Author: Shi Qian
The river is vast and the sky is full of haze.
The three towns of Wuhan are known as "stoves". After Wang Jingwei "split up" in mid-July 1927, the shadow of the sword and light sword was accompanied by bloody storms, and the heat wave made people breathless in the suffocation of the scorching heat.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" >, the famous emergency meeting of the CPC Central Committee in the history of our party - the 87th Conference</h1>
On August 7th, in the "Jardine New House" apartment at No. 91 Sanjiao Street in Hankou, a generation of elites of the Chinese revolution gathered! Qu Qiubai, Zhang Tailei, Li Weihan, Deng Zhongxia, Ren Bishi, Su Zhaozheng, Luo Yinong, Chen Qiaonian, Cai Hesen, Chairman Mao, Peng Gongda, Wang Yifei, Deng Xiaoping, and 21 other Chinese Communists, as well as Luo Mingnaz, a representative of the Communist International, gathered here on an emergency basis to discuss and study the major policies for dealing with Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei after the rebellion and revolution. This is the famous emergency meeting of the CPC Central Committee in the history of the Communist Party of China, the Eighty-Seventh Conference.
Zhou Enlai, Li Lisan, Peng Pan, Yun Daiying, Tan Pingshan, He Chang, Zhang Guotao, and other members of the Central Committee had already gone to Nanchang to organize the August 1 uprising, but had not been able to attend the meeting.
Chairman Mao attended the meeting, at which he put forward the famous thesis that "power comes out of the barrel of a gun," and he was the first member of the Huyang Committee to go to the mountains and go to the countryside after the Eighty-Seventh Session of the Party.
The 1987 meeting was presided over by Li Weihan. After Rominaz gave a lengthy report expounding the problems to be resolved at this emergency meeting, Chairman Mao spoke first. After the "Ma Ri Incident" was cultivated by blood and fire, he appeared to be more and more resolute and lean. The sun was scorching outside, and the venue was red and tidal. In the solemn and sweltering atmosphere, Chairman Mao made a generous statement, alluding to the fact that Chen Duxiu and Zhang Guotao regarded the Kuomintang as a family in the past and did not understand the mistake of allowing Communists and the masses of workers and peasants to join the Kuomintang and thus win the leadership of the Kuomintang, but he did not name Chen Duxiu and others.
That was in March after Chairman Mao made more than thirty days of inspections in Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, Hengshan, Liling, Changsha, and other places. He wrote the "Report on the Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan" and published it in the weekly magazine "Warrior" of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee. The first half of the "Inspection Report" was found in the "Guide", a publication of the CENTRAL Central Organ, that is, the seizure of Chen Duxiu and Peng Shuzhi was not completed. Qu Qiubai, who was in charge of propaganda work at the Central Committee at that time, attached great importance to Chairman Mao's "Inspection Report," that is, it was published in the Yangtze River Bookstore sponsored by our Party under the title of "Hunan Peasant Revolution," and wrote a preface to it, enthusiastically recommending: "What the Chinese peasants want is political power and land," and "Every Chinese revolutionary should read Chairman Mao's book, just like Peng Pan's Haifeng peasant movement." ”
Immediately afterward, Chairman Mao made a very incisive remark on the most pressing military issue of the moment. He said:
"Third, to the military aspect. In the past, we scolded Zhongshan for doing military sports, but we did the opposite, not doing military sports and doing people's movements. Jiang and Tang both started with guns, and we left alone. Now I have noticed. But there is still no firm concept. For example, the autumn harvest riots are not militarily indispensable, and this meeting should pay attention to this issue, and the standing committee of the new Politburo should be even stronger to pay attention to this issue. The failure of Hunan this time can be said to be entirely due to the subjective mistakes of the students. In the future, we must pay great attention to the military, and it is necessary to know that the power is obtained from the barrel of a gun. ”
After Chairman Mao finished speaking, the members of the Central Committee attending the meeting frequently nodded their heads and said yes. Qu Qiubai was even more trusting and praised. As a central figure in the party's leadership group, he knew Chairman Mao very well. He knew that among the members of the Central Committee of the Party, Chairman Mao was extraordinary. Hearing that Chairman Mao had summoned a meeting in Wuhan in June of the comrades who had come out of Hunan during the "Ma-Ri Incident," he encouraged everyone to return to their original posts and "defend the revolution by the upper mountain of the mountain and the lower lake of the lake."
