Author: Shi Qian
On January 23, 1949, Zhou Enlai walked in with a telegram from Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Nie Rongzhen to the Central Military Commission: "Chairman, a telegram from Fu Zuoyi was transferred from the Pingjin front. ”
"Oh, what do you say?" Chairman Mao asked.
"Mr. Fu has held preliminary talks with Dong Qiwu and demanded that the Suiyuan front immediately cease hostilities, accept the reorganization, and open the traffic to trade."
"It seems that we and Mr. Fu want to be together, I am considering that Suiyuan is different from Peiping, Beiping is mainly the central army of chiang kai-shek, so we cannot agree to call it a peaceful uprising, we can only call it peaceful liberation, and Suiyuan is the place where Fu Started, is his main force, with the peaceful liberation of Peiping, can Suiyuan be more preferential?" Adopt the 'Suiyuan method' that is fully wrapped up, and there are still some problems in the balance of forces between the two sides of the Suiyuan front..."
"The Chairman's consideration is good, and I fully agree." Zhou En.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="8" > First, after Dong Qiwu had just eaten the "reassurance pill" held out by Chairman Mao, unexpected events occurred</h1>
On the morning of January 28, the Yang Zhentian Regiment of the 7th Division of Dongbu Zhang Shizhen was changing defenses, and a part of the 8th Column of Yao Zhezhi of the People's Liberation Army mistakenly believed that the unit was going to launch an attack, so it preemptively launched an attack.
Although it was only a small battle, it not only alarmed Dong Qiwu and Fu Zuoyi, but also Lin Biao and Chairman Mao.
In handling this incident, Dong Qiwu's attitude was very cautious. At that time, Dong Qiwu, who was stationed at the Sui Command Post, received the battle report and immediately wanted to call the front line: "Shizhen? I am Dong Qiwu, and you must immediately try to get out of the battle and stop the armed conflict! ”
"Why? It was the FIRST shot fired by the People's Liberation Army! Zhang Shizhen said unconvinced.
"Whoever shoots first, try to stop as soon as possible, this is the order, don't lose big because of small!" Dong Qiwu was a little impatient.
Xibaipo, Chairman Mao's residence. Zhou Enlai hurriedly walked in and said: "Chairman, Beiping has transmitted telegrams from Suiyuan Yao Zhe and Gao Kelin, and there has been a small-scale armed conflict in the Area of Taobuqi Station in Suidong. Zhou En, said.
"You see, is it feasible to peacefully resolve the Suiyuan problem?" It seems that Chairman Mao is still thinking about it.
"The chairman's consideration is very correct, very thorough, and Suiyuan can be resolved peacefully." Zhou Enlai replied affirmatively.
Chairman Mao said decisively: "Then, send a telegram immediately: please ask Nie and Bo to tell the troops on both sides to stop fighting and settle the Suiyuan issue peacefully; and ask Mr. Fu to inform General Dong Qiwu as soon as possible, do not panic, this conflict will not affect the peaceful policy, and do not withdraw west with troops." ”
On the morning of 22 February, Fu Zuoyi and Deng Baoshan flew to Xibaipo to meet chairman Mao, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, and other leading comrades of the CPC, and Chairman Mao explained in detail the connotation of the "Suiyuan way" and proposed that about 12,000 prisoners in the operations in Zhangjiakou, Xinbaoan, Huailai, and other places could be released back to Suiyuan to participate in the peaceful uprising.
On March 5, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Xibaipo. At the meeting, Chairman Mao made a more explicit exposition of the "Suiyuan method":
The Suiyuan method is to deliberately preserve a part of the Kuomintang army intact, or to remain immobile in general, that is, to make temporary concessions to this part of the army, in order to win this part of the army to be on our side politically, or to remain neutral, so that we can concentrate our efforts on first resolving the main part of the remnants of the Kuomintang and, after a considerable period of time (for example, in a few months, half a year, or a year later), then reorganize this part of the army into the People's Liberation Army in accordance with the people's liberation army system.
