At the entrance to the former site of cavendish laboratories
Cavendish Laboratory, the Physics Department of the University of Cambridge, was founded in 1871 by James Clark Maxwell, the father of electromagnetism, and built in 1874. Named Cavendish Laboratory in honor of the great physicist, chemist and Cambridge University alumnus Henry Cavendish. William Cavendish , then Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ( 7th Duke of Devonshire ) was a relative of Henry Cavendish and privately donated £8,450 to help with the preparation of the laboratory. Maxwell was then appointed the first Cavendish Professor of Physics (i.e. Director of the Laboratory) at the University of Cambridge. Due to Maxwell's exalted status and the glorious history of cavendish laboratories, professor of physics has become as revered and passed down from generation to generation as Lucas Professor of Mathematics, and has been passed down to the ninth generation. The laboratory's research areas include astrophysics, particle physics, solid state physics, and biophysics. Cavendish Laboratory is the first socialized and specialized scientific laboratory in the history of modern science, which has spawned a large number of important scientific achievements that can affect human progress, including the discovery of electrons, neutrons, the discovery of the structure of atomic nuclei, the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, etc., which have made a decisive contribution to the scientific development of mankind.
As a department of the Faculty of Physical Sciences at the University of Cambridge, cavendish laboratories produced 29 Nobel laureates in the 85 years from 1904 to 1989, accounting for one-third of the total number of Nobel Prizes at Cambridge. If considered a university, it can be ranked 20th in the world in terms of awardees, along with Stanford University. Its scientific research efficiency is amazing, and its achievements are unparalleled in the world. At its peak, it was even praised as "one-half of the world's discoveries in physics come from the Cavendish Laboratory." ”
Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) was an English physicist and chemist. He conducted the first meticulous study of the properties of hydrogen, proved that water is not a monoplasm, and predicted the existence of rare gases in the air. He first discovered Coulomb's law and Ohm's law, which were later experimentally demonstrated by Coulomb and Ohm. He applied the concept of electric potential to electricity and accurately measured the density of the Earth, and is considered one of the greatest British scientists after Newton.
Schematic diagram of the Cavendish torsion scale experiment
Cavendish is taciturn, unsociable, hesitant and difficult to speak, and shy in the face of ladies and strangers and avoids talking to them. He was very fond of meditating alone, and rarely even met his servants, usually leaving a note on the table stating what he was going to eat for dinner, often "a leg of lamb." Cavendish never married, and his only social activity was to attend the biweekly meetings of the Royal Society Club. He never published anything that was not thoroughly researched, so although he submitted fewer than 20 papers in his lifetime, he enjoyed the unanimous respect of the members of the Royal Society. Because of his family status and the wealth his parents had left him, he was the largest depositor in the Bank of London, but his mind was focused on scientific research, and for decades he only let investment advisers buy one stock, up or down. One of his investment advisers wanted to advise him to invest in another stock, and Cavendish told him with a rare anger: "Don't bother me with these things, or I'll fire you." Therefore, the French scientist Biot once said, "Cavendish is the richest of the learned people, and it is likely that the rich people are the most learned." ”
In 1851, a biography of Cavendish, written and published by George Wilson, the first chemist to discover color blindness, in which careful observations and depictions of various aspects of Cavendish's life were cited by Oliver Sachs of the American School of Spirituality as strong evidence for determining Cavendish to be an Asperger's patient.
[Past Laboratory Directors] (Cavendish Professor of Physics)
1871–1879: James Maxwell
1879–1884 John Strat, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
1884–1919 Joseph Thomson
1919–1937: Ernest Rutherford
1938-1953: William Lawrence Prague
1954–1971: Neville Mott
1971–1982: A. Brian Pippard (1920- )
1983–1995: Sam Edwards
1995-present: Richard H. Friend (1953- )
【Founder Maxwell】
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), born in Edinburgh, Scotland, was a British physicist and mathematician. Founder of classical electrodynamics and one of the founders of statistical physics. In 1847 he entered the University of Edinburgh to study mathematics and physics, graduating from cambridge. On Electricity and Magnetism, published in 1873, is also revered as one of the most important physical classics after Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Maxwell is widely regarded as one of the most influential physicists on physics. Without electromagnetism, there would be no modern electrical engineering, and there would be no modern civilization.
