This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history serial 271, "Yuan Dynasty History" serial 08, welcome to watch.
After Kublai Khan withdrew from Ezhou and went north to seize the throne, Jia Rudao returned to the dynasty with the "merit of reconstruction". In order to cover up the unseemly secret treaty, he detained Kublai Khan's envoy Hao Jing for a long time in Zhenzhou (真州, in modern Yizheng, Jiangsu).
Emperor Lizong of Song, who was so faint, issued an edict praising Jia Xiangdao, and was given the title of Young Master and Duke of Weiguo. Jia Xiangdao was even more flamboyant, expelling Wu Qian, the chancellor of the left province, and demoted him to Xunzhou (循州, southwest of present-day Longchuan, Guangdong), while Xiang Shibi and Cao Shixiong, who had fought bloody battles with the Mongol army in Tanzhou and Ezhou, died in prison for the crime of "embezzling official money", and Zhao Kui and others who had sent troops to recover Sanjing were also deposed.
Liu Zhenyin, the Xiao general who guarded Sichuan, was at odds with the commander Yu Xing, and 15 counties including Luzhou surrendered to the Mongols with 300,000 households.
Under the control of Jia Rudao and others, the southern Song Dynasty regime was already doomed.
01, blood battle Xiangyang
In 1267 (to the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan, after quelling the rebellion of Ali Buge, once again sent a large-scale attack on the Southern Song Dynasty on the grounds that the Southern Song Dynasty detained Hao Jing. Kublai Khan used Ah Shu as his commander and adopted the southern Song Dynasty general Liu Zhen's suggestion of "first Xiangyang, floating Han into the river", and directed the target of the attack directly to Xiangyang, the most important stronghold of the Song defense against The Mongols.
Xiangyang is located on the southern bank of the upper reaches of the Han River, opposite Fancheng on the north bank, and is a barrier to the Yangtze River. After the fall of Jin, Song and Meng fought for Xiangyang several times, but since Meng Jue recaptured Xiangyang in 1239, the Mongol army has not been able to capture it.
The two cities of Xiangfan and Fan were fortified, and the military reserves were sufficient to support them for 10 years, especially the brave heroism of the vast number of soldiers and civilians who were determined to fight the enemy who came to attack them to the death. This time, after The Mongol army led by Ah Shu and Liu Zhen to attack again, although they used methods such as fortification, blockade, and strong attack, Xiangfan was isolated and helpless, but it has not been able to capture.
In May 1271 (to the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Mongols also transferred troops from Sichuan and other places to march on land and water, and stepped up the siege of Xiangfan. Under the very critical situation, the vast number of soldiers and civilians in Xiangfan City still have high morale. At this time, because the two cities had been besieged for 5 years, there was a special shortage of salt, firewood, cloth and other items in the city.
In 1272 (to the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Southern Song Reinforcements Li Tingzhi stationed in Yingzhou (present-day Zhongxiang, Hubei), recruited three thousand militiamen, led by Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui, and transported supplies by boat along the Qingni River, forcibly breaking through the Yuan army blockade to Xiangyang.
Zhang Shun is known as "Bamboo Garden Zhang" and Zhang Gui is known as "Dwarf Zhang", both of which are brave generals with wisdom and courage. These 3,000 militiamen knew that they would die nine times a lifetime, but everyone was excited and never wavered.
In order to blockade Xiangfan, the Yuan army filled the mouth of the river with iron chains and rafts, and there was simply no gap to pass. Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui led a hundred boats and went down the river, the Yuan army saw Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui suddenly coming, and did not dare to clash at night, Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui turned to fight for 120 miles, and arrived in Xiangyang at dawn.
The Song army in the city had not seen reinforcements for a long time, and at this time it was full of joy and courage. But at this time, Zhang Shun was not seen alone, and a few days later, Zhang Shun's body floated up in the river, with 4 guns and 6 arrows in his body, holding a bow and arrow in his hand, and he was full of anger, and the soldiers and civilians of the Southern Song Dynasty were amazed.
