"Volume 33 History of the Ming Dynasty" "Twenty-two History" Zhao Yi In the early Ming Dynasty, the official Zhi Wang Zhizhi narrated

【Volume 33 History of the Ming Dynasty】 Zhao Yi, "Twenty-two History"

　　Early Ming Dynasty officials ruled

　　Ming Shi Wei Guan and others praised Yun: Taizu rose from the right, and the barnyard officials harmed the people, and tried to be punished with capital punishment. However, every time he raises up the virtuous to show his persuasion, he does not fully serve the Faye. Sending the pedestrians to give Pingyang Ling Zhang Ji and Jianyang Ling Guo Botai to jingqi to govern. Or, at the request of the people, a good official shall be retained, and he shall remain in his post. And there are those who are arrested, and the people of the people are heard of in good deeds, and their officials are also restored, and they are transferred to the super promotion. If they are promoted and their people are easy to manipulate, they will be punished with heavy law. So agitators even. Therefore, for a while, the officials ruled a lot of discipline. Nowadays, the official transmission can be examined.

　　When the officials of the prefectures and counties of the world came to the dynasty, the emperor said, "The world is initially determined, and the people are in financial difficulties, like the birds that have just flown, they cannot pluck their feathers, and the newly planted trees must not shake their roots, but they are only resting in peace." But the honest can make a covenant with himself and benefit others, and so on should be deeply thought of. "The state taxation has been set, and the degree of thriftiness is set, and there is a surplus of its own, so that the people can do their best to farm, and the natural family gives people enough, and what is the matter is gathered." "Along with the emperors of Chengzu, Ren, Xuan, Ying, Jing, Xian, and Xiao, they all added to the rule of officials, and their outstanding political achievements were often specially awarded. For example, Chengzu is to Shi Chengzu, and Renzong is to Liu Gang.

　　Zhu Liang's officials were deposed by mistake, and most of them were dismissed at the request of the people, and it was often not easy to enter the rank and look at things, often until twenty or thirty years.

　　Those who committed adultery for this reason, such as the Yongning Taxation Department made Liu Di marry the elderly and asked him to stay in Hanzhong, and tongzhi Wang Ju asked for a subordinate official Bao song, then reprimanded him again. (Current affairs of emperor Xuanzong)

　　After reading for several years, he sent ministers to inspect officials in various provinces and strictly deposed them. And the place of view is the special edict of the ministers, who know what they know, to keep the order.

　　For example, in Xuande, nine officials were first selected as county guards, and then twenty-five people were selected as county guards.

　　In orthodoxy, eleven officials are chosen as county guards, and most of them are good officials and famous courtiers.

　　The Gai imperial court not only attached importance to the rule of officials, but also the Chinese and foreign ministers paid attention to talents.

　　Emperor Renzong's edicts were known to each other, langzhong zhongzhong was recommended by Zhang Zonglian, and the emperor asked Yang Shiqi, and Shi Qi said, "Zong Lian Shixian, the subject and Wang Zhi will lift it, and it is not intended that Zhong Suo's ears will be heard first." ”

　　Later, Zhong Zhi's departure was recommended by Jian Yi and Hu Yi.

　　Zhai Pu was also recommended by Wei Yuan.

　　Li Xiang was also recommended by Hu Xuan.

　　Li Xingui knew jin prefecture, then Zhang Chang recommended it, and hou Shou Prefecture, then Jin Lian recommended it.

　　Ji Shui ordered Qian Yi to dismiss the official, and hu Guang, a county man, was reinstated in the dynasty, and li baozhi was reinstated.　　When Yang Rong was in power, his family broke the law, and Yi ordered Lu Mu to punish him severely, and Rong instead recommended him to the court for being a sage.

　　At that time, the courtiers quoted in this way. Officials outside are also more impartial.　　If Ye Zongren is qiantang ling, and people call it yiye qing, his death is also made zhou xin cry.

　　Tian Duo knew Pengzhou, patrolled the imperial history through its territory, and did not have a lawsuit, knowing that there were no wronged people under him, so he recommended it and promoted Guangdong to frugality.　　This is probably also impeached by the provinces.

　　Moreover, it was the most important power for the officials to investigate, and Jian Yi, Wang Zhi, and Ma Wensheng successively took charge of the ministry, especially rewarding honesty and corruption.

