1. Qi Huangong, the head of the Spring and Autumn Five, died
On this day, 2664 years ago, on October 7, 643 BC (October 22, 643 BC in the lunar calendar), the Duke of Qi Huan, the head of the Spring and Autumn Five, died.
Duke Huan of Qi (?–October 7, 643 BC), the head of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, reigned from 685 BC to 643 BC, and the fifteenth monarch of the State of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, with the surname of Jiang and the name Xiaobai. He was the youngest third son of Duke Qi, and his mother was a Weiguo. After Duke Qi Xianggong of Qi, the eldest son of Duke Qi, and his nephew Gongsun Zhizhi died in civil unrest, Jiang Xiaobai and Gongzi successfully competed for the throne, that is, the monarch was the Duke of Qi Huan. Huan Gong appointed Guan Zhong as his minister, carried out reforms, and implemented a system of integrating the military and the government and the army and the people, and the State of Qi gradually became stronger and stronger.
In 681 BC, Duke Huan summoned the princes of the Four Kingdoms of Song and Chen to form an alliance at Zhen (present-day Juancheng, Shandong), and was the first prince in history to act as an ally. At that time, the princes of The Central Plains were suffering from the attacks of Rong Di and other tribes, so the Duke of Qi Huan played the banner of "Zun Wang Zhiyi", attacked Shanrong in the north, and attacked the Chu state in the south, becoming the first overlord of the Central Plains and was rewarded by Zhou Tianzi. However, in his later years, he fainted, and after Guan Zhong's death, he appointed villains such as Yi Ya and Shu Diao, and eventually starved to death in civil unrest.
2. The Naval Battle of Lepanto broke out
On this day, 450 years ago, on October 7, 1571 (September 19, 1571 in the lunar calendar), the Battle of Lepanto broke out.
The Battle of Lepanto (7 October 1571) was a naval battle fought between the combined navies of the Christian states of Europe and the navy of the Ottoman Empire off the coast of Lepanto (Ναπακτος) off the coast of Lepanto( Greece. The Holy League fleet, consisting of the Kingdom of Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy, the Republic of Genoa and the Knights of Malta, defeated the Ottoman navy in a full day of fighting, depriving the Ottoman Empire of its maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean.
3. The Anglo-French invasion and arms burned the Yuanmingyuan
On this day, 161 years ago, on October 7, 1860 (August 23, 1860 in the lunar calendar), the British and French invading armaments burned the Yuanmingyuan.
Photo of Haiyan Hall in the Yuanmingyuan before it was burned
On October 6, 1860, the British and French troops broke into the Yuanmingyuan and frantically carried out robberies. In order to eliminate the stolen goods and cover up the crimes, from October 7 to 9, Britain and France set fire to the Yuanmingyuan.
4. China and Russia signed the "Treaty on Surveying and Dividing the Northwest Boundary"
On This day, 157 years ago, on October 7, 1864 (September 7, 1864 in the lunar calendar), China and Russia signed the Treaty on the Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary.
On October 7, 1864, China and Russia signed the Treaty on surveying and dividing the Northwest Boundary. The Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing in 1860 imposed the permanent Karen ("Karen", in Turkic, a military post set up by the Qing government near Chinese towns for the purpose of checking merchants and managing nomadism, thousands of miles away from the national border, and the border line), as one of the signs of demarcation. From 1862 to 1864, China and Russia held several negotiations on the demarcation of the western boundary in Tarbagatai, Xinjiang, China. Before the negotiations, Tsarist Russia dispatched a large number of invading armies to approach the Chinese permanent station in Karen and occupied various strategic positions on the "national border line" they arbitrarily established.
During the negotiations, the Russian side wantonly distorted the Beijing Treaty and insisted that all border lines should be demarcated according to The Chinese permanent residence in Karen. Under Russian pressure, the border was drawn from the Sabinda Baha Pass (in present-day Soviet Territory) to the Kokand border under Russian pressure. As a result, through the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty and the Treaty on the Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary, Tsarist Russia ceded more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory east and south of Lake Balkhash in western China and north and south of Jaisannur.
