second specimen H 184:22 (Fig. 16:11) is a round shoulder basin with a wide ephemeral, a wide and oblique edge, a prominent round shoulder, and a bottom residue. Dark grey, decorated with jomon patterns, rims, along the inner wall of the abdomen, and neck and shoulders.
There are two kinds of deep-abdominal pelvic-shaped tapestry and shallow ventral disc-shaped gui. The former is also divided into flat folds along the straight abdomen and wide luxury along the drum abdomen. The first specimen H413:4 (Fig. 16:12) is a disc shaper, mouth residue, wide rim, curved abdomen. Flat bottom, circled feet, dark gray, visible unpolished stump of the vessel.
Small-mouth Jomon tanks, like the previous period, are the main type of canister utensils, and there are many of them. The third specimen H 930:10 (Fig. 16:1) is a remnant, slip shoulder, tan. It is decorated with a thick rope pattern and 5 sets of strings on the shoulders.
The number of mid-mouth folding shoulder jars is very small. The second specimen, H8H51 (Fig. 16:10), is a remnant, with a wide edge and a round lip. Thick tires, light gray, with unpolished residual rope patterns on the surface.
Single-handle mouth jar This kind of can has a distinctive feature, small mouth, obliquely standing next to the mouth - columnar handle, and the top of the handle has a mushroom head shape, round cake shape and long strip shape. The second specimen H134145 (Fig. 16:9) has a T-shaped handle next to the mouth, with a slip of the shoulder, a mutilated lower part, gray, and a jomon in the middle. Although this kind of tank does not have a complete instrument for recovery, it can be seen from the fragments of the same individual that its overall form is a deep oblique abdomen and a flat bottom.
Beans Different from the previous period, this issue mainly popularizes coarse-stemmed disc-shaped beans, and there are two types of real abdomen and false abdomen. The first specimen H365:6 (Fig. 16:2) is a false belly bean, the bean handle is mutilated, the bean plate is wide and flat along the lower fold, and the pointed round lip. The part of the prosthetic abdomen under the plate is deeper, and the perimeter wall is engraved with three groups of food patterns, all round eyes, and the tail is rolled up. Black-grey, polished along the surface. The second specimen H208:7 (Fig. 16:8) is also a false belly bean, a remnant, a flat folded edge of the bean plate, a pointed round lip, and a lighter, dark gray, plain surface under the false abdomen. The second specimen, Fll:2 (Fig. 16:3, 18), is a true belly bean, the bean plate is flattened, shallow abdomen, the bottom of the circle is nearly flat, the bean handle is cylindrical, and there are two large cross-shaped cutouts on it, gray, plain surface.
The three-legged urn, like the previous period, is the main large blood reservoir. There are many slender, long, pointed tapered solid feet, and there are also a small number of upturned boot-shaped solid feet and flat feet. The second specimen H!60:2 (Fig. 16:13, IIO) has an oval abdomen, elongated pointed tapered solid feet, tan, polished on the mouth and upper part of the abdomen, and decorated with a set of string patterns and thick rope patterns underneath.
A small number of fragments were found in the sand-filled terracotta jars, all of which were thick tires, decorated with jomons, checkered patterns and thunder-patterned rafts. -The lower part of the fragment is a thick cake-like circle foot.
Small pot bowls of type are the same as earlier. First, two specimens H410M0 (Fig. 16 is a round shoulder oblique abdomen, the bottom is damaged, gray, decorated with a thin rope pattern.
The type characteristics of the mouth bowl are the same as in the previous period. The third specimen H930:12 (Fig. 16:6) is a small-mouth dark fit, gray, decorated with a rope pattern.
