In China's long-term feudal history, countless dynastic changes will naturally produce many subjugated monarchs, but among these people, the Shu Han Guanglu Doctor Yu Zhou during the Three Kingdoms period can be said to have a very bad reputation. Many later writers belittled and criticized the Zhou Dynasty.
"Chip Pen Yi": The first-class human being manages the city, and cannot be used as a surrender.
"Reading through the Theory": People know the evil of Feng Dao, but they do not know that Zhou Is particularly evil... And Zhou Yi is that the country can still exist, the monarch still stands in his place, for the sake of dissent to dissolve people's hearts, and then finally descend, deliberate, lest Liu Zong's immortality, yi Yi Ya! Those who read the Zhou Theory of Hatred of the State and do not hate it are not subjects.
The Qing Dynasty poet Yuan Ming also ridiculed The Zhou Dynasty:
"Only the old Man Zhou is difficult to die, and he writes a letter with a blank pen."
It can be seen from this that later literati did not approve of the surrender advocated by Yu Zhou at that time, and once belittled his character. Let's first look at the surrender of Tan Zhou.
In the sixth year of Jingyao of the Shu Han Dynasty, because Jiang Wei and many other generals were tied down by Zhong Hui in the Sword Pavilion, Deng Ai descended from heaven through the Yinping Trail divine soldiers who no one expected, and defeated Zhuge Zhan's father and son at Mianzhu, and finally attacked the city of Chengdu. So the monarchs gathered together to discuss where the imperial court should go, some people said to seek refuge in Eastern Wu to the east, and some people thought that entering the south relied on terrain defense, but Zhou Li defied the public opinion, argued according to reason, and directly persuaded the Hou Lord and the group of subjects, so there was a surrender of Shu Han. It can be said that the surrender of the Shu Han was facilitated by The Force of Tan Zhou.
However, he was criticized by posterity because Tan Zhou himself was a great Confucian, but he was disloyal, could not be martyred in the face of national difficulties, and also advocated surrender, which completely contradicted the Confucian idea of loyalty to the king and patriotism, so he was criticized by posterity.
However, in history, it was not only The Zhou Dynasty who urged the monarch to surrender, for example, Xue Ying and Hu Chong of Eastern Wu in the 17th year of the Later Zhou Dynasty also advised the Wu lord to surrender, but they were not criticized too much. Therefore, it is at least unfair to target Tan Zhou in this way and put all the reputation of infidelity on Tan Zhou. Therefore, it is necessary to objectively look at the merits of Tan Zhou.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > devoted to Confucianism</h1>
First of all, Yu Zhou was a studious and erudite person, because he was eager to learn, even to the point of forgetting to eat and sleep, and often consulted Yizhou scholars such as Du Qiong, Lai Min and others at that time, so he originally lost his father at an early age, but he studied the Confucian Six Classics early, and he was quite familiar with astronomical astrology. He also wrote numerous works, including the Teachings of the Law, the Sampa Zhi, the Five Classics of Denial, the Ancient History Examination, the Commentaries on the Analects, and so on. Therefore, Tan Zhou can be said to be a famous Confucian of the Shu Han Dynasty at that time.
His erudition was recognized by Zhuge Liang and others, and after Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang used Yu Zhou as a state education officer to promote academic development; after Zhuge Liang's death, his successor Jiang Huan also appointed Zhou Zhou as a canonical scholar. And Tan Zhou is also basically immersed in education and basically does not interfere in politics.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Zhou Zhou": Jianxing Zhong, Xiang Xiangliang led Yizhou Mu, and ordered Zhou to engage in persuasion. Liang died in the enemy court, Zhou was at home to inquire, even if he rushed to find an edict forbidden, but Zhou was able to reach it at a speed. The great general Jiang Huan led the history of thorns, migrated to the canonical study, and was a scholar of The General Prefecture.
In terms of education, Tan Zhou had many outstanding disciples, such as Chen Shou, author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Li Mi, author of the "Table of Chen Qing", as well as Luo Xian, Wen Li and others. It can be seen that Tan Zhou is an excellent teacher.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > worried about the loyal monarch of the country</h1>
Shu Han was the weakest of the three kingdoms at that time, although the national conditions were so, but Zhuge Liang, who shouldered the task of revitalizing shu Han, in order to inherit the legacy of the former emperor, had to attack the strong with weakness, and launched the Northern Expedition five times in succession, not only did not have the expansion of the territory, but could only consume the national strength, and finally died of illness.