Maxwell's equations
In 1871, Maxwell was appointed Professor of Calvindisch Experimental Physics at Cambridge University, responsible for the preparation of the famous Cavendish Laboratory. After its completion in 1874, he served as the first director of the laboratory until his death in Cambridge on 5 November 1879 (at the age of forty-eight). Under his auspices, the Cavendish Laboratory conducted teaching and several scientific studies, as Maxwell advocated, systematically teaching physics with performance experiments. Performance experiments require simple structure and easy mastery for students.
【Nobel Prize Winners and Major Achievements】
John William Strutt (1842–1919) was the third Baron Rayleigh, a fellow of the Royal Society and the second director of the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1896, Rayleigh proposed the "binaural effect" theory, which explained why people can distinguish the direction of sound. Rayleigh has long been committed to the study of gas density, in which he found that the nitrogen distilled from liquid air and the nitrogen decomposed from ammonium nitrite have differences in density beyond the experimental error range. He later met William Ramsey, and the two decided to work together to find out the cause of the problem. On August 13, 1894, Rayleigh and Ramsey announced that they had discovered a new gas element, argon. Later, with Rayleigh's assistance, Ramsey discovered several new inert gas elements. Rayleigh's proposed molecular scattering formula explains "why the sky is blue" and is known as Rayleigh's law of scattering. He also proposed the Rayleigh Guidelines. For "studying the density of gases and discovering argon from them," Rayleigh shared the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics with Stratt. There are craters on Mars and the Moon named after Rayleigh. Asteroid 22740 is also named "Rayleigh Star".
Rayleigh scattering diagram
Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) was a British physicist. In 1884, at the age of 28, Thomson, at Rayleigh's recommendation, became professor of physics at Cavendish Laboratory. In his experiments on thin gas discharges, he proved the existence of electrons, determined the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and caused a sensation in the entire physics community. Thomson proposed the atomic model of solid charged balls , the "atomic watermelon model". In 1906 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of electrons (his son George Thomson later won the Prize in Physics).
Thomson's "Atomic Watermelon Model"
Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), the fourth director of the Cavendish Laboratory, was a renowned New Zealand physicist who is widely recognized by academia as faraday's greatest experimental physicist after Faraday. Rutherford first proposed the concept of a radioactive half-life, confirming that radioactivity involves transmutation from one element to another. He also classified radioactive materials into α rays and β rays according to their ability to penetrate, and confirmed that the former were helium ions. He was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his "study of elemental metamorphosis and radiochemistry". Element 104 is named "Tin" in his honor. Born in New Zealand, Rutherford studied at Canterbury College in New Zealand, where he earned three degrees (Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Science) at the age of 23, and graduated in 1895 with a scholarship from the University of Cambridge in england to enter the Cavendish Laboratory and become a graduate student at Thomson. In 1911, Rutherford proposed a model of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on the experimental phenomenon of α particle scattering, which was rated as one of the "most beautiful experiments in physics". In 1919, Rutherford did an experiment bombarding nitrogen nuclei with α particles and discovered protons. Through the study of α particles scattered by matter, he irrefutably demonstrated the nuclear model of the atom, thus putting the study of atomic structure on the right track in one fell swoop, so he was praised as the father of atomic physics. Due to the contradiction between the stability of electron orbitals, that is, the atomic structure, and classical electrodynamics, Bohr proposed a revolutionary quantum hypothesis that deviated from classical physics and became a pioneer of quantum mechanics. Rutherford's lab was called "Nobel Laureate's Kindergarten." Among his assistants and students, as many as 12 have won Nobel Prizes, including Bohr, Wilson, Chadwick, Kraft and so on.
α particle scattering experiments
Rutherford's "Atomic Planetary Model"
William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971), fifth director of the Cavendish Laboratory, was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and received a degree in mathematics from the University of Adelaide with honors in 1908. In 1909, he went to England with his father and was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge University, on an Allen Scholarship under the tutelage of J. Lee. J. Thomson. William Lawrence Bragg and his father William Henry Bragg proposed the crystal diffraction theory, established the Bragg formula, and improved the X-ray spectrometer through the study of X-ray spectroscopy. Father and son were jointly awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics, and William Lawrence Bragg was 25 years old, becoming the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physics in history. After Rutherford's death in 1937, Bragg succeeded him as director of the Cavendish Laboratory. After taking office, Bragg gave up the nuclear physics that the laboratory was originally good at, vigorously supported solid state physics, encouraged the development of biophysics, astrophysics and other marginal disciplines, and opened up new research directions for the laboratory.