A few days later, Zhang Gui led 2 sailors to dive to Yingzhou, and The Song general Fan Wenhu sent troops to attack the Yuan army. Unfortunately, he was wounded and captured on the way. Ah Shu was unable to persuade him to surrender, and Zhang Gui was killed and sacrificed.
The deeds of Zhang Shun and Zhang Guike who sang and wept inspired the military and people of the Southern Song Dynasty to fight against the Yuan.
In the first month of 1273 (to the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan army adopted Zhang Hongfan's plan to cut off the water connection between Xiangfan and Fan, and then attacked Fancheng with the Western Regions "Hui hui cannon", and Fancheng fell.
The Song general Fan Tianshun fought unyieldingly, and the city was destroyed and hanged himself. The Song general Niu Fu led more than a hundred people to fight in the alley, seriously injured and thrown into the fire and died. In February, Xiangyang defended the general Lü Wenhuan and surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty.
At this point, the defense of Xiangyang was over.
02. The Song court surrendered
After the fall of Xiangfan, it was equivalent to opening the door of the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1274 (to the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan ordered Zuo Cheng Xiang Boyan to lead his division south. Boyan divided his army into two routes: one with Heda as the commander and Liu Zhen as the vanguard, invading Huaixi huaidong and going straight down to Yangzhou; the other was led by Boyan and Ah Shu, with Lü Wenhuan as the vanguard, along the Yangtze River of the Han River, down the river, straight to Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang).
The Yuan army led by Boyan went south along the Han River and besieged Yingzhou, and the Southern Song Defenders fortified the Han River, and the Yuan army was forced to take a detour and attack Shayang. Shayang shou generals Wang Huchen and Wang Dayong resolutely resisted, and the Yuan army burned the people's houses with gold juice cannons, broke through the city defenses, and occupied Shayang. Siege of the new city, the new city defender Juyi refused to fight, and the city was destroyed and sacrificed.
The Yuan army entered the Yangtze River and captured the fortress of Yangluo, the commander of the Southern Song Dynasty Han Ezhou Division, Xia Gui, fled, and Hanyang and Ezhou successively surrendered to the Yuan.
Boyan sent Ali Hague to defend E, and from Ejin marched into Hunan, leading a large army along the east side of the river. The Song armies on both sides of the Yangtze River had no fighting spirit and surrendered without a fight, and Huangzhou (present-day Huanggang, Hubei) and Jiangzhou (present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) were taken lightly by the Yuan army, and Fan Wenhu also lowered the Yuan with Anqing.
In July 1274, Emperor Duzong of the Southern Song Dynasty died, and his youngest son, Zhao Duzong, died. He ascended the throne for Emperor Gong, and the government was still controlled by Jia Rudao. In December, under pressure from both the government and the opposition, Jia Rudao was forced to send troops to fight. In February of the following year, Jia Xiangdao led 70,000 elite troops from all walks of life to garrison Wuhu and prepare to meet the Yuan army. At the same time, he also sent envoys to the Yuanbing barracks to ask for peace, but Boyan refused.
The Yuan army launched an attack, the two sides fought fiercely at Ding Jiazhou in the lower reaches of Chizhou, and the Yuan army shelled the Song ships on both sides of the Yangtze River, and attacked the Song boats with a large number of large ships, and the Song army was defeated, killing countless drowning people, and all the military equipment was seized by the Yuan army.
Jia Xiangdao fled in defeat. The government and the public were furious at Jia Rudao's crime of bringing calamity to the country and the people, and the imperial court had no choice but to degrade Jia Xiangdao qianxun prefecture and was killed by the guards on the way to escort him.
After the yuan army's great victory at Dingjiazhou, the cities of Taiping, Hezhou, and Wuwei along the river surrendered one after another.
In March 1275, the Yuan army occupied Jiankang (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), followed by Zhenjiang, Changzhou, and Wuxi.
Soon after the Yuan army occupied Changzhou, Zhang Shijie immediately sent Liu Shiyong and other Kefu, and in November, the Yuan army broke changzhou again, and the defenders Yao Zhi and Liu Shiyong insisted on street fighting, and the whole city was slaughtered, and only Liu Shidao and 8 others escaped.