　　History says that He carefully chose to keep the order and examined the forgiveness.

　　And Wang Zhicha held up the world's honest officials, with Fan Zheng as the first.

　　Zhai Pu ranked man to the ministry and begged for rest in old age. The waiter Zhao Xin, the old taste for his superiors known as "this Jiangxi first sage Shouye." "So I didn't listen to it.

　　Jurong ordered Xu Jiusi to be impeached by the inspector, and the official Shangshu Xiong Huan knew his sage and stayed behind.

　　This is also the ability of the officials to choose people and do as they please. (See each biography above)

　　For a while, the atmosphere is like this, so those who keep orders are all clean and love the people, and they are ashamed to do and discuss. Following the Order of the Officials: Since Hongwu, the officials have been clarifying for more than a hundred years, when Emperor Yingzong and Emperor Wuzong were in charge, there were many internal and external reasons, and the people's hearts were not in danger of collapsing, and the officials were greedy and cruel. After Jialong, the officials investigated the law as a literati, and no one cared for himself, the power of care was too heavy, and the bribery was regarded as a matter of contempt, and everyone was greedy for ink to serve his superiors, so the officials ruled day by day, the people's livelihood was ruined, and the country was also destroyed.　　Since the middle of the year, the official cracks, the rule of the officials, the decline of the dynasty, and the government, do you know that he first advocated the practice of good manners, small incorruptibility and great law, and almost had the legacy of the two Han Dynasties, and drove the Tang and Song dynasties!

　　Now, on the Ming Dynasty Chronicles and Xun Liang Biographies on those who persuade and punish, the article is excerpted on the left:

　　Those who remained because the people begged to stay and were promoted To the Han Shu chuan praised: Emperor Xuan kept the foundation of the officials with the ether, and when the number changed, he was uneasy, and the people knew that they would last a long time, and they should not be deceived, but obeyed their indoctrination. Therefore, the two thousand stones have governance, and they are encouraged by the seal book, and the rank is increased, or the marquis of Guannei, and the secretary of state is absent. Therefore, The Han Dynasty liang official Yu Si was sheng. It is a heavy ruler in ancient times, and most of them are effective in their long-term appointments.　　Ming Taizu also tasted it,

　　Xinghua Cheng Zhou zhou has been promoted to the head of the bureaucracy, and the people beg to stay, but to return.

　　Dan Tu ordered Hu Meng, Tong Cheng Guo Bogao, Jin Tan Cheng Li Sijin, Gui'an Cheng Gao Bin, Cao Xian Book Liu Yu, and Heng Shan Ji Wei Zheng to sit in the matter and be arrested, and the people were good at government, and the emperor restored his officials, but zheng and promoted to senate.

　　Yongzhou Shou Yu Yancheng, Qi Dong ordered Zheng Min and ten others to sit in prison, and the elderly people heard of their political achievements, all of them were reinstated as officials, and gave the elderly people DaoLifei. The county ordered Shen Chang, Zhou Rong, and four others to be promoted to county guard.

　　This Taizu current affairs also.　　Between Hong Xuan and Zheng Tong, there were also ShaoYang Ling Sun Hao, Changqing Ling Xue Shen, Wu Qiao Ling Wu Yuan, Boye Ling Chen Zhe, Tai'an Ling Changxuan, Liu Boji of Yanshan Ling, Guo Quan of Huining, Xu Shizong of Guixi Ling, Guo Nan of Changshu, Zhang Jing of Pingshan, Xu Rong of Chengling, He Cheng of Anfu, and Ling Tian Yu of Tongxiang. (All of the above are followed by the official)

　　In the case of Zhong Shou Suzhou, Ding Mu Worried, the county people begged to stay, zhao qifu, rank man dangqian, more than 20,000 people begged to stay, patrolled the music, zhao into the three products, still depending on the government affairs.

　　Chen Ben kept Ji'an deeply, and when he was moved to a full rank, he was also invited by the people to enter the three pin ranks to see things. After hearing the drum music of the former married daughter of the former people's family, he laughed and said, "When I came here, I am also a child, and now I am married, I still have this?" "But please grow old, where in Ji'an for sixteen years."

　　Luo Yili guarded Xi'an, Ding worried, the substitute was incompetent, the people remembered, begged for the dynasty, commanded to look at the matter of re-examination, and when he was old, he also entered the rank and stayed in office.

