introduction:
In the spring of the forty-eighth year of Qianlong, due to the debt of his livelihood, Huang Zhong left Beijing with an illness, and when he went to the home of Shen Yefu, who was transported by salt transportation in Hedong, his illness worsened. Knowing that time was running out, Huang Zhong took out a pen and paper and wanted to leave something behind. In addition to his family, what he could not rest assured of was his own poetry manuscript.
Huang Zhong, on the other hand, had always been in a difficult situation and had been friends with Hong Liangji for eighteen years, so he entrusted his family and poetry manuscripts to Hong Liangji. Shortly after leaving the suicide note, Huang Zhong closed his eyes, this year, he was thirty-five years old. He knew that Hong Liangji would publish his poems, but he would not know that more than a hundred years later, a literati had become his confidant through these poems.
The man's name was Yudaf.
Even in the Republic of China period, when famous artists emerged, Yu Dafu's novels, essays and other works still occupied an important position. However, in the genre of his articles, the most praised by contemporaries and scholars is his old style poetry. In a short career spanning decades, Yu Dafu has passed down nearly 600 old poems, many of which are exquisite, which can be described as quantity and quality coexist. Guo Moruo believes that Yu Dafu's old style poems are much better than his novels. The famous artist Liu Haili also commented:
When it comes to his literary achievements, I think poetry comes first, prose second, fiction third, and review articles fourth.
No matter what people said about the old poets of the time, Yu Dafu was always on the first ladder. Although the Republic of China period was affected by Western culture, most literati systematically received traditional Chinese culture study and education, and the foundation still exists. With such a cultural background, Yu Dafu can receive this prestigious reputation, which shows the high achievement of his old style poetry.
Looking at Yu Dafu's old style poems, it is easy to find that the techniques, imagery groups, and artistic styles of his works are extremely similar to Huang Zhongze.com. Tang Tao saw this very clearly, and he once said:
"Mr. Dafu was a fan of Huang Zhongze, and his poems were most influenced by Huang Zhongze and Gong Ding'an."
Since he read Huang Zhongze's "Two Dang Xuan Collection" in his youth, he has been immersed in it, repeatedly reciting and speculating, and I am afraid that no one can compare with Yu Dafu in huang Zhongze's understanding and preference.
He once sighed: "If you want to seek some poems with a poetic temperament in the two generations of Qianjia, some poems with painful language and bitter words, naturally it is none other than Huang Zhong." This can be said to be a phrase that speaks to the spiritual and emotional core of the "Two Dang Xuan Collection".
In the novel "Quarry Rock", Yu Dafu takes Huang Zhongze as the protagonist, and also uses Huang Zhongze as his own comparison. In novels such as "Sinking" and "Before Separation", Huang Zhongze's name, poetry collections, and verses also appear repeatedly. It seems that Huang Zhongze, who died a hundred years ago, has always accompanied Yu Dafu like a close friend.
Huang Zhong has a poem "Ten years in the dust, singing is not appreciated", before he died, he lamented that there was no Zhiyin, but Yu Dafu was enough to call the cross-generation zhiyin of Huang Zhongze, and it is no wonder that Yi Junzuo and others in the same period as Yu Dafu regarded it as "modern Huang Zhongze".
I think that Yu Dafu has such a suitable resonance with this previous generation of poets, not only from the love and study of Huang Zhongze's poetry, but also because he sees his own shadow in Huang Zhongze's poetry.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > poor man's career is always pitiful</h1>
1. Lost his father at an early age, and his childhood was lonely
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong, Huang Zhong was born in a family of declining scholars, and when he was four years old, his father Huang Zhihuan died of illness, so he lived a cold life with his brother Huang Gengling and his mother, and then returned to Changzhou with his grandfather to study, and at the age of fifteen, his brother died again, and then Huang Zhong became more lonely.
Yu Dafu was also born into a declining family of poetry and books, and while his father was still alive, he was able to teach and practice medicine and subsidize the family. Since the death of his father due to gastrointestinal diseases at the age of three, Uddhav's life with his mother has been very difficult, often worrying about food and school fees, and later recalled that Uddhav bluntly said that it was "the horror of hunger".
This childhood experience made Yudaf vulnerable and sensitive. The extremely similar childhood life makes Yu Dafu more able to enter his inner world through Huang Zhongze's writings. In "About Huang Zhongze", Yu Dafu said:
What moved me the most, in addition to many crying verses, was his attitude of falling into disarray.
When reading Huang Zhongze's poems, others will feel sympathy and pity, while Yu Dafu will remember his own lonely years.