The Yuan army advanced to Lin'an, and Empress Xie (Empress Dowager Lizong) ordered The King of Qin. However, there was little response from local officials, and only Wen Tianxiang of Zhizhou (in present-day Jiangxi) and Zhang Shijie, the defender of Yinzhou, led troops into Lin'an.
Wen Tianxiang was a native of Luling (庐陵, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi), who became the governor of Ganzhou prefecture as a ruler, and after king Qin's edict, he recruited 30,000 soldiers to arrive at night, but was rejected by the chancellor Chen Yizhong and sent him to Pingjiang (平江, in present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu) as prefect. The Yuan army attacked Lin'an, the situation was very critical, Wen Tianxiang was ordered to defend Dusong Pass near Yuhang, at this time the Yuan army had already broken the Dusong Pass first, and Pingjiang had also been lost, Wen Tianxiang had to go to Lin'an.
Zhang Shijie was a subordinate of the great northern warlord Zhang Rou, and after Zhang Rou surrendered to the Mongols, Zhang Shijie went south to surrender to the Song Dynasty and fought bravely and well in the battle against the Mongol Yuan, but Chen Yizhong distrusted him.
When Lin'an was in danger, Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie both arrived in Lin'an, and they advocated letting Empress Xie, Empress Quan (Empress Dowager Duzong), and Emperor Gong enter the sea, leaving them to fight a battle behind the city, but Chen Yizhong did not allow it.
Chen Yizhong repeatedly negotiated surrender with Boyan, but without success, he fled to Wenzhou.
Empress Dowager Xie and Empress Dowager Quan had no choice but to appoint Wen Tianxiang as the Right Chancellor and Privy Counsellor and send him to Yuanying to negotiate. After Wen Tianxiang arrived at the Yuan camp, despite Boyan's threats and inducements, he always adhered to the position of withdrawing the troops first and then negotiating, and Boyan had no choice but to forcibly detain him in the military camp.
In 1276 (the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty), the Yuan army entered Lin'an, and Empress Xie led Emperor Gong to surrender, and Empress Xie, Empress Quan, and Emperor Gong were captured and sent to Dadu.
The Southern Song Dynasty fell.
03. Heroic resistance to the Yuan
After the fall of Lin'an, most of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and other places were occupied by the Yuan army, but the anti-Yuan struggle in various places continued, especially in Yangzhou, Tanzhou, Hezhou and other places.
Guarding Yangzhou was the anti-Yuan hero Li Tingzhi. He served under Meng Jue's subordinates in his early years, and after Meng Jue's death, he remained stationed in Yangzhou, and before the fall of Xiangyang, the Mongol army attacked Yangzhou many times under the leadership of Heda and Liu Zhen, and Li Tingzhi fortified the fort, heroically resisted, and repelled the enemy's attack.
When Xiangyang was in crisis, Li Tingzhi was ordered to lead an army to support, but was ostracized by Fan Wenhu, but still made great contributions to the defense of Xiangfan. After the fall of Xiangyang, the Yuan army attacked Yangzhou, and he continued to hold out. After Lin'an was occupied by the Yuan army, Empress Xie, who had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, twice ordered him to surrender, and Empress Xie sent envoys to the city of Yangzhou and sent a letter to Li Tingzhi saying: "I and the emperor have already submitted to the Yuan Dynasty, for whom else can you defend the city?" ”
Li Tingzhi was furious and shot him as an answer to Empress Xie's shameless surrender.
In July 1276, King Zhao of Yi ordered Li Tingzhi to join him in the south, and Li Tingzhi ordered Zhu Huan to guard Yangzhou and lead 7,000 people into the sea through Taizhou. Unexpectedly, Zhu Huan surrendered the yuan with the city, and Li Tingzhi was trapped in Taizhou and captured and killed.
