Text/Feng Xuanyi
The story of the rise and fall of ancient and modern times, Luo Guanzhong's sentence "The general trend of the world, will be united for a long time, and it will be divided for a long time" will be summarized. Luo Guanzhong was a native of the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, who experienced turmoil and strife at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. When he said this, it is estimated that he also had the mood of calling for a peaceful and prosperous life. I just don't know if he foresees that one day the Ming Dynasty will not be able to escape this law he summed up.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms tells the story of the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty. The last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty were chaotic, and when investigating the source of the turmoil in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong said:
"The reason for pushing it to cause chaos began with the Second Emperor Huan and Ling. Emperor Huan imprisoned the good and favored eunuchs. And Emperor Huan, Emperor Ling succeeded to the throne, the general Dou Wu and Taifu Chen Fan, all complemented each other; sometimes there were eunuchs such as Cao Jie to gain power, Dou Wu and Chen Fan plotted against him, the opportunity was not secret, but he was harmed, and Zhongjuan became more and more arrogant. ”
The meaning of this passage, summed up, roughly means that the Eastern Han Dynasty was handed down from the Guangwu Emperor, and when the Han Huan Emperor arrived, the eunuchs were favored, and the eunuchs began to grasp the power of the imperial government. After Emperor Huan's death, Emperor Ling succeeded to the throne. He, aided by the general Dou Wu (窦武) and Taifu Chen Fan (太傅陈蕃), planned to kill the eunuchs. But when the wind broke out, the two men were killed by the eunuchs. Since then, "the middle trickle has become more and more horizontal". Zhongjuan is another name for eunuchs.
This passage reveals an important message, that is, the main reason for the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the monopoly of eunuch power. Why, then, did Emperor Huan "imprison the good and worship the eunuchs"?
And let's see what kind of a person Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling are.
Emperor Huan of Han, named Liu Zhi, was born in 132 and died in 167, living to be 36 years old. He was not the emperor's son, let alone the eldest son, he was originally the son of Liu Yi, the Marquis of Liwu. After Liu Yi's death, he was knighted. However, Liu Zhi, who originally had no connection with the imperial throne, became the emperor. Maybe it's his fate!
In July 146, the general Liang Ji poisoned the nine-year-old Emperor Han to death. Of course, the Han Emperor, who was still a child, would not have children, and Liang Ji decided to support Liu Zhi as emperor. Liang Ji belonged to a foreign relative and had an army in his hands, Liang Ji said to let Liu Zhi become emperor, and Liu Zhi did not dare to say half a word. In this way, Liu Zhi, who originally had no connection with the emperor's throne, became the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
Liu Zhi was supported by Liang Ji, and of course he had to listen to Liang Ji. Not only that, but the empress dowager at this time was also a member of the Liang family, and after Liu Zhi succeeded to the throne, she began to listen to the government. It can be seen that the great power of the government at this time is in the hands of foreign relatives.
Liu Zhi was 22 years old when he succeeded to the throne, and he was a big guy. After he succeeded to the throne, he initially began to obey Liang Ji and Empress Liang. However, as the old saying goes, "Children are not by their mothers", Liu Zhi has his own ideas. When he gradually grasped a certain amount of real power in the palace, he wanted to make his own decisions and no longer be Liang Ji's marionette. So who can he rely on? He couldn't rely on any of the foreign officials. Because the foreign officials are all in favor of foreign relatives, it is Liang Ji who has the final say. Liu Zhi wanted to cultivate his own cronies among foreign officials, which was absolutely difficult, almost impossible. So what to do? He could only find the person closest to him, that is, the eunuch.
Through a long period of accumulation, Liang Ji finally had a group of eunuchs loyal to him, and the leader of them was Shan Chao. After careful planning, in 159 AD, the Han Huan Emperor Liu Zhi relied on the eunuch Shan Chao and others to kill the general Liang Ji, and then took advantage of the victory to eliminate his henchmen. In one fell swoop, the worries of foreign relations' monopoly of power were solved.
The problem was that Liu Zhi eliminated the foreign forces, but did not limit the power of the eunuchs in the first place. After this incident, Shan Chao and other eunuchs were rewarded, and many eunuchs became marquises. These eunuchs, merited, expanded wildly, and the party was different. Once the eunuchs had come to power, their evil deeds were even more vicious than those of their foreign relatives. As a result, Liu Zhi, the Emperor of Han Huan, fell into another pit again, and he became a puppet of the eunuch.
Faced with the scourge of eunuchs, Liu Zhi was helpless, and although the imperial court ministers vigorously opposed the eunuch dictatorship, they lacked a strong figure to compete with the eunuchs, and they could not take the eunuchs. Faced with this situation, Liu Zhi was depressed and coveted Buddhism and beauty, and there were as many as five or six thousand palace women alone. At the beginning of 168, the young Liu Zhi died in absurdity, only thirty-six years old.
Although Liu Zhi was lustful, his fertility was too weak, although he lived for thirty-six years, thousands of harem beauties, and sang and danced night and night, but he did not leave any heirs. After his death, Empress Dowager Dou Miao came to the court to listen to the government. After consulting with his father Dou Wu, the empress decided to elect Liu Hong as her heir. Liu Hong's father, Liu Cang, was enfeoffed as marquis of Xieting. When he was 22 years old when he was chosen, he was the Han Ling Emperor.
Liu Hong's path was almost exactly the same as that of his predecessors, supported by foreign relatives, and after taking office, the eunuchs launched a coup d'état to get rid of the foreign relatives, and the emperor was manipulated by the eunuchs.
In the passage quoting the Romance of the Three Kingdoms at the beginning of this article, there is a great general Dou Wu who plotted to kill the eunuchs, but was killed by the eunuchs, which is indeed a fact in history, known in history as the "September Xinhai Coup". In August 168, Dou Wu instructed Shangshu Ling Yin Xun and others to impeach and arrest Wei Biao, and listed a large number of eunuchs. Unexpectedly, Dou Wu's actions were leaked, and the eunuchs Wang Fu, Cao Jie, and others launched a coup d'état, not only killing Dou Wu, Chen Fan, and others, but also exterminating them. Empress Dowager Dou was forced by eunuchs to migrate to Nangong Yuntai, where she was placed under house arrest.
As a result, the eunuchs gained de facto control of the imperial court. Due to the dictatorship of eunuchs, the government was increasingly abandoned, coupled with the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, the entire Eastern Han Empire was not happy. In this case, peasant uprisings everywhere sprung up like mushrooms after a rain, and the chaotic world began. The story of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is slowly unfolding in such a historical background, and those heroes who are like thunder and ears are about to appear one by one.
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