2. When a teenager becomes famous, he does not meet a talent
Loneliness does not hide their talents.
At the age of nine, Huang Zhongxin chanted "One night rain at the head of the river, and the five upstairs are even colder" and shocked four people; at the age of sixteen, he took the boy's test and won the first among three thousand people; in the twenty-third year, Huang Zhong and dozens of literati feasted and drank poems in the Taibai Building, he was dressed in white, stood under the shadow of the sun, and wrote hundreds of words of the Seven Ancients in an instant.
Yu Dafu also has a remarkable poetic talent, and his "Self-Described Poems" has the sentence "Nine-year-old inscription poems are shocking four seats", which is due to his love of poetry and a large number of recitations during his private school. After entering a new-style school and studying in Japan, he did not give up the study of the Zishi Classics, diligence and talent, so that his poetry talent was further increased. The famous Japanese Chinese poet Hattori Hattori attached great importance to Yu Dafu and regarded him as a yearless friend, which caused quite a stir in the Japanese poetry circle at that time.
Yu Dafu's novels and essays are also well-known. The first collection of vernacular short stories in the history of modern Chinese literature was his "Sinking", which caused a sensation in the domestic literary world as soon as it came out.
But their social status does not match their talents.
Huang Zhong repeatedly fell behind, and then served as a bookmark official of Wu Yingdian, but he did some transcribed work, with complicated tasks and low status, and later he simply resigned but did not do it.
Yu Dafu was born at a time when the mountains and rivers were fluctuating, so he always had the ambition and ambition to make a career for the country and the people. In 1919, when he heard that the examination for recruiting diplomats and senior civil servants was held in China, he hurried from Japan to his hometown of Fuyang and actively prepared for the exam, but Yu Dafu, who was full of ambition, failed the exam. For this reason, he once wrote down the sentence "Handsome Spirit Strange Prime Minister, Bian and Bao Pu Ancient and Modern Lamentation" in order to express the bitterness that he did not encounter.
He was also very impatient with his later teaching life, because this was not his interest. Yu Dafu once said that literary works are all autobiographies of writers, which is reflected in his novels, and Huang Zhong, who wrote about him in "Quarry Rock", is actually talking about himself, and Guo Moruo also said that this novel is "the master's own way".
3. Disease-ridden
In the works of Huang Zhongze and Yu Dafu, there are often sentences and images related to "disease", which is not a deliberate display of sad and melancholy mood for art, but they are indeed plagued by disease all their lives.
Huang Zhong was frail and sickly since childhood, and his mentor Shao Qitao was often worried about his health, once saying in a letter, "Hurt his poor and sick servants... He is frail and sickly". The biggest impact on Huang Zhongze's health was lung disease, when he was in his twenties, he was "breathless, if he could not lift his body", and finally he also died of lung disease.
Uddhav was also frail and sickly from an early age, and in his diary and conversations with friends, he mentioned his illness many times:
Before I was 12 months old, I suffered from gastrointestinal diseases due to poor nutrition.
This gastrointestinal disease lasted for more than a year, leaving a serious root of the disease on his body. After running away from home to study, he suffered from chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and neurasthenia, which I think is also an important reason for the depressed decadence of Yu Dafu's style. Xu Zhimo satirized his article as "deliberately creating some bloody and erosion wounds on his own body to attract the sympathy of passers-by", but he did not experience the torment of being plagued by chronic diseases, so this statement is biased.
On the contrary, Yu Dafu was able to develop a sympathetic feeling towards Huang Zhong. "It is difficult to determine the original gain and loss of Sai Weng, and the poor man's career is always pitiful", Yu Dafu's sigh can be described as the most appropriate portrayal of the two people's lives.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > was once drunk and whipped a famous horse, afraid of being tired of beauty - wine and "color"</h1>
Both of them are maverick celebrities of their respective times, and celebrities are naturally inseparable from wine and color, and the "color" mentioned here refers to the red face of the beautiful person.
Opening the "Two Dang Xuan Collection", you can often see Huang Zhongze's drunken state, such as: "When drunk, I want to crush the coral tree" and "The bitter wine pours out a hundred liters".
Huang Zhong once had two deeply remembered romances, one was his first love with his cousin, and the other was a singer who met in Yangzhou Fengyue Place. To this end, he has left many lingering love poems, such as the "Qi Huai" group poems and the "Feeling old" group poems; when he lived in Beijing, Huang Zhong was "quite narrow and oblique", that is, often prostitutes, but his feelings were sincere.