In March 1275, the Yuan army of Ali Hague captured Yue Prefecture (岳州, in modern Yueyang, Hunan). In the first month of 1276, Ali Hague attacked Tanzhou, the defender Li Fu held out for 3 months, the city was destroyed, Li Fu ordered Shen Zhong to kill his entire family, Shen Zhong endured the pain of killing Li Fu's entire family, and then killed his own family, and finally committed suicide.
Ali Hague entered Guangxi, and Ma Jian of Zhizhou (present-day Nanning, Guangxi) led his troops and ethnic minority soldiers to hold Jingjiang (present-day Guilin, Guangxi) for 3 months, fighting more than 100 battles before and after, preferring to die unyielding. Ali Hague and Kublai Khan repeatedly abducted, but were rejected. The outer city was broken, and Ma Jian led his soldiers to hold the inner city, and then broke it, and was sacrificed in street battles. His subordinates, Lou Juju, held the Moon City for more than ten days, and finally set himself on fire and died.
The Sichuan military and civilians fought hard for more than 40 years from the entry of the Mongol army in 1234 to the fall of Hezhou in 1278.
Let's talk about the elimination of the last two minor emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty.
On the eve of the fall of Lin'an, Zhao Fu (赵昰) the Prince of Yi and his younger brother Zhao Fu (both of whom were born to Emperor Duzong's concubine Yang) fled to Yongjia.
In May 1276, Zhao Washu was proclaimed emperor by Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu in Fuzhou (present-day Fujian) as emperor, as Emperor Duanzong. At this time, Wen Tianxiang had escaped from the Yuan camp, arrived in Yongjia, and then went to Fuzhou, where he was appointed by Zhao Yan as the Right Minister. They reorganized the remnants of the army to continue to resist the Yuan.
In 1276, Wen Tianxiang went to Jiangxi to recover Ningdu and Yandu (present-day Yudu, Jiangxi), and his military morale was greatly encouraged. However, the Fujian side has been losing ground. In November, Zhao Fled to Quanzhou and then to Chaozhou.
At the end of 1277, Zhao Fled to Xiangshan (香山, in modern Zhongshan, Guangdong).
In early 1278, Zhao Fled to Guangzhou. In April, Zhao Fu fell ill and died, and his younger brother Zhao Fu took the throne. In June, Zhao Yu fled to Yashan in the Xinhui Sea in Guangdong Province, and the Yuan general Zhang Hongfan attacked with 20,000 land and water divisions.
In December, Wen Tianxiang was captured at Wulingpo (五岭坡; in present-day Haifeng, Guangdong), Zhang Hongfan asked Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang sternly refused. Facing Zero Ding Yang outside the mouth of the Pearl River, he was determined to die and wrote the famous poem "Crossing Zero Ding Yang" in the tragic and magnificent way. Among them, the sentence "Whoever lives from ancient times has not died, and keeps Dan in his heart" expresses the noble quality of his determination to dedicate himself to the country, and has become a famous saying that has inspired people to dedicate themselves to justice for hundreds of years. Later, Zhang Hongfan had to send him to Dadu, and on the seventeenth day of the first month of 1283, Wen Tianxiang was only 47 years old when he was in Dadu Chai Shikou.
In February 1279, the Yuan Dynasty water army launched a general offensive on the yashan sea, the Southern Song Dynasty water army was defeated, Lu Xiufu hugged Zhao Fu and threw himself into the sea, Zhang Shijie encountered strong winds after breaking through, and the water ship was overturned and drowned.
The remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty were thus completely wiped out.
04. The great unification of the Yuan Dynasty
After the Mongols destroyed the Jin Dynasty, after 40 years of war to destroy the Song Dynasty, they finally completed the great cause of national reunification.
The unification of the Yuan Dynasty is of great significance in Chinese history, which can be summarized as:
First of all, the great unification of the Yuan Dynasty put an end to the long period of division and division in china's history. Since the division of the feudal towns at the end of the Tang Dynasty, there have been five generations and ten divisions in China, the confrontation between the Liao, the Song and the Jin and Song dynasties, and the coexistence of the national regimes of the Western Xia, Mongolia, Gaochang, Dali, Western Liao, and Tubo, and this division has lasted for three or four hundred years.