Bragg diffraction
Charles Glover Barkla (1877-1944), whose first study was about the speed at which radio waves travel along wires, began to study X-rays from 1902 and made a series of major discoveries in this area. He was awarded the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-ray scattering.
Francis William Aston (1877–1945) was a British chemist, physicist, fellow of the Royal Society, and honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "discovering a large number of isotopes of non-radioactive elements with the help of a mass spectrometer of his invention, as well as elucidating the law of integers". Aston identified at least 212 natural isotopes. Through the study of a large number of isotopes, he elaborated on the "law of integers", that is, all elements except hydrogen have atomic masses that are integer multiples of the mass of hydrogen atoms. And, through mass spectrometry, he explained the reason for the deviation of the actual values from the above laws is the presence of isotopes. On the Moon there is the "Aston Craters" named after him.
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), a pioneer in British atomic and nuclear physics, was born in Glencos, Central Lothian, Scotland. He studied in Manchester and Cambridge, and was Professor of Natural Philosophy at Cambridge from 1925 to 1934. He is best known for his research on atmospheric electricity, the main achievement of which is the invention of the cloud chamber, which is used to observe the trajectory of α particles and electrons, and thus further study the interaction of atoms and particles. In 1927 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Compton.
Trajectory of ionizing radiation in the cloud chamber (stub lines: α particles, slender lines: β particles)
Arthur Holly Compton (1892–1962), a student of Owen Richardson, was an American physicist. Compton received a bachelor's degree from Worcester College in 1913 and a master's and doctorate from Princeton University in 1914 and 1916, respectively. After graduation, Compton taught briefly for a year at the University of Minnesota, two years as an engineer at a company in Pittsburgh, and one year as a researcher at the University of Cambridge. In 1920, he became professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis, and transferred to the University of Chicago in 1923. Compton began studying the scattering of X-rays in 1918. In 1922, he discovered that when X-rays scatter free electrons, the energy of photons decreases and the wavelengths become larger. This discovery was known as the "Compton effect" or "Compton scattering" and was later further confirmed by his graduate student Wu Youxun. For this achievement, Compton was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. His research then turned to cosmic rays. Measurements at thousands of locations around the world show that the intensity of cosmic rays is influenced by the strength of the Earth's magnetic field, and also provide confirmation that cosmic rays contain charged particles. In 1934, Compton became president of the American Physical Society. Compton Crater on the Moon was named in honor of Arthur Compton and his brother Carl Compton, and NASA named the Gamma-ray Astronomy Satellite in the Large Orbit observatory program as the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory.
Commmptom scatters
Sir Owen Richardson, FRS (Sir Owen Willans Richardson, 1879–1959), student of J.J. Thomson, British physicist, Fellow of the Royal Society, founder of thermoionics. He made significant contributions to the field of thermoionic emission, notably the discovery of Richardson's Law, the law of the emission of thermoelectrons, for which he was awarded the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics.
James Chadwick (1891–1974) was a British physicist. After graduating from victorian university in Manchester, he specialized in the study of radioactive phenomena. In 1923, he achieved outstanding results in the measurement and research of the nuclear charge, and was promoted to deputy director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where he worked with Director Rutherford on particle research. In 1931, Mr. and Mrs. Jolio Curie, Marie Curie's daughter and son-in-law, published their new discovery that paraffin produces a large number of protons under "beryllium rays". Chadwick immediately realized that this ray was most likely composed of neutral particles, which were the key to solving the mystery of the nucleus's positive charge and its mass! Chadwick immediately set about the experiments that Joliot Curie had done to determine the mass of the particles in a cloud chamber, which he called "neutrons." He solved the problems encountered by theoretical physicists in atomic research and completed a breakthrough in atomic physics research. Later, the Italian physicist Fermi bombarded uranium nuclei with neutrons as "cannonballs", discovered the chain reaction in nuclear fission and fission, and opened a new era of human use of atomic energy. Chadwick was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his outstanding contributions to the discovery of neutrons. Marie Curie's daughter Alanna Curie and her husband eventually lost their arms to the neutron.
