Hello Himalayan friends, in the last issue we talked about Zhangxiong, it is really a trivial talk, and it has been inconclusive for half a day. Today, Lao Bu is in the face of difficulties and talks about a more chaotic country, that is, the daughter country of Journey to the West.
When the 86th edition of Journey to the West was screened, I was only a teenager, and the most impressive person at that time was the daughter of the lord of the country. Zhu Lin's peach blossom eyes made my teenager's heart suffer ten thousand critical hits, which directly affected my criteria for finding a partner.
In order to write this lecture, I found out the episode of daughter country again, and I have to say that even today, it makes my old heart palpitate for nearly fifty years.
Pulling a little far, we still come back to say daughter country.
As I said before, before the Journey to the West was written, the exchanges between Han and Tibet were already very sufficient, and there were a lot of legends about Tibet circulating in the Central Plains, so the place where the second master brother fell from the sky was in Wusizang, and according to the current logic, the second master brother was a Tibetan incense pig running around the street.
In fact, the daughter country is the same, there is a country ruled by a woman in the far West, and it has long been circulated in the Central Plains, so it will be written into the "Journey to the West".
At present, the records of the female kingdom are mainly In Chinese historical materials, and in the Tibetan historical materials, within the scope of my eyesight, it seems that there are only records of the two little kings of Sen Bojie.
These Chinese historical materials that record the women's kingdom can probably be divided into two categories:
One is official records, such as the Records of the Western Regions, the Book of Sui, the History of the Northern Dynasty, the Tang Tongdian, the Tang Huijiao, the Old Book of Tang, the New Book of Tang, the Yuangui of the Book of The Book of Records, and the Zizhi Tongjian;
The other type is travelogues, Master Xuanzang's "Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty", Master Daoxuan's "Shakya Fangzhi", and Master Hui Chao's "Biography to the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms".
Generally speaking, the level of official revision history is higher than that of folk history, especially the authors of these official revision histories above are cattle people who have lost their scum.
The author of the "Western Regions Map" is Pei Zhi, who is a great zongheng family of the Sui Dynasty and the eldest sun Sheng. Everyone's understanding of Changsun Sheng may mainly come from his son Changsun Wuji and his daughter Empress Changsun, that is, Li Shimin's empress.
But in fact, Changsun Sheng himself had a number of cattle, and the strategy of "attacking from afar and attacking closely, separating the strong from the strong and combining the weak" was a state-level grand strategy of the Sui Dynasty to deal with the Turks, and it can be regarded as the initiator of the division between the Eastern and Western Turks.
Oh yes, the origin of the idiom of killing two birds with one stone is also the eldest sun Sheng. Therefore, this old brother can write and fight, although he has never brought soldiers in his life, he is the most important hero of the Sui Dynasty to stabilize the north.
Pei Zhi can be compared with the eldest Sun Sheng, and naturally it is not a mortal product. Compared with Changsun Sheng, he is more like a practical figure, who has really been on the battlefield, once led the Beifan military, and was evaluated by later historians as "traffic in the West, and the merit is better than Zhang Qian".
The three volumes of the "Atlas of the Western Regions" written by him are the clearest understanding of the Western Regions in the Central Plains at that time. Unfortunately, the "Atlas of the Western Regions" has been lost, but because the book is too important, the contents of the book are often quoted in later historical materials, so we can still see some of Pei's expositions today.
Other official revision history authors do not need to be introduced carefully, the chief editor of the Book of Sui is Wei Zheng, the author of the "History of the North" is Li Yanshou, and the authors of the "Huiyao", "Book of Tang", and "Tongjian" are all cattle people of the level of Wang Pu [pǔ], Ouyang Xiu, and Sima Guang.
Here we would like to mention the Tang Tongdian (唐通典), which was written by Du You during the Reign of Emperor Dezong and is the first work in the history of the Chinese canonical system.
Du You had a nephew of the same clan named Du Huan, this unfortunate child followed Gao Xianzhi to fight the Battle of Qiluo, and then he was captured by the Great Eater, and then became the first person to travel to West Asia and North Africa.
After he returned to China, he wrote a book called "Jingxingji", but unfortunately this book was also lost, but fortunately, when Du You wrote the "General Code", he quoted the contents of the book and retained almost 1500 words. In addition, Du You also has a grandson who is very cattle, named Du Mu.