On March 19, Li Jingquan, secretary of the Jinsui Branch of the CPC Central Committee, returned from Xibaipo, Hebei Province, to Suiyuan ZhuoziShan. Entrusted by Chairman Mao, Li Jingquan met with Dong Qiwu on the morning of 20 July and conveyed to him in detail Chairman Mao's exposition on the three ways, especially the "Suiyuan way." Dong Qiwu said excitedly: "With Chairman Mao's 'Suiyuan way,' Suiyuan military and political personnel will have a 'reassuring pill.'" On behalf of the Military and Political Personnel in Suiyuan, I would like to thank Chairman Mao and the CPC for their lenient treatment, and I, Dong Qiwu, will never fail to live up to Chairman Mao's high expectations and will certainly realize the peaceful uprising in Suiyuan. ”
At this time, some organs of the National Government in Nanjing have moved to Guangzhou. At the end of February, Chiang Kai-shek at Xikou sent an urgent telegram: "Even if Chairman Dong and his military and political organs and subordinate troops lead the sui province to withdraw west to the Houtao area, and to make horns with the two horses (that is, Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui), only then can they block the enemy's westward advance." be sure to. ”
After consulting with Zhang Shizhen and others, Dong Qiwu quickly called Chiang Kai-shek. The telegram said: "First, Suiyuan is still relatively stable, there is no sign of a large-scale offensive by the communist army, and there is no need to withdraw westward for the time being; second, the middle and lower-ranking officers of the troops stationed in Suiyuan are mostly locals, and they can easily withdraw to the west, and there may be many escapes, and it is difficult for the troops to stabilize; third, it is necessary to make necessary preparations for the westward withdrawal, set up the Suixi Bureau, dredge up the mind, and resettle the family members. ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="6" In early February and March >, the Guangzhou government saw that Dong Qiwu did not obey the transfer and immediately changed its tactics</h1>
Qi Zihou, a member of the Central Legislature, and Yan Ziyan, a fellow villager of Dong, were sent to Guisui. Dong Qiwu led some political leaders to the airport to greet them.
After settling in Qi and Yan de residence. Qi Zihou said: "Tell the truth, we are on the orders of the president, specially came to pick you up in Nanjing and Xikou, and discussed the plan of adhering to the northwest." ”
"The president intends to ask Chairman Dong to preside over the overall situation in the northwest, so he specially sent his special plane to pick you up, and the president is particularly concerned about you!" Yan Ziyan made his words clearer.
Dong Qiwu thought, Chiang Kai-shek knows my relationship with General Fu, and Suiyuan's future is self-evident. I didn't agree to the west retreat, so I tried to trick me into going to Xikou, so wouldn't I become Zhang Xueliang's second! Therefore, he said lukewarmly: "The president's love really does not dare to be, and now the situation in Suiyuan is superficially stable, but the crisis is fraught, and as soon as I leave, I am afraid that the situation will be difficult to control." If necessary, I can ask someone else to report on my behalf. I also hope that the two will report in front of the president. ”
"Chairman Dong, what the president wants us to pick up is you, how can others replace you?"
"In extraordinary times, I can't leave behind eighty or ninety thousand brothers and more than two million people!" Dong Qiwu slapped his thigh fiercely, expressing embarrassment and anger.
The conversation could not go on any longer. Qi and Yan flew back to xikou and confronted Chiang Kai-shek.
"Niang Xipi, Dong Qiwu and Fu Yisheng were born in a mother's womb!" After listening to the report, Chiang Kai-shek said angrily.
"Otherwise give him some color to see..." Qi Zihou said tentatively.
"Suiyuan is a barren province, with a backward economy and a shortage of materials, and as long as military and political funds and all supplies are cut off, Dong Qiwu has to bow down and obey orders." Yan Ziyan offered advice.