Joliot Curie and Chadwick discovered neutron experiments
Joliot Curie and his wife believed that this neutral particle was a very energetic γ photon, which was missed from the Nobel Prize.
George Paget Thomson (1892–1975) was the son of the British physicist Joseph Thomson. Thomson proved de Broglie's hypothesis from experiments that the very fine particles of matter (electrons, atoms, etc.) all have a wave-particle duality. The significance is very significant; it can not only expand the scope of application of quantum mechanics. It also ends about three hundred years of debate about the particle-wave duality of light. American scientist Clinton Davidson also studied this problem in different ways and came up with the same results. And it was published almost simultaneously. Thus, Thomson and Davidson shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for studying the diffraction of electrons and confirming their volatility.
Wave equation of matter
Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965) was a pioneer in the study of the ionosphere. In 1924, he used electromagnetic waves with variable frequencies to receive echoes from the ionosphere, directly confirming the existence of the ionosphere for the first time, and discovering the E and F layers of the ionosphere. Another of his pioneering works was the establishment of the theory of magnetic ions and the derivation of the polyrefringence index formula (i.e., the Appleton-Hatterre formula) of the ionospheric to radio waves. This formula correctly predicts the behavior of electromagnetic waves as they propagate in ionized gases with external magnetic fields, and these studies have played a very important role in practical applications such as short-wave communications and radar technology. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the upper atmosphere, particularly the discovery of the F layer of the ionosphere.
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897–1974), British physicist and social activist who was president of the Royal Society, was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics for improving Wilson's cloud chamber method and his discoveries in nuclear physics and cosmic rays.
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (1897–1967), a British physicist, graduated from the Department of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and became a member of The Ernest Rutherford Group at Cavendish Laboratory. Soon, he became interested in designing a device that accelerated protons, and he built a high-pressure device with Walton. They used the device to accelerate protons to bombard lithium nuclei, and for the first time in 1932, they artificially split the nuclei. For this work, Kocroft and Walton shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Schematic diagram of atomic nucleus splitting
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903-1995), British physicist and member of the Ernest Rutherford group at Cavendish Laboratory. Together with Kokrauve, he built a high-pressure device. They used the device to accelerate protons to bombard lithium nuclei, and for the first time in 1932, they artificially split the nuclei. For this work, Kocroft and Walton shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics. Walton is the only Irishman who has already won the Nobel Prize in Science.
Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916–2004) was a British biologist, physicist, and neuroscientist. Crick studied physics at the University of London, and the outbreak of World War II forced him to interrupt his PhD studies. After World War II, he became interested in the "difference between living and non-living", and in the years that followed he spent a great deal of time teaching himself this knowledge, completing the transition from physicist to biologist, which was his first change of discipline. In 1953, Crick and Watson collaborated to publish a paper in the top nature magazine titled "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids—A Possible Structure of DNA." Their paper was hailed as "a hallmark of biology that ushered in a new era." On this basis, Crick further analyzed the function and localization of DNA in life activities, proposed the famous central law, and thus laid the foundation for the entire molecular genetics. Crick also joined Vernon-Ingram in discovering the role of genetic material in determining protein properties, earning him the "father of molecular biology." For their outstanding contributions to the study of DNA molecules, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 for "discovering the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for information transmission in organisms." In 1976, Crick came to the Salk Institute of Biology in San Diego, California, and began to work on the brain and consciousness, beginning the second major transformation of the field of his scientific career.
Crick's sketch of the STRUCTURE of DNA
James Dewey Watson (~ ), American biologist, member of the National Academy of Sciences, born in Chicago, graduated from the University of Chicago, 1951-1953 at the University of Cambridge, Cavandish Laboratory, England. In 1953, he and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA (including the central law), won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and was known as the "father of DNA". The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA is one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 20th century, and together with relativity and quantum mechanics, it is hailed as the three most important scientific discoveries of the 20th century. Another epoch-making discovery following Einstein's discovery of the theory of relativity marked the entry of biological research into the molecular level. As an authority on modern life science and genomic science, under the impetus of Watson and others, the "Life to the Moon" project, the Human Genome Project, has been successfully implemented in the past 10 years, and for the first time, human beings have their own genetic map. At the age of 25, Watson became a blockbuster and became a remarkable scientific hero in the hearts of the public, making great contributions to mankind. In 2012, Watson was selected by Time Magazine as one of the 20 most influential people in American history.