After reading the names of the pits that fell on the ground above, do you feel that the history of official cultivation should be particularly accurate? If you dare to provoke, a bunch of people must come up and spray you to death!
However, on the issue of recording women's countries, official revision history is precisely the weaker side, and folk travelogues are more valuable, because travelogues are stepped on by high monks with their feet, and historical masters have never been to the plateau.
This is actually telling us that the people who are cattle in the coffee position have not gone to the field, and they can write things like that, don't be scared by the title. Those monks who are hungry and sleep on the ground and dare to fight with their lives deserve more attention.
If you look at the Chinese historical records of the women's kingdom together, you will find that the writing is very chaotic, and some things are not right at all.
In the Sui Book and the History of the Northern Dynasty, the female kingdom is located in the south of the Onion Ridge, and everyone should be familiar with the Onion Ridge, referring to the Pamir Plateau. In addition to the description of the south of the Onion Ridge, there is also a geographical indication that "in Khotan to the three thousand miles of the Nüguo", Khotan is today's Hotan County in Xinjiang, that is, the Nüguo is three thousand miles south of Hotan.
The country "is made by a woman, with the surname of Su Bi, the name of jié, the husband of the queen, who does not know political affairs, but only does conquest." ”[1]
"The king's surname is Su Bi, and the word is jié", which is an obvious mistake, but we will put this content down first, and then break it separately later.
Another description of the female kingdom is, "The climate is very cold, and the industry is hunting, and jade, cinnabar, musk, cattle, horses, and Shu horses are produced." Youduo salt, Hengxiang Tianzhu Xingxing, its profit is several times. ”[2]
We all know that Tibet is geologically marine sediment, so it is rich in cinnabar, coupled with "Yuduo salt to Tianzhu Xingxing", many friends who have been to Ali may say, this is not very accurate, it is the Ali region of Tibet.
Let's look at the fact that Master Xuanzang said of the Eastern Nü Kingdom, "The world is based on women, [its kingdom] is long from east to west, narrow from north to south, the climate is cold and fierce, bordering the Tubo Kingdom in the east, Khotan to the north, and the Three Waves to the west." ”[3]
The "Three Waves of The Kingdom" in Master Xuanzang's mouth has now been basically determined to be Ladakh in Indian-controlled Kashmir.
In this way, it seems that the country that Xuanzang called the "Eastern Female Kingdom" is the "Female Kingdom" in the Sui Book and the Northern History.
Note that there is no title of the Eastern Female Kingdom in the Book of Sui and the Northern History, only the Female Kingdom, and we will deal with this issue in a moment.
As for why Xuanzang called the female kingdom the Eastern Female Kingdom, he also gave an explanation, saying that "there is still a female kingdom on the islands southwest of the Eastern Roman Empire"[4], so according to the perspective of the whole of Asia, the westernmost female country in Tibet has become the "Eastern Female Kingdom".
Master Xuanzang's "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" is the first time that the title of "Eastern Female Kingdom" appears in historical materials.
In addition, the "Eastern Women's Kingdom" written by Master Daoxuan in the "Shakya Fangzhi" also has a lot of things to match.
For example, women are kings, the borders are long from east to west, narrow from north to south, out of gold, east to Tubo, north to Khotan, this is no problem. However, Master Daoxuan believes that this "Eastern Female Kingdom" is the Great Yang Tong (also known as the Great Sheep Tongguo") [5].
When we talked about Zhangxiong in the last issue, we mentioned that what is the relationship between Zhangxiong and the female country, it is not clear now, but it seems that Master Dao xuan has explained it clearly here.
To be honest, if our understanding of the female country is here, it is actually very good, because we know less and have no trouble. But we are not ordinary people, we always like to go deeper and planer. As a result, this planing, planing out of trouble.
In the Sui Shu Female National Biography, everything is written very well, that is, it is good to die and write these sentences, "Out of Shu horses, once at war with the party, there is a sacred tree worship, with macaque sacrifice." [6]
I saw this section of the head buzzing at the time, and I guess the expert's head was also buzzing.
Out of the Shu horse, experts are explained in this way, saying that the Shu horse is the opposite of the horse, referring to the kind of relatively short horse, similar to the horse produced in Shu land, good at walking the mountain road.
Well, this explanation is not outrageous, but what about the explanation of "trying to fight the party"?!
Speaking of party items, you don't think of Xixia.