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="10" > Second, Chairman Mao advocated "going up the mountain" and believing that "going up the mountain can create the basis of military power." ”</h1>
On July 4, when the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting to discuss how the Hunan peasant self-defense forces should deal with the enemy's search and massacre, Chen Duxiu advocated that when the national revolutionary armies recruited troops, the members of the peasant associations and the self-defense armed forces could be recruited. Chairman Mao, on the other hand, pointed out in his speech: "If we do not preserve force, we will have no way to do anything when there is an incident in the future." Chairman Mao advocated "going up the mountain", believing that "going up the mountain can create the basis of military power." ”
On July 20, Chairman Mao presided over the discussion of the current general strategy of the peasant movement by the Peasant Department of the CPC Central Committee. Again, the Peasant Self-Defense Army can 'go up the hill' when it exists in a legitimate name and disperses secret training "when neither form is possible." Qu Qiubai was deeply aware that the concepts of "going up the mountain" and "getting the barrel of a gun" played a great weight in Chairman Mao's heart, and he glanced at Chairman Mao from under the deep myopia, and a thoughtful smile flashed on his face.
At the Eighth Seventh Session of the CPC, Deng Zhongxia, Cai Hesen, Luo Yinong, and Ren Bishi all spoke one after another, and then Qu Qiubai made a report on the new tasks of the party on behalf of the Members of the Central Committee. When the meeting finally elected the Provisional Politburo, Cai Hesen, Li Weihan, and others advocated that Chairman Mao join the Politburo. Chairman Mao repeatedly proposed that he was going to organize the autumn harvest uprising and could not join the Politburo. As a result of the final vote, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, Deng Zhongxia, Zhang Tailei, and Li Lisan were elected as alternate members of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee.
On August 9, the Provisional Politburo held its first meeting and elected Qu Qiubai to be in charge of presiding over the daily work of the Central Committee. At the meeting, when criticizing Xia Xi and others of the Hunan Provincial CPC Committee for organizing a division of troops from Hunan to follow the Nanchang rebel army south to Guangdong, Chairman Mao said: "The hunan people's organizations are even larger than Guangdong, and what is missing is armedness. Now that it is time for insurrection, it is all the more necessary to be armed. Not long ago, I drafted a plan adopted by the Standing Committee to form the armed forces of the First Division in Shonan, occupy five or six counties, form a political foundation, and develop the agrarian revolution in the whole province. Even if you fail, you should not go to Guangdong but go up the mountain. ”
After Qu Qiubai was appointed to preside over the work of the central authorities, he deeply felt that the burden on his shoulders was very heavy, and he wanted to find a right-hand man to share some work. He had a unique vision and recognized that Chairman Mao was an outstanding talent with great courage and insight, and he planned to talk to Chairman Mao after the meeting and solicit Chairman Mao's opinion.
Chairman Mao also wanted to resign to Qu Qiubai because he and Peng Gongda had been assigned by the new Politburo of the CPC Central Committee to reorganize the provincial party committee in Hunan and lead the autumn harvest uprising.
A few days later, Qu Qiubai met with Chairman Mao. After Qu Qiubai let him pour the tea, he gazed at Chairman Mao with deep affection. Sincerely:
"Runzhi, there is something I have been thinking about for several days, and I want to discuss it with you." At present, the situation is grim, the tasks are difficult, and although the major policies of the central authorities have been determined, there is a shortage of manpower. I think you will stay in the central government to work! The things in Hunan will be done by Gongda. ...... I wonder what you think? ”
At this time, Chairman Mao's face was embarrassed. On friendship, he and Qiu Bai have a very good friendship, which is difficult to refuse; on axiom, Qiu Bai is his superior and should obey the will of the leader. But Chairman Mao has always been a man of opinion and scheming. He was very grateful to Qiu Bai for the grace of Bole, but at this time, the blueprints of "autumn violence" and "going up the mountain" had already appeared in his mind, and he wanted to go to the mountains and go to the countryside to do a great job! He groaned for a moment, smiled lightly, and said frankly:
"Qiu Bai, I have received your kindness. At present, the actual struggle below needs people even more. Didn't the Central Committee make a decision to urge me to rush to Hunan to organize the Autumn Riots? ...... To tell you the truth, I don't want to live in high-rise buildings with you, I want to go up the mountain and make friends in the green forest! ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="17" > Third, Chairman Mao organized the Autumn Harvest Uprising</h1>
Qiu Bai was dumbfounded. He knew that Chairman Mao's idea of "going up the mountain" had a long history, and he understood Chairman Mao's heart, ambition, and arrogance.
Qu Qiubai did not complain that Chairman Mao was unsympathetic. He seemed to see the vast mountains, the rugged men; under the red flag and the big knife, Chairman Mao was embraced as the "king of the revolutionary mountains"...
"Well, everyone has their own ambitions, and they can't be forced. Runzhi, you better do it yourself. Please cherish the guard," Qiu Bai said, holding Chairman Mao's hands tightly, and Chairman Mao said emotionally: "There will be a period later!" ”
Chairman Mao bid farewell to Qu Qiubai and hurriedly headed straight for Changsha. When crossing the river, Su Dongpo's "Nian Nu Jiao" suddenly came to mind:
The great river goes east, and the waves exhaust the characters of the ancient winds.