"Father," Chiang Ching-kuo said, "at that time, we were too accommodating to Fu Zuoyi, and we could no longer indulge Dong Qiwu. It is necessary to cut off their grain and grass and force them to obey. ”
Chiang Kai-shek was quite proud and said, "Yes, he is inferior to Fu Yisheng, and I am afraid that it will be difficult to leave my help." Telling Li Zongren and He Yingqin, Dong Qiwu refused to carry out the military order and immediately stopped sending Suiyuan's military and political funds and various supplies. ”
"Also, Dong Qiwu's eldest son is attending college in Chongqing..." Qi Zihou said flatteringly.
Chiang Kai-shek's eyes lit up and he asked, "Is the situation accurate?" ”
"Indeed, indeed, when I went to Chongqing, he also went to see me. His name is Dong Chengxiang. Dong Qiwu's compatriot confirmed.
"Tell Mao Renfeng and send someone to check it out." Chiang Kai-shek said.
It is difficult for a daughter-in-law to cook without rice. Chiang Kai-shek's "killer skill" immediately plunged Suiyuan's finances into difficulties, his daily expenses could not be maintained, and the agents of the central and military command of the government and the troops also took advantage of the situation to become active. On the one hand, Dong Qiwu sent cadres to explain the situation to various units and departments and stabilize their thinking; on the other hand, he repeatedly telephoned the Nanjing government to request the rapid distribution of military and political funds. However, the Nanjing government has been trying to push back, and the only reply is: "If you want funds, please ask Chairman Dong to come!" ”
"Cut off his grain and grass, the military and government are dissatisfied, I don't believe you Dong Qiwu disobeyed!" Although Chiang Kai-shek's clever calculations failed to impress Dong, they still set off a lot of waves in Suiyuan.
Dong Qiwu thought, let your old Jiang Miao have a thousand plans, I have certain rules, never go to Nanjing or Guangzhou: first, do not drill your trap, never be Zhang Xueliang second, my personal life and death matters are small, peaceful uprisings are big, and must not be broken. Second, you can't bend your waist for a few buckets of rice, since you have decided to revolt peacefully, you will not beg your old Chiang Kai-shek, and no matter how hard it is, you must persist in going on.
He immediately convened an emergency meeting of all circles of the military and government and said passionately: "The suspension of our military and political funds and all supplies by the Nanjing government shows that Chiang Kai-shek has no trust in us and wants to put us to death. Our troops have a history and tradition of enduring hardships, and at our most difficult moment, all the military, government, and people must unite from top to bottom, unite sincerely, cut down on food and clothing, and tide over the difficulties together. ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="4" > third, Dong Qiwu's son was captured by Mao Renfeng</h1>
Dong Qiwu's wife, Yao Qinxiu, has been sleeping well for several days, and sometimes has nightmares. That night, she couldn't help herself and said to her husband, "I'm always worried that the spies will poison Jimin, so you should send someone to Chongqing to get him back sooner." ”
"Do you think I'm not worried?" I also thought about it for a long time: first, picking up the children will prematurely expose the intention of the uprising, which may make the uprising halfway abandoned; second, the old Chiang Kai-shek has stopped allocating funds, can the people still receive it back? Doing so would only lose both ways. ”
"Can't you try it?" Yao Qinxiu also wanted to convince her husband.
"Alas, I can't try it! How can we bet on the lives of tens of thousands of brothers? Dong Qiwu patted his thigh, and there was nothing he could do about his son's problem.
At this time, Dong Chengxiang was already under the surveillance of secret agents. After the peaceful uprising in Suiyuan, Mao Renfeng immediately ordered his arrest and escorted him to Taiwan.
On March 2, negotiations on the peaceful uprising in Suiyuan were held in Peiping. Because the CPC deputies did not have a deep understanding of the "Suiyuan way" and believed that it was "leniency and boundlessness," different clauses were often put forward in the negotiations for Dong Fang's proposals; and the terms proposed by Dong Fang due to internal work and the needs of the overall uprising were also obviously beneficial to their own side, so the negotiations did not go smoothly for this reason. Negotiations reached an impasse after April 9.