VII. Remains of the Sixth Period
Very few remains remain in this period, with only a few ash pits found in the southeastern part of the site. Among them, H348 is an oval pot bottom-shaped ash layer, with a caliber of 2.35-1.6 and a fin of 0.6 meters, and the pit is piled with citrus pine cooking Chenhuang ±o pit bottom is placed horizontally in the east-west direction of 1 mane 1 urn% mane and the urn bottom, and the urn mouth faces east. Mane H318:2 (Fig. 16:5) Round lip, wide folded edge, along the edge of the liquid decorated • chord pattern. The abdominal wall is rounded and retracted, :.The foot is extremely small as a papillae, the interstitial crotch surface is slightly concave, the crotch is nearly flat and obscene, the bottom is dark brown, it is a peanut-like middle rope, the urn H34 No. 1 (Fig. 16:16) slow collar, small mouth. LI"&, along with the micro drum, square lip. Round shoulders, deep curved abdomen. At the same time, the bottom "dark gray, decorated with rope patterns, shoulders • Zhou Wave People when adding a pile of patterns, the lower concave pressure horizontal rope pattern, the bulge pressed longitudinal rope pattern, the abdomen has three weeks of broken string patterns.
VIII. Conclusion
Among the above six remains, the second, third and fourth sites of the first three periods of remains have also been found. second. Excavation briefings at sites III and IV are analysed together (5) and will not be repeated here. Here, we focus on the initial understanding of the remains of the last three periods.
The remains of the fourth and fifth phases of Baiyan are dated to the Xia and Shang dynasties. The fourth period of a section of luxury along the mane (H948:l) and the third phase of the Erlitou culture such as Yanshi Erlitou DI T22 (3): 1, Luoyang Jili Dongyang Village T1H1:1 two manes (6) similar in shape, about the same age. Stage IV 2-stage luxury mane (H157:3) and Ophthalmic Second Mile Mane VH53:13. Similarly, the straight-bellied mane (T127(30):1) is very close to the Shanxi Xiangfen Dachai straight-barreled mane, and according to the age of Erlitou and Dachaiman, this paragraph is about equivalent to the fourth period of the Erlitou culture, and it is not at the end of the Xia Shang. The first, second and third stages of the fifth period (H92:33, H410:5, H140:21) are similar to the shapes of the fourth group, the third paragraph and the fourth stage of the second paragraph of the early Shang culture, which should be equivalent to the early stage of the upper erligang culture, the upper stage of the erligang culture and the first period of the Yinxu culture, respectively. The fourth period of the fifth period is approximately equivalent to the second period of the Yin Ruins culture, depending on the shape characteristics of the manta rays (H17:12) and the flat-shaped extravagant manta (H36:42). Therefore, the remains of the fifth period of Baiyan are roughly dated to the early Shang Dynasty. The lower limit of the period to the early period is about the Wuding period or slightly later (9). In addition, the fourteen measurement data of the fourth phase of the second stage H93K and the first section of the fifth period of the fourth stage of the H36 were corrected by the tree wheel to 3670±125, 3525±145, 3235 + 145 (10), which were very close to the machine fourteen measurement data (11) of the fourth phase of the Erlitou culture, the Second Stage Shang culture, and the Yin Xu Phase II Shang culture, respectively, which provided evidence for the above pottery generation.
The remains of the fourth and fifth phases of Baiyan are both different and closely related, and they are two major stages of development of the same archaeological culture. The two phases of pottery cookware are mainly bristles, as well as urns, axes, etc.; the main receptacles are pots, small-mouth jomon pots, three-legged urns, bowls, etc., all of which have a continuous evolution of the American system. However, the specific morphology and combination of the two stages of mane are different, and the difference between U is larger. The fourth stage is dominated by high-necked bristles and dwarf-collared bristles, while the fifth stage is dominated by luxury-edged deep-bellied bristles and quotient-style frilled bristles. However, as mentioned earlier, the luxury of the five-stage abdominal cavity is transformed from the high-necked mane with developed pocket foot in the fourth stage, and the sequence of transformation and inheritance of the two is clear. The existence of a large number of Shang-style flipped bristles is a significant feature of the five-phase remains, and whether it has a direct inheritance relationship with the fourth-stage luxury or dwarf-necked small mane is not clear, but it is believed that the five-phase flipped bristle - partly from the Shang culture native to northern Henan and southern Hebei, while the other part is "commercialized" luxuriant or dwarf-collared bristle, when there is no great doubt. The fourth phase is dominated by fine bowl-shaped beans, and the fifth stage is dominated by coarse-stemmed true and false abdominal disc-shaped beans, and there is no evolutionary relationship between the two, but a substitution relationship between similar artifacts of different lineages. The latter is a Shang-style bean, which entered the Jinzhong region along with other Shang cultural factors such as the mane.