The long-term division of the people has hindered economic and cultural exchanges among the peoples of all ethnic groups and affected the continued development of the multi-ethnic state, which is inconsistent with the needs of historical development and the aspirations of the peoples of all ethnic groups for reunification. Kublai Khan unified the separatist regimes under the powerful, centralized Yuan Dynasty, which was in line with the trend towards the further development of the multi-ethnic state.
During the Yuan Dynasty, the connection between the central and local governments, the Central Plains and the frontiers was very close, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent dynasties to basically maintain a unified situation in China.
Second, the great unification of the Yuan Dynasty promoted the strengthening of ties between various ethnic groups in the country and was conducive to the development of border ethnic areas. Since the peoples of the whole country live in a common environment without borders and boundaries, they have further strengthened their original political, economic and cultural ties in the common struggle against class oppression and national oppression and common production. Many ethnic minorities have entered the Central Plains, brought with them the production technology and culture and art of the ethnic minorities, and enriched the economic and cultural life of the people in the Central Plains; many Han Chinese have moved to Mongolia, the Western Regions, the Northeast China, and the Yunnan Region, bringing with them advanced agricultural and handicraft production tools and production technologies from the Han areas, thus making contributions to the development of the motherland's frontiers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, due to the large number of ethnic minorities living in the Central Plains, they accepted the Han culture, and many writers, artists, and scientists who used the Chinese language to write works appeared, and they made due contributions to the splendid Chinese national culture.
Third, the great unification of the Yuan Dynasty provided good conditions for the development of science and technology in the motherland. Due to the vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty and the unification of the north and south, it was particularly beneficial to the development of astronomy, geography, water conservancy, agriculture and other disciplines. Guo Shoujing, an outstanding astronomer, made use of these conditions to carry out a large-scale surveying activity in the history of world astronomy, set up 27 stargazing stations within the range of 65° north latitude to 15° north latitude, obtained the most scientific data available at that time, and compiled a very high-level "Chronological Calendar"; Dushi explored the source of the Yellow River, the compilation of the "Yuan Yi Tongzhi", Wang Zhen summed up the agricultural production experience of Fan Min throughout the country, and the achievements in navigation, meteorology, and water conservancy, all of which were related to the great unification of the Yuan Dynasty.
Fourth, the great unification of the Yuan Dynasty also greatly strengthened Sino-foreign communications and Sino-foreign relations. Mongolia's outward expansion and the establishment of the khanates objectively opened up the traffic between China and foreign countries, the exchanges between the Yuan Dynasty and the khanates were frequent, and the contacts with European, Asian, and African countries were also frequent, and China's ships reached Africa, and China's four major inventions - printing, gunpowder, papermaking, and compass were introduced to Europe through the Arabs. Chinese goods are exported all over the world. Guests from various countries in Europe, Asia and Africa have long lived in China, the most famous of which are the Italian businessman Marco Polo, the Moroccan Ibn Bergoglio, and the Moroccan Ibn Lopez. After returning to China, They introduced the situation in China to the people of all countries in the world. Many foreign sciences and cultures also spread to China. Chinese people knew more about the world during the Yuan Dynasty than in the past.
However, the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty also had an extremely bad side, the most criticized of which was the cruel national oppression.
In the process of unifying the whole country, the Mongol rulers inherited the experience of the Jurchen rulers in dividing the people under the rule of the Jin Dynasty into four levels: Jurchen, Bohai, Khitan and Han'er, and divided the people of all ethnic groups in the country into four levels basically according to the order of conquest:
Mongols: refers to the people of the various tribes of northern Mongolia, but the subordinates of Kelie, Naiman, Wanggu and other subordinates are Semu people;
Semu people: refers to the various ministries and peoples of the Western Regions, such as Wu'er, Azo, Tang Wu, Kangli, Chincha, Huiluosi, Huihui and so on. Because it includes a lot of tribes and countries, and many surnames are rare, it has the meaning of "various color names", so it is called color people;
Han People: Generally refers to the people of all ethnic groups under the rule of the former Jin Dynasty north of the Huai River and the people of Sichuan and Yunnan who were conquered by the Mongols earlier, in addition to the Han people, including khitans, Goryeo, Jurchens, Bohai people, etc.;
Nanren: Refers to the people of all ethnic groups under the former Southern Song Dynasty, mainly Han Chinese.