Yes, the Western Xia was a dynasty founded by the Dang Xiang people, but that was a matter of the Northern Song Dynasty, hundreds of years away.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Dangxiang people, mainly distributed in western Sichuan and southern Gansu, have always been classified by the Han people into the category of Western Qiang. It should be noted that Xiqiang is a general term for the western ethnic groups in the Central Plains, and there is no necessary logical relationship with today's Qiang, and the Tubo people are also considered to be one of the Western Qiang, and the New Book of Tang and Tubo Biography writes that "Tubo is originally a genus of Western Qiang".
After the rise of the Tubo Dynasty, some of the Dangxiang people were beaten to the north and placed in northern Shaanxi by the Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty lay flat, the Dangxiang people in northern Shaanxi rose, and Li Yuanhao established the Western Xia Dynasty. However, after the Mongols destroyed the Western Xia, some of the Dangxiang people moved south to western Sichuan. In today's subdivision branch of the Tibetan people, there is an ethnic group that calls itself the "Muya Tibetans", which is said to be closely related to this southward migration of the Dangxiang people, and may be the descendants of the Western Xia Dangxiang people. [7]
Then how can this female country, which Xuanzang calls "Tubo in the east", fight with the party members in Gannan, which cannot be explained in any way.
In addition, why is there a sacred tree worship on the Ali Plateau? There are macaques, Ali has no monkeys, can he import monkeys and kill the sacrifice?!
Let's put these questions aside and look at what the Book of Tang is about women's kingdoms.
The old and new Tang books both have the Dongnu Guo biography, the old Tang Book put the Dongnu Guo biography in the "Southern Man Biography", while the Sui Book and the Northern History of the Female Kingdom are classified in the "Western Regions Biography", which shows that the people who compiled the old Tang Book know where the Dongnu Kingdom is.
Therefore, the old Tang Book's record of the female kingdom is quite reliable, and when talking about the female kingdom, it is said that "the Eastern Female Kingdom, another species of the Western Qiang, because there are still female countries in the Western Sea, it is called the Eastern Female." ”
Then when talking about the scope of the women's country, it is said that it is connected with Maozhou (Maoxian County, Sichuan) and Dangxiang in the east, and Yazhou (Ya'an, Sichuan) in the southeast, and its territory travels from east to west for nine days, and north and south for twenty days. [8]
Friends familiar with geography know that Mao County belongs to the Sichuan Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, northwest of Chengdu, with a straight-line distance of 110 kilometers, while Ya'an is southwest of Chengdu, 120 kilometers away from Chengdu.
At the same time, the Old Book of Tang also said that the jurisdiction of the women's kingdom is narrow from east to west and wide from north to south, and as we have just said, the Eastern Women's Kingdom in Master Xuanzang's writing has a border of "long east and west, narrow from north to south", so although these two women's countries are called "East Female Kingdoms", they are basically two different things.
In addition, the Old Book of Tang also said that the Eastern Women's Kingdom "has weak water flowing south", and this weak water is the weak water of "three thousand weak waters, only take one scoop", but it should be noted that there are several rivers called weak water in ancient times. This weak water in the female country refers to the weak song called in Tibetan, that is, the Dajinchuan River. [9]
The twenty-second time in the Journey to the West, when describing the Quicksand River, also mentions weak water, saying that "eight hundred quicksand boundaries, three thousand weak water depths, goose feathers can not float, reed flowers sink to the bottom." ”
In fact, there is indeed a female country in western Sichuan, which is today's Jiarong Tibetan area, and Jiarong means "Queen's Valley" in Tibetan.
Speaking of which, we know that there are at least two female countries on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, although they are all called "Eastern Female Countries", but one is on the Ali Plateau in Tibet and the other is in the mountains of western Sichuan. [10] In order to make a good distinction, we call Ali's female country "Onion Ridge Female Country" and Sichuan's female country "Sichuan West Female Country".
However, the record of the western Sichuan women's kingdom in the Old Book of Tang is not without problems, and it writes a sentence "The text is the same as the Tianzhu". I really don't know whether this means that the text is the same as the Tibetan language or the same as the Sanskrit language.
In addition to this flaw, the old Tang Book's female national biography is quite reliable, at least much more reliable than the new Tang Book's female national biography. As for how unreliable the New Tang Dynasty Female National Biography is, we will talk about it in the next issue.