The relationship between the remains of baiyan and shang culture in general has three situations: First, it absorbs certain factors of Shang culture. For example, the Shang-style coarse-handled plate-shaped beans were absorbed by the fifth period of remains after replacing the fine-handled bowl-shaped beans and became an important cultural component. Second, it is highly integrated with some factors of Shang culture. For example, the "intermediate" bristle in the fifth stage is the product of its own inherent Jomon-mouthed luxuriant fusion along the deep-abdomen bristle with the Shang-style frilled bristle. The third is certain factors that exclude shang culture. Such as the Great Mouth Zun of the Shang culture, although this artifact has reached many areas such as southwestErn Jin (12) and northwestern Jimiao with the development of Shang culture outside the mainland, it has not been found in the remains of the fifth period of Baiyan. If it is considered that the Large Mouth Zun is a large receptacle, then the corresponding artifact of the Fifth Phase of the White Swallow should be the Three-legged Urn of the Mouth of the Mouth. Obviously, in Baiyan and even in most of Jinzhong, the three-legged urn of Qikou was repulsive to Dakou Zun. At the same time, the three-legged urn of Qikou is rarely found in the southern region of northern Henan and southern Hebei, indicating that there Dakouzun also rejected the three-legged urn of Jinzhong.
Through the above analysis, it can be seen that the remains of the fifth period of Baiyan, which originated from the remains of the fourth period, not only have an unusually close relationship with the Shang culture, but also maintain a strong self-characteristics, which is obviously a unique archaeological cultural relic.
The early stage of this culture, namely the remains of the Baiyan IV period, contains not many factors of the Erlitou Xia culture, and only a small number of flat triangle feet, four-legged square cups and barrel liujue have been found. The relationship between the remains of the later fifth period and the Shang culture is very close. The relationship between this culture and the Erlitouxia culture and the closeness to the Shang culture are very obvious.
According to our survey, this cultural relic is centered on the middle reaches of the Fenhe River in the Taiyuan Basin and is widely distributed in the Jinzhong region. Although it has some similar cultural factors with neighboring areas such as the Xia Shang Relics (14) represented by Xia County's Dongxia Feng in southwestern Jin, the Xianshang Yishang culture ® in northern Henan and southern Hebei, the Xia shang relics in Weixian in northwestern Hebei, and the "Zhukaigou culture" (17) in central and southern Inner Mongolia, although there are some similar cultural factors, there are still great differences from the main composition and composition structure of pottery. Even in the Jinzhong region, this cultural relic differs to vary in degree from that of Youyi in the upper reaches ® of the Zhangtuo River, Gaohong (H1) (19) in Liulin along the Yellow River in the Lüliang Mountains, Taiyuan Guangshe (20), and Xu Tan (21). For example, the late remains of Youzhu are the predecessors of baiyan phase IV, but contain the component of "Zhukaigou culture"; the age of Gao Hong (H1) is comparable to or slightly later than that of Baiyan V, but the cultural nature of the two is fundamentally different; some of the remains of Guangshe and Xu Tan are equivalent to the baiyan ivy and five periods, but the cultural outlook is not the same. The above situation shows the relative complexity of cultural relations during the Xia and Shang dynasties in the Central Jin Dynasty.
The remains of the sixth period of Baiyan are very different from the fourth and fifth periods of existence, and the cultural nature is completely different. Its small-mouth circular bottom urn is similar to the shape of the similar instrument (22) excavated from the site of zhangjiapo in the late Western Zhou Dynasty in Jinxi, and the age should be similar to it. At present, this remains are only found in a very small number of Baiyan sites, and its understanding will be another research topic for Jinzhong archaeology.
This article was reviewed by Huang Jingluo, Zhang Zhongpei and Wang Kelin, the leaders of our team.
Written by: Xu Wei, Yang Jianhua
Photography: Li Yan
Photo: Li Xiating