Perutz, Max Ferdinand (1914–2002), Austrian-British molecular biologist and protein crystallographer. After graduating from the University of Vienna in 1936, Perutz fled to England to escape the predicament caused by Nazi expansion and worked at the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1953, Perutz introduced heavy atoms (gold, mercury) into proteins and used X-rays to determine the stereostructure of hemoglobin, experiments that made important contributions to the determination of complex molecular structures. The atomic structure of the hemoglobin molecule was first determined in 1960 and confirmed that it consisted of about 12,000 atoms. The discovery of the delicate structure of proteins has played a huge role in promoting the rise and development of biochemistry and molecular biology. For his pioneering achievements in protein crystallography, he shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Kendrew.
Sir John Kendrew (1917-1997) was a British biochemist. After World War II he returned to Cambridge University and began his Doctorate under the direction of Max Ferdinand Peruts, where he developed an extremely keen interest in the study of proteins and gained valuable experience using X-ray technology. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1949, he focused on the study of myoglobin knots, becoming the first scientist to determine in detail the atomic structure of myoglobin. So Perutz and Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinOM (1910-1994), before marriage as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot, was a British female biochemist and founder of structural biology. He received his PhD from Cambridge University in 1937 and married Mr. Thomas Hodgkin. From 1942 to 1949 Mrs. Hodgkin began structural analysis of penicillin. Her first major achievement was made with Charles Boone in 1949, where she published the three-dimensional structure of penicillin. This was followed by the publication of the structure of vitamin B12 (1956) and the structure of insulin (1969). She won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work on vitamin B12, and she was the third female laureate in chemistry in 63 years. Her research led to the large-scale production of penicillin and later the discovery of DNA structure.
Brian David Josephson is a British physicist. Born in Cardiff, Wales, England in 1940, he received his PhD in Physics from the University of Cambridge in 1964. He later moved to the United States to work as a research assistant professor at the University of Illinois. In 1967, he returned to the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom and served as assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory. The quantum tunneling effect of electrons passing through a thin insulating layer between two superconductors (Josephson effect). In 1962, Josephson first predicted it theoretically, and in less than a year, P.W. Anderson and J.M. Roacher and others experimentally confirmed Josephson's prediction. He was awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theoretical prediction of the superconducting current that would pass through the tunnel barrier (half of the prize money, the other half of which was shared by three Scientists in the United States). The physical content of the Josephson effect was quickly enriched and perfected, and the application also developed rapidly, gradually forming an emerging discipline - superconducting electronics.
Martin Ryle (1918–1984) was a British astronomer. He graduated from Oxford University in 1939 and went to work in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University in 1945. He was director of the Mallard Radio Observatory in 1957, Professor of Radio Astronomy at Cambridge University in 1959, a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1952, and an Astronomer Royal in 1972. In 1963, the comprehensive aperture radio telescope with a maximum variation of 1.6 kilometers of two antennas was successfully developed, and the birth of the integrated aperture radio telescope created a new era of radio astronomy. For this significant contribution, he was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Antony Hewish, born in Cornwall in 1924, is a British physicist and a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1967 he built a high-resolution radio telescope using 17,000 pounds approved by the British Department of Industry and Scientific Research. The Cambridge team used the telescope to probe more than 1,000 radio milky ways. Hewish and his female graduate student Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, at the University of Cambridge's Murad Radio Observatory studying interplanetary scintillation through a radio telescope, found that there was a periodic stable and short-lived radio pulse source from a definite direction, which was systematically observed as the first pulsar---- CP1919. Heuish was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics with Martin Ryle for the discovery of pulsars. But his female graduate student, Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, was turned away from Nobel. Many astronomers have expressed outrage at this. The discovery of pulsars has further advanced the study of the evolution of late stars such as neutron stars and opened up a new avenue for studying high-energy astrophysics. The discovery of pulsars can now be juxtaposed with the discoveries of quasars and microwave background radiation, and is one of the three major discoveries in modern astronomy.