In addition, don't think that there are two women's countries in the east and west on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and we will talk about the other two women's countries in the next issue.
bibliography:
[1] [2] [6] [11], Book of Sui and The Kingdom of Women_Wei Zheng (editor-in-chief);
The female kingdom, in the south of the Onion Ridge, its kingdom is kinged by women. The king's surname was Su Bi, and he reigned for twenty years. The queen's husband, known as Jin ju, does not know political affairs. Domestic husbands are only engaged in conquest. The mountain is the city, the square is five or six miles, and there are ten thousand families. The nine-story building of the royal residence, hundreds of handmaidens, five days and one listen to the dynasty. There is a little queen who knows the affairs of the country. Its vulgar noblewomen despise their husbands, and sex is not jealous. Both men and women paint in color, and change them several times in one day. Everyone is sent, leather is used as a shoe, and taxation is impermanent.
The climate is cold, and it is engaged in shooting and hunting, producing stones, cinnabar, musk, yak, horses, and Shu horses. Youduo salt, Heng will sell salt to Tianzhu Xingxing, its profit is several times. Also counted as wars with Tianzhu and Dangxiang.
When the queen dies, the kingdom collects money and asks for the two virtuous women of the deceased's clan, one is the queen and the second is the little king. The nobleman dies, peels his skin, and buries it in a bottle with gold shavings and flesh. After a year, he buried it in iron with his skin. The asura gods, and the tree gods, are sacrificed to humans at the beginning of the year, or macaques. After the sacrifice is completed, and when the mountain is blessed, there is a bird like a female pheasant, who comes to gather on the palm of his hand, and breaks his belly and looks at it, and if there is millet, he is rich in years, and there is a disaster in the sand and stone, which is called a bird Bu. In the sixth year of the reign of emperor, he sent envoys to pay tribute, but was later extinguished.
[3], Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty_ Master Xuanzang;
In this kingdom (Brahmacharya) in the Northern Snow Mountains (present-day Himalayas), there was a Suva thorn Qing Qu Tsui Luo Kingdom (original note: Tang Yan Jin clan) out of gold, so it is named after it. East and west are long, north and south narrow, that is, the East Female Kingdom.
The world is king with women, because women are called kingdoms. The husband is also a king, and he does not know the affairs of the government, but the husband only cries the fields and plants. Tuyi su mai, many sheep and horses. The climate is cold and fierce, and human nature is violent. It is bordered by the Kingdom of Tubo to the east, the Kingdom of Khotan to the north, and the Kingdom of Sanbo to the west.
[4], Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty_ Master Xuanzang;
There are western female countries on the southwest island of the Fuku kingdom, all of which are women, and there are no men. Many treasures, attached to the country, so the widowed husband of the king of the whisper is matched. Its vulgar males do not lift also.
[5], "Shakya Fangzhi" _Daoxuan Master;
In this country (Brahmacharya) there is the Suva Thorn Qing Qu Tsui Luo Kingdom (Yan Jin Clan Also), out of gold, east and west, that is, the East Female Kingdom, not India, also known as the Great Sheep Tongguo. It is bordered by Tufan to the east, Sanboha to the west, and Khotan to the north. In his kingdom, the woman is the king, the husband is also the king, and he does not know the state politics, and the male husband conquers the land and cultivates himself.
[7], "Examination of the Name and Origin of the Party Item"_Zhang Yun;
[8], "Old Book of Tang, Biography of the Eastern Women's Kingdom", written by Liu Xun et al. (Later Jin);
The Eastern Female Kingdom, another species of the Western Qiang, has a female kingdom in the Western Sea, so it is called the Eastern Female Yan. It is customary to have a woman as king. It is bordered by Maozhou and Dangxiang in the east and Yazhou in the southeast, separating Luo Nuban and Bai wolf Yi. It travels nine days from east to west and twenty days from north to south. There are more than eighty cities of size. The king's residence was named Kang Yanchuan, and there was a weak water flowing south, and the cowhide was used as a boat to cross. More than 40,000 households and more than 10,000 victorious soldiers were scattered in the valley. The Queen's name is "Bin-Din". There are female officials, known as "high hegemons", who discuss state affairs peacefully. Bureaucrats outside, and male husbands for it. His king had hundreds of handmaidens, and he listened to the government every five days. If the queen dies, the kingdom will accumulate more money, moving to tens of thousands, and even more the royal family will ask the two women to stand. The big one is the king, followed by the little king. If the great king dies, that is, the little king is established, or the sister dies and the wife succeeds, there is no usurpation. He lived in a crane house, the king to the ninth floor, the chinese to the sixth floor. Its royal dress is a green hairy Aya skirt, a collared shirt, a green robe on the top, and its sleeves are on the ground. Winter is lamb fur, decorated with brocade. It is a small beard, decorated with gold. Earlobes, foot stalks. The common man values the woman over the husband. The text is the same as that of Tianzhu. Positive for November. In October, the sorcerers scatter the wheat in the air, and curse the birds. There are birds like chickens in Russia, flying into the arms of witches, and seeing them because of the caesarean section, every valley will be ascended in the coming year, and if there is frost and snow, there will be many disasters. It is commonly believed to be called Bird Bu. His life is mourned, his clothes are not changed, and his parents do not mu for three years. The noble deceased, or stripped of their skin and hidden, the inner bone in the bottle, and buried in gold shavings. The king will be buried, and dozens of relatives of his ministers will be martyred.