Later, the lord Liu Chan had a weak personality, and at the same time, he favored eunuchs and lingered in the matter of dogs and horses. In the face of this, Yu Zhou dared to speak out and dissuade the Hou Lord, and he quoted a large number of historical facts, which eventually made the Hou Lord restrain somewhat.
As for Tan Zhou's "Theory of The Enemy of the Country", which was based on the situation that Jiang Wei was poor and militaristic, and after years of cutting down Wei, in the "Theory of The Enemy of the State", Yu Zhou directly pointed out the way of attack and defense, and there were two main views:
Advocate recuperation, take the road of King Wen of Zhou and Gou Jian, and ultimately achieve the goal of defeating the strong with the weak;
They believe that we must be cautious in the use of troops, that we must fight a battle with certainty, and that we should not blindly send troops so that the people will be injured by labor and wealth.
I think that the views in Tan Zhou's "Theory of The Enemy of the State" are extremely pertinent, and it should be noted that Zhuge Liang was also recuperating in the early days, and his successors Jiang Huan and Fei Yi also believed that the country needed to recuperate. As soon as Jiang Wei took power, he greatly changed the policies of his predecessors and vigorously carried out the Northern Expedition, resulting in the withering of the national strength of the Shu state. Therefore, the "Theory of The Enemy of the State" is even more a complaint against Zhou, or the dissatisfaction of the local people in Yizhou with Jiang Wei's behavior of poor soldiers.
It can be seen from this that Tan Zhou has feelings for the country and the people, and has deep worries and worries about the future of the country. Therefore, later, when Deng Aibing came to the city, Yu Zhou vigorously advocated surrender, and I think his psychology was to not bear the people to be so difficult anymore.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > strongly advocated surrender</h1>
This incident can be said to be a stain on the Week, and it has been criticized by posterity. But as for Tan Zhou's remarks advocating surrender, I think what he said is very reasonable, of course, this was also recognized by everyone at the time, otherwise why would no one refute it? The viewpoint of surrender is two, that is, two plans for the people.
In view of the plan of "Ben Wu", Tan Zhou opposed this plan from the general trend of the world, because once the Shu land was taken down, from the perspective of national strength, it was only possible for the State of Wei to annex the State of Wu, whether it was necessary to first claim subjection to Wu and then to the State of Wei later, then why not surrender directly, but also to avoid a disgrace.
In view of the plan of "entering the south", Tan Zhou analyzed the feasibility from the situation in the south and central, and he directly pointed out that the south was already unstable, although Zhuge Liang had initially subdued the Yi people, but later there was still a rebellion, and if he went to the south to force the local people to fight at this time, it would further promote the rebellion of the Yi people.
Therefore, surrender was the most correct decision at that time, the decision that most conformed to the trend of history. Moreover, this decision allowed the people of the land of Sichuan and Shu to avoid the disaster of destroying the city and slaughtering, which was very beneficial to the people. Therefore, Chen Shou called it "the merit of the whole country".
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
Those literati in history who criticized and accused The Zhou Dynasty basically clung to the fact that the Zhou Dynasty advocated surrender, but this was really too one-sided, even for this one thing, in addition to directly causing the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, the surrender was a good thing for the Later Lord, the people of Sichuan and Shu, and the local clan. I can only say that even if Tan Zhou did not advocate surrender at that time, there would definitely be others who put forward the idea of surrender, and no matter who it was, as long as the surrender affected the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, then that person would be criticized by posterity, but this person just happened to be a great Confucian Zhou, and he would be insulted by others.
Leaving aside this matter, Tan Zhou was a learned Confucian, devoted to education, and proficient in ancient history, with high achievements in this regard, and his writings were of great help to posterity in compiling historical materials.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms:
There is no talent for creating a debate, but it is insightful.
Liu Shi is not worried, a state is menglai, and Zhou Zhimou is also.
The Zhou Dynasty is a confucian of the World.
I think that Chen Shou's biography and evaluation of his teacher Zhou Zhou are extremely objective and correct.
Therefore, we must objectively understand the Week. Yes, the demise of the Shu Han was directly related to the Shu Zhou, but the main reason was the withering of the Shu Han state, and it was precisely because the lord died naturally after the surrender, the Liu bloodline was preserved, and the people of Shu were able to avoid bloodshed. Not to mention Zhou's academic, educational, and historical achievements.