Jocelyn Bell-Burnell discovered the first pulsar
Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996) was a British physicist. In 1929 Mott was in Manchester and Prague together, and later at Rutherford Laboratory doing collision theory and nuclear problems. In 1933, he turned to the study of the properties of metals and semiconductors. In 1954 Mott became Professor of Physics at Cavendish. In 1965 Mott began working on the Nobel Prize. He was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the theory of "magnetic and disordered systems, especially the electronic structure of amorphous semiconductors" and the American physicists Philip Warren Anderson and Van Vleek.
Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist. Born in Indianapolis in 1923. From 1949 to 1984, Anderson worked at Bell Labs in New Jersey, where he studied many of the problems of condensed matter extensively, and he also advised particle physicists to look for mechanisms for producing particle masses (later known as the Higgs mechanism); developing computational methods in the theory of superconductors BCS. From 1967 to 1975, Anderson was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge. In 1977 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for " a fundamental theoretical study of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems " , along with Neville Mott and John Van Fureck . This research provided a theoretical basis for the technology of switching and memory of electronic components, and made important contributions to the later development of computers. A 2006 analysis of Statistics by José Soller compared the number of references and citations to the paper, and pointed out that Anderson was the most "creative" physicist in the world.
Peter Kapicha (1894-1984) was a famous physicist of the Soviet Union, a member of the Royal Society, and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1921, he went to the University of Cambridge in England to work in the Cavendish Laboratory led by Ernest Rutherford, where he conducted research on strong magnetic fields. In 1928, Kapicha discovered a linear relationship between a series of metal resistors and the strength of the magnetic field in a strong magnetic field, known as Kapicha's law. In 1930, Kapicha became the first director of Mond's laboratory, which specialized in strong magnetic fields. In 1938, Capitha and John Allen and others discovered liquid helium II superfluids at low temperatures. Kapicha was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 with American engineers Arnold Penzias and Robert Wilson for his research achievements in cryogenic physics and nuclear physics.
Allan MacLeod Cormack (1924–199) was an American physicist born in Johannesburg, South Africa.- After completing his bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Cape Town, he went to St John's College in Cambridge as a graduate student and studied He6 with Professor Otto Frisch at the Cavendish Laboratory. He returned to Cape Town in 1950 with his bride, but there was no cyclotron here, so he could not study He6 further. In 1957, he went to the United States and after many years as a researcher at Harvard University, he became an associate professor of physics at Tufis University. He became a U.S. citizen in 1966. As a part-time physicist in the Department of Radiology at G. Shure Hospital in Cape Town, the first thing that piqued Cormac's interest was the problem of X-ray imaging of soft tissues or layers of tissue of different densities. After studying this problem, in the early 1970s, he had already established the mathematical and physical foundations of computerized scanning. He and G. Hausfeld were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the development of a new diagnostic technique, computerized axial tomography (CAT).
Aaron Klug is a British chemist and biophysicist. Born in Lithuania in 1926, he joined the molecular laboratory of the Cambridge Medical Research Council in 1962 and became the director of the Structural Research Department of the Committee in 1978. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982 for his outstanding contributions to the structural analysis of viruses and other particles composed of nucleic acids and proteins using crystallography electron microscopy.
Norman F. Ramsey (1915–2011) was an American physicist. In 1989, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of ultra-precision cesium atomic clocks and hydrogen microwave exciters. His research laid the foundation for the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology.
【Nobel Laureate's Kindergarten】
Rutherford's lab was called "Nobel Laureate's Kindergarten." His portrait appears above the largest denomination of New Zealand's currency, 100 yuan, as the country's highest respect and memorial to him. When people comment on Rutherford's achievements, they always mention that he is "full of peach and plum". Under Rutherford's careful training, many of his students and assistants won Nobel Prizes. Some say that if there is a Nobel Prize for cultivating talents in the world, then Rutherford is the number one candidate.
In 1921, Rutherford's assistant Sody won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry;
In 1922, Rutherford's student Aston won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry;
In 1922, Rutherford's student Bohr won the Nobel Prize in Physics;
In 1927, Rutherford's assistant Wilson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics;
In 1935, Rutherford's student Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics;
In 1948, Rutherford's assistant Blackett was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics;
In 1951, Rutherford's students, Koclavot and Walton, jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics;
In 1978, Rutherford's student Kapitz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
World famous laboratory series No.2, can you guess?