In the great cause of sui, the king of Shu sent envoys to recruit him, but refused to accept it. In Wu Dezhong, the Queen Tang Huanshi first sent tributes, and Gao Zu sent them with thick money. ...... He commanded the envoys of the Eight Kingdoms of Qiang, Man, and Xishan. His tribe attacked the officials such as The Assassin Shi, but also sneaked into Tubo, so it was called "Two-Sided Qiang".
[9], "Subi and the Female Kingdom" _ Zhou Weizhou;
The location of the Eastern Nü Kingdom was in the area of present-day Dajinchuan, Sichuan, which is known in modern times as the land of Jiarong or Jiamorong, which means "Valley of the Queen" in Tibetan, which is also the location of Jialiangyi in the Tang Dynasty. This name (Queen's Valley) is in line with the matriarchal society of the Eastern Women's Kingdom in the Sui and Tang dynasties where female surnames were kings. The Kangyan River, where the queen lived, is the area around the present-day Dajin river, and the weak water (known as the weak song by Tibetans) refers to the Dajinchuan River.
In the southeastern border of his country, Luo Nu Man and White Wolf Yi, Yamaguchi Ruifeng believes that it is Bao Gong and Mosuo; Li Jingqing examined Luo Nu man, luo ru man, in the area of present-day Asbestos and Kowloon in Sichuan, and there are still tribes in the area that call themselves Luo Ru; Baiwolf Yi was in present-day Baoxing County, Sichuan.
[10], "Subi and the Female Kingdom"_Zhou Weizhou;
Through the comparison and analysis of the above documents, it is clear that the women's kingdom (onion Lingnan) and the eastern female kingdom (present-day western Sichuan) are two different women's kingdoms with women as kings.
The first is that the two countries are geographically different:
One is in the southern part of the Onion Ridge, in the south of Yuwen, in the west of Tubo, in the western part of present-day Tibet, and its territory is long from east to west and narrow from north to south; One is in the west of Maozhou, the northeast of Yazhou, and in the west of present-day Sichuan, its territory is narrow from east to west, long from north to south, and there are Kangyan River and weak water.
Secondly, the names of the queens and ministers of the two countries are different, and the number of populations is different.
Third, they paid tribute to the Sui and Tang dynasties at different times: the Lingnan Female Kingdom was in the Sui Kai Dynasty; the Eastern Female Kingdom in present-day western Sichuan was not appeased during the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Wude Queen Tang Yushi paid tribute to the first dynasty.
Fourth, there are also differences in customs and habits.
This is evident in the historical texts of five generations ago, i.e., either separately or separately; It was only when the New Book of Tang was revised during the Northern Song Dynasty that the two female countries were merged into one tradition, which caused confusion in the understanding of future generations. Regarding this, Chinese and foreign scholars have also long corrected it.