Chairman Mao was now more than the year of "standing up." When he was young, he loved to "crash the shore with the waves" and "hit the water in the middle of the current", and now it is the time of "majestic and heroic hair" and "flourishing". He had no intention of enjoying the scenery on both sides of the Yangtze River, and he thought about how to organize the autumn riots in Hunan and show his grand plan.
In order to make some preparations for organizing the autumn riots, Chairman Mao decided to make a trip to the Qingshui village of Changsha County, first, to investigate the land issue and draw up a land program at an early date, and second, to visit his beloved wife, Yang Kaihui.
Shimizu Township Itakura is Kaihui's hometown. This is a beautiful mountain chong, bordering Pingjiang and Xiangyin counties, surrounded by dense green pines and green bamboo. Looking out from the slope of Bancang, you can see the towering Yingzhu Mountain and Piaofeng Mountain facing each other in the distance, an ancient corridor from Changsha to Yueyang, winding around the foot of the mountain.
Yang Kaihui was really happy when he saw Chairman Mao's dusty servants and servants from afar, but his mouth said: "Runzhi, you are back, and you will not carry a letter!" ”
"I'm busy stealing!" Hurry back and take a look, there are still investigation tasks! Chairman Mao replied.
Yes, in these turbulent days, although Yang Kaihui could not accompany Chairman Mao everywhere, her heart was closely related to Chairman Mao.d'. After the "Ma-Ri Incident", they still lived in the Hankou Concession, and in early August, Kaihui returned to Itakura with his two sons. When she learned of Chairman Mao's mission to Itakura, she quickly brought in Zhong Qingsheng and five other farmers to talk to a teacher.
Chairman Mao was very satisfied with the efficiency of his beloved wife. Immediately after talking with Zhong Qingsheng and others, he asked about the land issue one by one and recorded them in a notebook. The teacher had never seen Chairman Mao, knew that he was extraordinary, and was so humble, he asked curiously, "What are your plans for your future whereabouts?" ”
Chairman Mao replied humorously: "Prepare to travel throughout the four provinces and build up tens of thousands of elite soldiers." ”
According to the investigation of the Villagers of Itakura, Chairman Mao quickly formed a basic view of the land issue in the autumn riots.
On August 18, Chairman Mao rushed to the Shen family house in the northern suburbs of Changsha to attend a meeting of the reorganized Hunan New Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China (Peng Gongda was the secretary) to discuss the formulation of the autumn riot plan.
In the process of discussing the plan, the leaders of the new provincial party committee expressed their own views and some different ideas.
On the issue of peasants' land, Yi Lirong advocated confiscating only the land of large landlords and not small landlords; Xia Minghan advocated confiscating all land and practicing "land national ownership." Chairman Mao expressed his opinion: "There are few large landlords and many small landlords in China. In order to be able to grasp all the peasants, the land of the landlord must be confiscated and handed over to the peasants. As for the method of confiscation of land, it is up to the Revolutionary Committee to draw up a land policy program. It is carried out by the Agricultural Cooperatives or the Revolutionary Committee. For landlords of confiscated land, there must be a proper method of placement. It is also necessary to announce the abolition of all kinds of harsh taxes on the peasants. ......”
Chairman Mao's opinion was endorsed by most comrades, including He Erkang and Mao Fuxuan.
On the question of post-riot regime, Xia Minghan argued that the peasants were merely "conciliators of the rebellion," that they simply wanted a good government, or military force, to help, and that "they rarely wanted to establish a government of their own." Chairman Mao, on the other hand, held:
"The development of the autumn harvest riots in Hunan is to solve the peasants' land problem, but it is impossible to rely on the strength of the peasants alone, and there must be a military help. The development of the insurrection is to seize power. To seize power, there is no force to defend or to seize it, which is self-deception. Our Party, which in the past had made the mistake of neglecting the military, should now pay attention to the military movement with sixty per cent of its energies. It is necessary to seize power on the barrel of a gun and build it. ”
On the regional issue of riots, Peng Gongda alone advocated "riots in Hunan Province." Chairman Mao vigorously advocated narrowing the scope of the riots, advocating that Changsha should be the center and that seven counties, including Xiangtan, Ningxiang, Liling, Liuyang, Pingjiang, Anyuan, and Yuezhou, should riot at the same time. In this rebellion in Xiangzhong films, "Zedong held the strongest", "Li Rong, Minghan and so on all agreed with it".
The results of the discussions in the Shen Family House of the New Provincial CPC Committee were finally unified with the correct opinions of Chairman Mao as the mainstay.
About author:Shi Kui, history teacher at colleges and universities, history researcher. He has been cultivating the history of the Party, the Military and the History of War for a long time. History lovers are welcome to exchange criticisms.