5. Qing government develops navy The Beiyang Navy was formally established
On this day, 133 years ago, on October 7, 1888 (September 3, 1888 in the lunar calendar), the Qing government developed the navy The Beiyang Navy was officially established.
On October 7, 1888, the Qing government approved the Beiyang Naval Charter, and the Beiyang Navy was officially formed. At that time, the Beiyang Fleet had 25 large and small ships. Ships were subsequently transferred in. By the eve of the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, the total number of ships in the Beiyang Fleet reached 42, with a tonnage of more than 45,000 tons. However, only 6 years after the formation of the army, this huge fleet was completely destroyed.
The navy is a product of modern industrialization, and China originally had no navy. Britain launched the Opium War, and with the help of its ships and cannons, it blasted open the door of China, which had been closed to the country for a long time. It was only Chinese knew for the first time what the navy was, so the advanced Chinese at that time began to germinate the idea of building a navy. Lin Zexu believes that the navy is a "long skill" in the West, and China should also learn from it, "making artillery must seek extreme profits, shipbuilding must seek extreme strength", and competing with it on the sea can "win". This idea of his was later summarized by Wei Yuan with the phrase "The Master's Skill to Control Yi", which had a great impact in later generations.
6. The whole country set off a climax of the congressional petition
On October 7, 1910 (September 5, 1910 in the lunar calendar), 111 years ago today, the nation set off a nationwide congressional petition.
The governor of the three eastern provinces, Xi Liang, took the lead
On October 7, 1910, the Congressional petition set off a third climax.
Taking advantage of the opening of the Privy Council, the petitioning delegation launched the third huge petition activity, and on October 7, the petitioning delegation Sun Hongyi and other directly subordinate deputies Li Changsheng and Wen Shilin went to the regent's palace to petition, and Zhao Zhenqing and Niu Guangshenglu, students of the three eastern provinces, welcomed the delegation, cut off their arms on the spot and wrote a blood letter, strongly demanding the convening of the National Assembly.
7. Henry Ford established the first assembly line
On 108 years ago today, on October 7, 1913 (September 8, 1913 in the lunar calendar), Henry Ford built the first assembly line.
Cars emerge from Ford's new Highland Park gear line
8. The three main red army divisions will be victorious and the Long March will end
On this day, 85 years ago, on October 7, 1936 (August 22, 1936 in the lunar calendar), the three main forces of the Red Army met the division and the Long March ended.
On October 7 and 8, 1936, the vanguard units of the Red Fourth Front met with the Red Army troops who came to greet them at Qingjiangyi and Jieshipu in Huining, Gansu. On the 9th, Zhang Guotao, Zhu De, Xu Xiangqian, and Chen Changhao led the headquarters of the Red Fourth Front army to Huining to meet the Red Front. At this time, there were more than 30,000 people in the Red Fourth Front. The Long March of the Red Fourth Front lasted for a year and a half, and it passed through the meadow three times and experienced arduous twists and turns.
9. Willis Carrier, the "father of air conditioning", has passed away
Seventy-one years ago today, on October 7, 1950 (August 26, 1950 in the lunar calendar), Willis Carrier, the "father of air conditioning," passed away.
Willis Haviland Carrier (November 26, 1876 – October 7, 1950), American engineer and inventor, inventor of modern air conditioning systems, founder of Carrier Air Conditioning Company, because of his great contribution to the air conditioning industry, is known as the "father of air conditioning".
10. China Youth Daily resumed publication
On this day, 43 years ago, on October 7, 1978 (September 6, 1978 in the lunar calendar), China Youth Daily resumed publication.
On October 7, 1978, China Youth Daily, the central organ of the Communist Youth League of China, resumed publication in Beijing.
In the first issue of China Youth Daily after the resumption, Tao Hong published Chairman Mao's handwriting in 1955 for the article "The Youth Commando of the Ninth Agricultural Production Cooperative in Xinping Township, Zhongshan County" in a 1955 article.
Chairman Mao pointed out: "Young people are the most active and dynamic force in the whole social force. They are the most willing to learn, the least conservative, especially in the socialist era. It is hoped that the party organizations in various localities, in coordination with the youth league organizations, will pay attention to studying how to give special play to the strength of young people, and not treat them as a general and erase their characteristics. ”