Many writers who befriended him have mentioned That Yu Dafu's love of wine, and Zheng Boqi once recalled: "He often drank slightly drunk." His poems also see the sentences "and exhaust the cup of wine" and "and the brocade is drunk as mud". Even on the means of transportation on the journey, he would take out the wine and drink it.
As for Yu Dafu's love life, it is even richer. There are countless beautiful people who have had love-hate entanglements with him, such as the original wife Sun Quan, the confidant Wang Yingxia, the girlfriend who studied in Japan, and his wife He Liyou in Indonesia, which are famous. And the wind and dust women he met in and out of the fireworks Willow Lane and the Qin Lou Tavern, although he could not know the names, there were many.
Yu Dafu indulges in wine, partly because of his multi-emotional and affectionate spirit, which can also be seen from the poems of sincere remembrance of his lover such as "March fireworks are a thousand dreams, ten years of old things are turned back", and this kind of personality is generally the same as That of Huang Zhong.
In addition, Yu Dafu was in a time of turmoil, and he had always had a great ambition to sacrifice himself for righteousness in his heart, but reality disappointed him, so he paralyzed himself in this way.
Yu Dafu's "Diaoyutai Inscription Wall" once had a very famous poem "Once whipped a famous horse because of drunkenness, afraid of being tired of beauty", although this is a portrayal of his wine-colored life, but the whole poem can glimpse the reasons behind his indulgence in wine, try to see the whole poem:
Instead of cherishing oneself in front of the bottle, it is inevitable that the madness will come true.
He once whipped a famous horse because of drunkenness, and was afraid of being tired of beauty.
The disasters of the southeast days are evil, and the chickens are singing, the wind and rain and the sea are dusty.
The lamentations and bitter cries will not be made up, and the righteous people have said Emperor Qin.
Shoulian said that he would not give up drinking because he was worried about his health, and the so-called pretense was actually a cover for venting his grief and anger, which seemed to be false, but in fact it was true. The jaw connection refers to both the wandering of the wine-colored career and the fear of affecting friends.
The last two leagues were bashing the current situation, when five people of insight were killed, so he shouted the sins of heaven, and "Chicken Wind and Rain" used the allusions of the Book of Poetry to allude to social turmoil and darkness. In the last couplet, lamenting the uselessness of weeping, and using Lu Zhonglian yi not emperor Qin to satirize those villains who sold themselves for glory, the emotions of grief and sorrow in them were admirable.
Huang Zhong's "Kangqian Prosperous Era", Daxing Character Prison, and with the study of evidence, diluted the consciousness of the scholars and the people's cry for the suffering of the people, the court was mostly whitewashed Taiping works, so Huang Zhong combined his own situation to expose the poetry of the life of the people at the bottom, which was excluded and ignored, which also caused him to send bitterness to the wine.
Yu Dafu is also such a sensitive and delicate person, feeling empathy, naturally knowing this kind of sadness and indignation, the feeling of needing to be vented, and because of this, Huang Zhong is criticized by "drunken and lustful, although his talent is beautiful, his people are not heavy enough", he can realize that this is the temperament of a poet.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > a vain effort to be a poet - Yu Dafu's study of Huang Zhongze's poetry</h1>
Yu Dafu's poetics Huang Zhongze, this is obvious to all, at that time it was a consensus, as mentioned above, the following will be a specific analysis of how Yu Dafu learned Huang Zhongze's poetry:
1. The study of Huang Zhongze's refining words
The old style poetry is short and concise, paying attention to expressing more emotions in a limited space, and needs to "have all the words and the meaning is infinite", so the creation of near-body poetry is extremely particular about refining words, and Lu Yanrang said that "chanting a word, breaking the number and stem" is the refining word of the poem. Some poets can refine their own style of "characters", and Huang Zhong especially loves to refine the "standing" characters.
Although "Li" has appeared in the poetry of predecessors, it is particularly prominent in Huang Zhongze's poems, and he has often used this word as a bearing point for emotions. Such as "for whom the wind is exposed to stand in the middle of the night", "quietly standing in the city bridge people do not know", "remembering the crystal curtain under the standing", "Standing under the Shuixi Bridge for a long time". A "standing" word, the Tao exhausted loneliness and delusion.
For this point, Yu Dafu understands it very thoroughly, and flexibly refines the word "standing" in his own poems, such as "Night Return to the House Value Of The Slight Rain Mouth Occupation" "Drizzle Bridge People Independent, Three More Lights Through the Forest Micro" Sentence, reading can feel a kind of loneliness from all sides, as if seeing Yu Dafu standing on the small bridge, silent in the oblique wind and drizzle. After that, he also had the sentence "Mingyue Xiaoqiao people are independent", which also created a lonely mood.