[12], "New Book of Tang, Biography of the Eastern Women"_ co-authored by Song Qi, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhen, Lü Xiaqing, etc.;
Dong Nu , also known as Su Fa La Tu Qu Tsui Luo , Qiang Bei Species, West Sea also has a female self-king, so it is called "East" Other. It is bordered by Tubo, Dangxiang and Maozhou to the east, Sanboha to the west, Khotan to the north, and Yazhou Luonuman and Baiwolf to the southeast. Travel from east to west for nine days, and north and south for twenty days. There are eighty cities. With women as the king, Jukang Yanchuan, rock dangers, weak water flowing south, sewing leather for boats. Forty thousand households, 10,000 victorious soldiers. Wang Haobin, the official Gao Bali, Yu Yan Zai Xiang ye. Officials outside, lead men to do so. Where orders are given, female officials pass them on from within, and male officials receive them. There are hundreds of handmaidens in the king, and they listen to the government every five days. When the king died, the people of the country used tens of thousands of dollars to take the royal family and asked the ladies to stand second. The second is the little king, and the king dies, because he thinks that he is an heir, or an aunt who dies and succeeds him, and there is no usurpation. All the houses are heavy houses, the king has nine floors, and the chinese people have six floors. The king's dress is green hairy Aya skirt, which is covered with green robes, sleeves entrusted to the ground, and winter lamb fur, decorated with wen brocade. For small beards, earlobes. Foot trailing cord. Sophie, also. Vulgar light men, female nobles salty waiters, hair, painted with green, only war and farming. The son takes the mother's surname. The ground is cold and wheat, the sheep and horses, and the gold. The customs are more or less the same as those of Tianzhu. Positive for November. The witches used the October to curse the birds in the mountains, the bush wheat, and the flocks of birds. There are birds in Russia that come like chickens, dissect them, and those who have grains are rich in age, or there is a disaster, the name is bird Bu. After three years of mourning, it is not easy to serve, and it is not easy to mu. When a nobleman dies, he hides his skin, and in the inner bone, he is covered with gold shavings. The king was buried and martyred to dozens of people.
During the Wude period, Wang Tang's clan began to send envoys to pay tribute. Gao Zuhou was retributed, and was plundered by the Turks and could not pass. In the Zhenguan, the envoy returned to the throne, and the Taizong seal made a consolation. At the beginning of the Xianqing Dynasty, he sent Gaoba Liwen and the prince Sanlu to the dynasty and conferred the right supervisor Zhonglang general. His king summoned the chancellor to ask for an official title, and Wu Houshu paid homage to the general of the Outer Guard of the Left Jade Arm and gave Rui Jinfu. During the Tianzhi and Kaiyuan dynasties, the king and his son returned to the dynasty, and the emperor and the chancellor feasted on Qujiang, and crowned Wang Yufu as the King of Guichang and the Great General of Zuo Jinwuwei. Later, the man was king.
In the ninth year of zhenyuan, his king Tang Lixi, together with the White Dog Jun and his brother Dong Woting, Deng Jizhi, Nanshui Jun, Xue Shangxi, Dong Shuhe, Dong Shuhe, Dong Shuhe, Dong Shuhe, Dong Shu, Dong, Dong,, Dong, Dong, Dong, Dong, Its species is scattered in the western mountains and weak waters, although it claims to be the king, it covers the ears of small tribes. Since the lost river and long, they are all Tubo subordinates, thousands of households, and the orders are placed, and the years are oversaw. It is the edict given by the heavenly treasure of Judah. Gao was in the states of Wei and Ba, giving cattle and grain, and curing their livelihood. Li Xi waited for the dynasty to enter the dynasty and sent guan Lu to give it. So Songzhou Qiang 20,000 mouths heeled into the annex. Li Xi and other officials stabbed history, all of them were hereditary, but the yin was attached to tubo, so it was called "two-sided Qiang".
[13] Shi Shuo, shi shuo;
[14], Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents (Revised Edition)_Wang Yao, Chen Jian;
Dunhuang Ancient Tibetan Texts P. T. 1286 "The Lineage of the Little Bang Bo And Zampu" records:
The land of Subi's Yasong was ruled by Sueji Mangrudi, and his vassals were "Lang" and "Kang".