For this reason, Dong Qiwu was very anxious: the immediate retreat of the troops would bring about new factors of instability, it would not be realistic to immediately hand over railway jurisdiction, the unreasonable exchange rate would cause dissatisfaction among the people of Suiyuan, the failure of the summer clothes to be resolved would cause turmoil in the troops, and the failure of government officials to give way would also cause great difficulties for the peaceful uprising, and so on would have an adverse impact on the preparations for the peaceful uprising! He truthfully stated these ideas at a military-political summit.
Zhang Qin said in his speech: "In order to ensure the smooth progress of the uprising, we should send representatives to Beiping to explain our hardships in detail, not that we do not respect the opinions of the representatives of the North China Bureau of the CPC. ”
"If you don't agree, just look at it!" In my opinion, President Jiang's policy has always been to fake peace and fight with real people, and to talk about fake peace and real preparation for war... If you don't succeed, you become a benevolent person! Liu Wanchun let out a big fuss.
"I think you're struggling." Sun Lanfeng pointed at Dong and said.
Dong Qiwu stood up and said calmly: "Everyone should not be emotional, I would like to invite everyone to calmly discuss specific and feasible plans, and complaining and complaining is not the solution to the problem." ”
Yu Cunhao said: "We should explain to the representatives of the North China Bureau of the CPC that our adherence to the provisions proposed is by no means a struggle for turf, power, or money, but for the smooth progress of the peaceful uprising." ”
"The peaceful uprising has succeeded, but the whole Suiyuan and the whole army are not all Communists!" Even all of us here are members of the Communist Party! Rong Xiang said.
"Yes, we want the CCP to make temporary, partial concessions, or only verbal concessions, to support our preparations for a smooth peaceful uprising, and we will all be a family in the future!" We are by no means making unreasonable trouble and deliberately resisting..." Dong Qiwu made it even more explicit.
At the same time, Zhou Enlai was also listening to the report.
Bo Yibo said: "The negotiations have not made much progress, and the mood of the representatives of the two sides is not very good. ”
"What is the main reason?" Zhou Enlai asked.
Zhang Youyu said: "Mainly on some specific issues, there is disagreement ..."
Zhou En: "The suiyuan issue is very complicated, and Dong Qiwu has many practical difficulties that we may not be able to imagine. Chiang Kai-shek's total blockade of him created a huge obstacle to a peaceful uprising, and we should think more about them when negotiating specific terms. ”
Subsequently, Zhou Enlai rushed to the Shuangqing Villa in Xiangshan and reported to Chairman Mao on the problems that had arisen in the negotiations. Chairman Mao immediately pointed out that the "Suiyuan way" is to make concessions to the non-Chiang Kai-shek and non-main forces in the Kuomintang army, and the use of force and the reorganization of them into the People's Liberation Army are the biggest concessions. A draft should be adopted as soon as possible, inviting General Dong Qiwu to launch extensive discussions among people from all walks of life in the suiyuan military and political circles and at the upper levels of all nationalities, and raise any questions so that a formal agreement can be signed.
"The Chairman's instructions are very timely and very correct, and I fully agree with them." Zhou Enlai said happily, and then said: "It seems that we are engaged in a tug-of-war with Chiang Kai-shek..."