Yu Dafu's "standing" is different from Yan Jidao's sentence "The fallen flower people are independent". Yan Jidao embodies the mood of melancholy and helplessness, while Yu Dafu and Huang Zhong, like Huang Zhong, express loneliness and infatuation, in the poems of the two of them, they often use "night" to reflect this mood, such as Huang Zhongze's "Mid-night" and Yu Dafu's "Three Changes". And Yan Shu's sentence is taken from the predecessors, which is accidental, not a deliberate refinement.
2. The study of the use of Huang Zhongze's verses and the techniques of their use
The reason why Yu Dafu is considered to be the poetic Huang Zhongze is also that he has many uses for Huang Zhongze's verses. For example, "This life is difficult is lovesickness" in "Except for the Night", huang Zhongze's "Autumn Eve" in "This life has no division of love" to express an amorous but disappointed helplessness.
Another example is the "Sheng Shen Mo Ask Jun Ping Bu" in "Xiaofa Tokyo" from Huang Zhongze's "Wine Mixed Feelings · Part IV" "Sheng Shen Does Not Use Jun Ping Bu". The Book of Han once contained Junping Shanbu, and what Yu Dafu wanted to express was a disappointment in reality and discouragement of the future.
The technique of "chemical use" is Huang Zhongze's best play, and his love poems such as "Qi Huai" and "Feeling Old" are precisely because of the clever use of Li Shangyin's "Untitled", which has attacked its sentimental beauty. Yu Dafu also learned this creative technique, and used Huang Zhongze's poems in many places, as well as the poems of his predecessors, such as his "On poetry and absolute sentences to send Langhua Qi" "Mingyue Yangzhou Twenty-Four Bridges", which was used du Mu's "Twenty-Four Bridges Bright Moon Moon". And its chemical use can be self-explanatory, so it is praised.
3. Learning the use of Huang Zhongze's "crane" and "autumn worm" imagery
Huang Zhongze's friend Hong Liangji once said in the "Poetry of Beijiang" that his poems were "like swallowing dew autumn insects, dancing wind sick cranes", because Huang Zhong often used images such as cranes and autumn insects to carry the pain in his heart. His famous "Miscellaneous Feelings" in "Mo Yin's poems are sad, spring birds and autumn insects make their own sounds", "Farewell to Shen Zimeng" "Crane sends three more tears, toad hanging thousands of miles of light" all contain this emotional sustenance.
A very similar and difficult life made Yu Dafu deeply feel the emotions contained in these images in his poems, so he also used them frequently in his own poems. For example, his famous sentence "Pity the sick bone pity the autumn crane, like a green silk learning late silkworm", compares himself to the sick crane in the autumn wind, crumbling, but struggling to fly in the wind and rain, showing his ambivalence and situation of "life is not easy to die and not willing" is extremely thorough.
Another example is "The insect language is miserable and the anvil pestle is urgent, and the most difficult to place is nostalgia" in "Autumn Su Shinagawa Station", Yu Dafu uses the sound of autumn insects to set off the sorrow of his wandering and detention, as well as his thoughts about his hometown. Among them, emotion is the same as Huang Zhongze's poem.
Behind a good poem, there must be sincere emotions to support, poetry from the heart, from life. It is precisely because of the convergence of spiritual feelings and the similarity of life experiences that when the pen is written, Yu Dafu will be invisibly influenced by Huang Zhongze's poetry.
epilogue:
Guo Moruo said of Yu Dafu: "He seems to like Huang Zhongze very much, he not only likes his poetry, but also sympathizes with his life, he seems to be interested in learning from him."
This evaluation only saw the surface, did not see the depths of Uddhav's heart, he did not "intentionally" learn from him, but "unintentionally" lived him, because they were the same kind of people.
If you simply like Huang Zhongze's poems and sympathize with his life experience, you certainly can't call him Zhiyin. Yu Dafu's understanding of Huang Zhongze is not only from the literary and artistic level of his poems, but also through the life experience and mental journey shown in the poems.
Through the lonely childhood described between the lines, the lack of talent, the combination of poverty and illness, and the crying, laughter and joy of borrowing wine... Yu Dafu seems to see a self living in the Qing Dynasty, and he seems to have lived into the modern Huang Zhongze. These are reflected in his behavior and old style poetry. The fate is the same, the poetry corresponds, so people call it "modern Huang Zhongze" and is Huang Zhongze's well-deserved cross-generation acquaintance.