These four classes have strict differences in political treatment and law, and are particularly favorable to the Mongols and Semu people, and discriminate against the Han and Nan people in every way.
From the perspective of political status, although the ruling group of the Yuan Dynasty was formed by the Mongolian aristocracy and the upper echelons of various ethnic groups, including the Han landlords, it still retained a strong national color within the Yuan Dynasty regime.
After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan laid down the following regulations: the central or local officials should all hold the main position by the Mongols, and the deputy posts should be allowed to be held by Han and Nan. In particular, in the Central Ruling Organs, the Zhongshu Province, the Privy Council, and the Yushitai, the vast majority of the main posts were held by the Mongols, and only a very few Han Chinese held the main posts in a short period of time, and as for the important posts in the Privy Council that controlled the military aircraft, the Han and The Southerners were not allowed to touch them.
During the entire Yuan Dynasty, no Han Chinese held the two posts of Privy Council Affairs and Tongzhi Privy Council Affairs, and as for the number of batches and garrisons of various armies, it was also absolutely confidential to the Han people. All local roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties have set up Daru Huachi, which is only allowed to be served by Mongolians and Semites, who are responsible for supervising the officials and military and civilians in their localities and wielding real power.
Various restrictions have also been imposed on the ways for Han intellectuals to enter the military. Since the Tang Dynasty, most intellectuals have served as officials through the imperial examination. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the imperial examination has not been restored, and Han elements mainly became officials after being favored by the emperor through recommendation, so the number was small. It was not until the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign (1317) that the imperial examination was resumed.
The imperial examination system of the Yuan Dynasty also had distinct national oppression overtones. At that time, it was stipulated that the Mongolian Semu people and the Han people were admitted in two lists, and the requirements for the Han people were very strict, and it was also stipulated that the southerners were not allowed to be in the top three, and it was as difficult for Han Confucians to become officials through the imperial examination, so the society formed a very contemptuous atmosphere for readers, with the sayings of "one official, two officials, three hatreds, four ways, five doctors, six workers, seven hunts, eight people, nine Confucians, and ten beggars". Many Han Confucians were depressed and felt that the future was uncertain, believing that the imperial examination was only a façade to whitewash the Taiping, and had no interest in it.
Judging from the legal provisions, ethnic discrimination is particularly serious, and the Mongols beat the Han people, and the Han people are not allowed to report it; the Mongols beat the Han people to death, only punish the murderers to go on a expedition, and burn the silver for the families of the deceased; the Mongols who commit crimes are judged and punished by the Mongols, and the Han officials are not allowed to accept the case; the Mongolian Semu people do not need to be tattooed for crimes; and the Han and Nan people who beat people to death also have to pay 50 taels of silver in addition to the death penalty.
The decrees and articles also imposed various restrictions on the Han people: it was strictly forbidden for the Han and Nan people to own weapons and horses, and it was forbidden for the Han people to hunt, learn martial arts, and assemble, including divine races, singing and telling, praying at shrines, walking at night, and even lighting lamps at night.
After Kublai Khan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, he established a social armor system in the rural areas of Jiangnan, with 20 households as the first, the northerners as the first masters, and the "northerners" refer to all kinds of people other than the "southerners", who acted as the first masters in the newly surrendered areas, and naturally did whatever they wanted. The history books say that these masters "dress and eat as much as they want, and boys and girls do what they want." It can be seen that this kind of social armor system also uses the four-level rule to deepen the estrangement between ethnic groups and regions, and especially discriminates against the Southerners.
Therefore, as soon as the Yuan Dynasty was established, it was already doomed to its fate...
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