Chairman Mao took up the fork and said, "It is a tug-of-war competition, and it is a tug-of-war competition that has already determined the outcome." Since we must win, we must not tug-of-war at the negotiating table. Tell our cadres that they must accept all the conditions proposed by Dong Qiwu, and the greater our concessions, the faster we will win in the tug-of-war with Chiang Kai-shek. ”
"The chairman said it well, and I went to tell them this truth." Zhou En.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="10" >4, Dong Qiwu ordered Zhang Shizhen to lead the independent 7th Division to hold Wubulangkou and Xishanzui</h1>
On April 29, the representatives of the North China Bureau of the COMMUNIST Party of China withdrew the provisions proposed, agreed to all the terms proposed by Fu and Dong, and reached an agreement on specific issues concerning the demarcation of Suiyuan, transportation, finance, trade, and the dispatch of liaison offices in Guisui (draft).
During the discussion of the revised draft, there were two more serious clashes between the representatives of the two sides. Once, in response to Dong Fang's amendments, the CPC representatives put forward tit-for-tat provisions. After seeing this, Chairman Mao once again instructed: "Our side should immediately withdraw the request made on the amendment and fully agree to the provisions proposed by Fu Zuoyi and Dong Qiwu." On another occasion, the CCP representative made it clear that Dong Qiwu, if he did not understand current affairs, could only listen to his own affairs and issued an "ultimatum" style proposal. In this regard, Chairman Mao immediately instructed: "Put the overall situation first, withdraw all our proposals, and agree to all proposals of Fu and Dong." ”
In fact, in order to ensure that there was no split within the Suiyuan military and government and that the overall uprising was finally realized, Dong Qiwu did a great deal of in-depth and meticulous work, gathered all aspects of the troops stationed in Suiyuan under his own command, and brought together government officials at all levels, thus realizing the overall uprising of the Suiyuan military and government under one order, which was quite difficult. The difficulties and resistance encountered by Dong Qiwu came not only from the Kuomintang side, but also from some inappropriate actions of some middle- and lower-ranking cadres of the CPC, such as: Over the past few months, the PLA has not stopped attacking and suppressing operations, dispatching a large number of special agents to instigate scattered uprisings, and the attitude of being preoccupied in negotiations, and so on, which have caused Dong Qiwu to fall into extreme distress.
On June 8, the signing ceremony of the Agreement was held at the North China People's Government. That evening, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Nie Rongzhen, Bo Yibo, and others received Fu Zuoyi, Deng Baoshan, Wang Kejun, Zhou Beifeng, Yan Youwen, and Dong Qiwu's representative Kang Baoan at Zhongnanhai Fengze Garden.
Chairman Mao said: "I have read the Suiyuan Peace Clause that you have agreed upon, so I will implement it according to the terms you have set." But don't put it in the newspaper, otherwise other places will also demand the 'Suiyuan way', and we will not be able to deal with it. ”
"General Dong and I are deeply grateful to the Chairman for his lenient policy from the bottom of our hearts." Fu Zuoyi said.
Then, Chairman Mao pointed out: "The transitional period in Suiyuan should be short and not long. ”
Fu Zuoyi said: "I will definitely send people to Sui as soon as possible to help Chairman Dong implement the agreement and speed up the preparations for the uprising." ”
At the urging of Chiang Kai-shek, Acting President Li Zongren, and Yan Xishan, minister of national defense and chief executive of the Ministry of National Defense, Dong Qiwu decided to send Fan Zhegui, chief of staff of the 111th Army, to Nanjing to deal with it, and at the same time urged the matter of reissuing military and political funds.
During the trip to Nanjing, Fan Zhegui obtained some gold and 120,000 silver dollars in supplies, and returned to Suisui via Ningxia in early May, and the plane also brought back several boxes of American-made electroplated six-wheeled pistols and a large number of reactionary propaganda pamphlets. Dong Qiwu used this money to send some military rings to his subordinates and make some single clothes, but it was still difficult to tide over the difficulties.
If one doesn't work, another will be calculated. On chiang kai-shek's orders, the Nationalist government sent Xu Yongchang, former minister of military orders, and Wang Shuming, deputy commander-in-chief of the air force, to fly to Shaanxi on July 27. Beforehand, they sent a telegram asking Dong Qiwu, Sun Lanfeng, and Liu Wanchun to wait in Baotou and send a plane to pick up the three of them to Shaanxi Dam for talks.