[15], "Subi and the Female Kingdom"_Zhou Weizhou;
Duomi, quoted above in the New Book of Tang Dynasty, The Transmission of the Western Regions, Yun Qi, "also the Western Qiang people, serving tubo, the number is difficult." River of meat cattle, soil and gold". The Niu Niu River, both Chinese and foreign scholars have identified it as the Tongtian River (also known as Mulu Wusu) in the upper reaches of the Present-day Jinsha River. 鹘莽峡, "Book of the YuanGui" volume 961 Foreign Ministers' Tufeng San Tubo Tiao Tiao Tiao: "There is the Hu Mang Gorge, go to Chang'an for more than 6,000 miles, and its country is guarded against because of danger." Its Shanxi Eight Mile shape is like the Three Gorges". Zexia is located in the east of the Huangmang Gorge, which is a famous key point on the Tang Dynasty Ancient Road. According to the New Book of Tang, volume 40, "Geographical Records", the capital city of Duzhou, the clouds are placed: "· ....Naidu Dayue River Luo Bridge, through Tan Pond, Yu Pond, 530 miles to Sino Luosao. And through the Begging Ningshui Bridge, and then through the Dasu Water Bridge, three hundred and twenty miles to the Crane Mangshi, the Tang envoys into the Lotus, the princess every time the envoys into the labor here. After passing through the Huang mang gorge for more than ten miles, the two mountains are connected to each other, there are small bridges on it, and the three waterfalls are like a flooding attack..." Regarding the location of the Lu Mang Gorge and the Hu Mang Gorge, Chinese and foreign scholars have studied a lot, and most of them have set it near the present-day Tanggula Mountain.
In 1984, after Qinghai Province organized an expedition to the Tangbo Ancient Road, the location of the Tangbo Gorge was more certain. According to the report of the expedition team, the Mountain of Lu Mang should be the Bamara Snow Mountain of the upper source of the present-day Suoqu North in Qinghai, and the gorge is the upper stream of the present-day Suoqu North Source, and its shape is still like the "Three Gorges". Xiluo Nuosao, between Zhaqu and Dangqu in the western part of present-day Zaduo County, Qinghai, should be named after the above-mentioned Prince Ofsubi, Xinuoluo, and was originally the most important base of Subi.
As a result, the geographical location of Zhisupi was west of the Tongtian River in the upper reaches of the present-day Jinsha River, across the land of tanggula mountain, and in the west of the present-day Qinghai Suoqu North Source. It is adjacent to Tuguhun to the north, the river (Yellow River) to the north of Tuguhun, and the south of Henan is Supi.
[16], "A Study on the History of The Relationship between Tubo and Northwest Ethnic Groups in the Tang Dynasty: Tubo and Duomi"_Yu Taishan (editor-in-chief), Yang Ming (author);
The New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions has "Duomi, also the Western Qiang, belongs to Tubo, and the number is difficult." Riverside pear cattle river, soil more gold. In the sixth year of Zhenguan, he sent emissaries to pay tribute and sent them", which scholars have studied for a long time. It is generally believed that Duomi in the early Tang Dynasty was still a relatively independent entity regime, and was still able to send envoys to pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty, and then became the object of contention between Tubo and Tang Dynasty, and was eventually subdued by Tubo.
The "Domi" and its geographical outlook recorded in Chinese literature
The New Book of Tang dynasty and the biography of the Western Regions contains: Duomi "bin ploughed the cattle river, soil is more gold", from the same interpretation of Bai Lanqiang "left belongs to the party item, right and Duomi" sentence, Duomi's location is below the source of the Yellow River, the nearby "Plough Niu River" should be the Yak River, that is, the upper reaches of the present-day Tongtian River.
Regarding the origin of Duomi in the Tang Dynasty, some scholars believe that it can be traced back to the "Dang Fan" of the Sui Shu Fu Guo Biography, that is, in the northeast of the Annexed Country, there are often Qiang, "Big and Small Zuofeng, Xi Wei, Ge Yan, White Dog, Xiang Ren, Wang, Lin Tai, Chun Sang, Li Dou, Mi Sang, Shu Yao, Da Jie, Bai Lan, Ling Li Touch Disciple, Na E, Dang Mi, Qu Bu, Sang Wu, Qian Diao, and in the deep mountains and poor valleys, there is no great prince. Its customs are slightly similar to those of the Party, or they belong to Tuguhun or vassal states."
Among them, "Dangmi" is a different translation of Duomi, because its location is roughly similar to that of Duomi in the Tang Dynasty, and the pronunciation of the name is basically the same.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the geographical location of Domi did not change much. Du You wrote the Tongdian Tubo (通典 Tubo) and wrote: "His kingdom left the capital city (present-day Xining, Qinghai) for five hundred miles, crossed the Wuhai (present-day Qinghai Dongzhi Lake to Tsuna Lake), entered the Tuguhun tribe, Midomi, Subi and Bailan, and reached the Tubo border. ”
[17], "The Su Pi Mo Clan Seen in the Literature of the Western Regions of Dunhuang"_Yang Ming;
According to the Dunhuang Ben Tubo Historical Document, before the conquest of Tubo, Subi was one of the many small states on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the P. T. 1286 lineage of the small state of Bojiachen and Zampu (P. T. 1286) records:
In the territory of each small state, there are fortresses all over the place, serving as the king of Xiao Zheng and the vassals of the small state
The history is as follows:... The land of Subi's Tuisong was ruled by Emperor Mangjia of the Last Karma, and his vassals were the two clans of "Lang" and "Kang".