After a few words of greeting, Xu Yongchang said bluntly: "Chairman Dong, we really don't want to hide anything, the purpose of our coming to Suixi is to persuade you to withdraw west as soon as possible..." "Persuading Chairman Dong to withdraw west is not only Shangfeng's order, but also our wish, which is all for Chairman Dong and the nearly 100,000 troops!" Wang Shuming also said.
"If you don't withdraw, you can't maintain your strength, and you can't make a comeback!"
Dong Qiwu patted his thigh and said angrily: "What does the liberation of Peiping have to do with Suiyuan, and why did you stop all supplies from Suiyuan's troops?" Isn't this to trap us and scatter us? This is delusional. In a moment, he patted his thigh again and added: "When we are really cornered, I will lead everyone to surrender to the Communist Party!" ”
Xu Yongchang immediately said, "This is a misunderstanding, this is a misunderstanding!" ”
"It is okay for us to withdraw to the west, but we have to pay back the amount of money we owe for several months." Because most of the soldiers and junior officers in the unit are Suiyuan locals, they must be allowed to settle down! Dong Qiwu also changed his tone.
"After we return to Guangzhou, we will study and reissue the arrears of your troops!" But your troops must withdraw westward. Xu Yongchang said.
In order to deal with Xu and Wang and obtain supplies as soon as possible, Dong Qiwu ordered Zhang Shizhen to lead the independent 7th Division westward to the Hetao area. Dong Qiwu said to Zhang Shizhen: "At present, our enemy is no longer in the east, but in the west. After your division entered Hetao, it held firmly at the mouth of Wubulangkou and Xishankou, and without my orders, all the troops who fled west without authorization were blocked and solved. At the same time, at the critical moment, it is necessary to prevent the troops of the two horses in the west from attacking us. ”
"I understand, please rest assured Commander Dong!" Zhang Shizhen said.
Dong Qiwu's approach was really a double eagle with one stone, not only ensuring the safety of the western region and blocking the road to fleeing westward, but also playing a role in confusing the Kuomintang government, causing it to quickly re-issue part of the arrears of salary, allocate 1900 taels of gold, and at the same time appoint Dong Qiwu as the deputy chief of the military and political affairs in the northwest. He immediately telegraphed Fu Zuoyi and asked him to report it to Chairman Mao.
Chairman Mao said: "Chiang Kai-shek's gold can be accepted, but how can this little money solve Dong Qiwu's economic difficulties?" Ways should be found to help him solve his difficulties. ”
Zhou En: "Chiang Kai-shek is also a telecommunications commission, and he is also transporting gold by air, but I am afraid that it is too late." ”
With regard to the appointment, Dong Qiwu understood in his heart that this was a more sinister and vicious means used by the Guangzhou government to try to elevate him by means of rising and descending, so that he would lose his military power in Suiyuan, so that he could control Suiyuan through Sun Lanfeng and Liu Wanchun. Dong Qiwu did not show weakness either, and sent a telegram to Chiang Kai-shek and Li Zongren in a tit-for-tat manner, saying:
A few days ago, the arrears of electricity and the electricity commission have been received, which can relieve the urgent needs of the generals and express their sincere thanks to the committee. He therefore asked to appoint a virtuous person to take over all the positions of our post.
Dong Qiwu's aggressive tactic of retreating to advance made Jiang think that Dong had no intention of revolting, otherwise he would not have released his powers, and immediately sent a telegram: "Deputy Governor Dong Qiwu is in charge of everything." Chiang Kai-shek's plot once again went bankrupt, and Suiyuan's military and political power remained in the hands of Dong Qiwu.
About author:Shi Kui, history teacher at colleges and universities, history researcher. He has been cultivating the history of the Party, the Military and the History of War for a long time. History lovers are welcome to exchange criticisms.