The above vbal can be translated as "end", because all ancient Tibetan words with b with consonants preceded by v are pronounced m at the mouth. The Sui Shu Xiyu Biography says: "The female kingdom, in the south of the Onion Ridge, its kingdom is kinged by a woman. The king's surname was Su Bi, and he reigned for twenty years. ”
The word "last karma" here should be the opposite of the ancient Tibetan text vbal Ije quoted above, where vbal is the surname of the Subi royal family, that is, "the last clan", and the Tibetan meaning of lje is wang, which is collectively referred to as "the king of the last clan". It may be that the historians of the Central Plains do not know the end, and pieced together the sentence "The king's surname is Su Bi, the word is the end of the karma", the actual meaning should be "Su Bi Wang, the number of the last karma".
Su Bi Wang", "Emperor Muranru of the Last Karma", sometimes referred to simply as "Vbal Lje Mang", the Biography of Dunhuang Ben Tubo Zanpu quotes Gar Qinling:
The divine Zampu of Tubo, and the heavens are shrouded together, and they are no more than the last karma
(vbal lje mang}, he hid deep beneath the surface of the nine layers, and killed him.
The vbesl lje mang coincides with the former vbesl lje mang ru ti, which refers to the Subi king "Emperor Munchongru" who was conquered by Songtsan Gampo.
[18], "Questioning a "Conclusive Conclusion" in the Study of Tibetan History"_Basang Wangdui;
[19], "Subi and Sempoje Examination", Lin Guanqun;
[20] Is the Female Kingdom Subi? —On the Difference between the Female Kingdom and Su Bi and the Origin of the Female Kingdom, that is, su bi theory" _Shi Shuo;
The most important difference between the Nüguo and Su Bi is that whether it is the Book of Sui and the Northern History, or the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty and the Shiying Fangzhi, their records of the Nüguo all call them "the king of the world with women"; As for Su Bi, the various historical books seen so far, whether it is Dunhuang Tubo Tibetan scrolls or various Chinese historical records, have never mentioned that he has the custom of "taking women as kings".
Dunhuang Tubo Tibetan Writing Volume P. T. 128 records that during the lifetime of Songtsen Gampo's grandfather Dari Niansai and father Nangri Songtsan, There were two young kings, Sen Bojda Kago and Sen Bo Jie Hua Bang Song, neither of whom was called a woman.
The New Book of Tang and the Biography of the Western Regions records that Tianbao says: "(Su Bi) Wang Wulingzan wanted to raise a domestic vassal and was killed by Tubo"; In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755 AD), "the Prince of Subi, Sino, led dozens of his leaders to surrender."
The Tang Dynasty "made the surrender of the Subi prince Xi Nuoluo the Great General of the Zuo Xiao Guards, the Prince of Huaiyi, given the surname Li, and the name Zhongxin, and his subordinate officials had different gifts'.
Since Sinolo was called the "Prince of Subi", it should be determined that he and his father, Wuling Zanfei, were women. Therefore, the actual situation is that at present, in the historical records, we cannot find any clues about Subi's "female king".
Volume 957 of the Yuangui of the Book of Records of the Imperial Household was sealed in Book III
Tubo's rule over the small states was very harsh, and it often carried out "big material gatherings" in the small states, that is, collecting grain and grass and soldiers, and fighting against the Tang, the big food, and the Hui que. The small states could not bear it, and some of them threw themselves into Tang Dynasty. The above-mentioned Tianbao Fourteenth Year Su Bi King Wuling Zantuo Tang is an example. As a result, Wulingzan was killed by Tubo, and his son Xi Nuoluo was spared from the bitter battle and returned to Tang Jingshi. The Tang Dynasty made him the King of Huaiyi and the Great General of zuo Xiaowei, and gave him the surname Li and the name Zhongxin. Although Xi Nuoluo defected to the Tang Dynasty, Su Bi was still ruled by Tubo and ruled by another minor king.
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