　　Mo Yu guarded Changzhou, and Rank Man also entered the rank and remained in office.　　Chen Minzhi Mao prefecture, accumulated rank to right participation in politics, still regarded state affairs, in the state for more than twenty years, the rank is high, the supervision of the county guard under it.

　　Xiang Zhong was an envoy to Shaanxi, nine years full, when he entered the capital, the military and the people begged to stay, and the edict was returned.

　　Zhang Xuan was the envoy of Guangdong ZuoBu, Who was a military and civilian beggar to stay, and inspector Chen Lian was still in his post.

　　Yu Qianfu Henan and Shanxi, left to Dali Temple Shaoqing, more than a thousand officials and people in the two provinces begged to stay, and Emperor Yingzong ordered that the two provinces still be care for the two provinces. Chen Fu knew about Hangzhou, was bereaved, and the people begged to stay, and the edict was revived. (See Geng Jiu Domain Biography)

　　After that, there were those who begged for permission, and Guo Zhen was the official Shangshu, and if there were those who were delusional, please cover up, and from there, it was an example. (Biography)

　　Guo Deng guarded Quzhou, sitting on the tired march, and hundreds of elderly people begged to stay and did not listen.

　　Wu Ne patrolled Guizhou, and returned the people, and the people begged to stay, and the edict was not allowed. (See also biographies)

　　Emperor Xuanzong invited the officials to retain it because of Liu Di and Wang Juzhi, and the people from the rear beged to stay, and led the subordinates to verify it. Gaijiu is a bad thing, and he has to change the law at any time.

　　The special Jane courtiers went out to guard

　　In the thirteenth year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the emperor selected eleven people with prestige as assassins, ordered the prime minister, the kings to be forgiven, and the ten rhyme poems of the imperial book to give, and this special Jane court courtiers came out to guard the story.

　　In May of the fifth year of Ming Xuande, nine of his courtiers were chosen as prefects, and Zhao Yu Songjiang, Kuang Zhong Suzhou, Luo Yili Xi'an, Mo Yu Changzhou, Shao Min Wuchang, Ma Yi Hangzhou, Chen Ben Shen Ji'an, Chen Ding Jianchang, and He Wenyuan Wenzhou were all given the passing of the edict. In November of that year, twenty-five of the courtiers were selected as prefects, Li Ji henan, Wang Yingzhaoqing, Xu Jianqiongzhou, Xu Jingxuantingzhou, Zheng Luo Ningbo, and Wang Shengfu prefecture.

　　In the first year of Emperor Yingzong's orthodoxy, he also chose eleven courtiers as prefects, Wang Yuanchaozhou, Li Xianghuaiqing, and Zhai Pu Nankang. (All see the biography of the official, Yu Wu kao)

　　At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, fifteen envoys were sent to divide the world.

　　At the beginning of Yongle, he was sent to the Imperial History Branch of the Matter, and there were treacherous and greedy people who were arrested and cured. Later, he sent twenty-six people, including Jian Yi, to patrol the world, according to the care of the army and the people, and did not take the example of the dynasty. (Xiong Shu Chuan Zan) Xun and sent Guo Dun to the Ceremonial Department Waiter to give Tao Yan in the matter, and patrol Shuntian. (At that time, there was no inspector official, this is a special inspection official) Wu Gentry used the punishment department attendant Feng Shu to inspect the liangguang and Fujian officials, and some of the deceased officials participated in the government. (My Gentry Biography)

　　At the beginning of the orthodoxy, he also dispatched ministers to inspect the officials of the world, and Liu Chen went to Sichuan and Yungui to dismiss those who did not hold office. Xu Qi was ordered to investigate with Zheng Chen, a servant of the Ministry of Works, to inspect the officials of Nanqi and depose thirty outlaws. (Xu Qichuan) Duan Min was a leftist in politics, and was ordered to work with the inspector of Kaozhou County, and Lian Mo was known for his knowledge. (Duan Min biography)

　　Jing Taizhong also sent the ministers to the world, deposed Zhi Yousi, the rebbe attendant Zou Gan to Shanxi, deposed more than fifty people under the envoys of the government, and Inspector Zhu Jian asked to summon the cadres to return, and the cadres were impeached. At that time, an inspector had been set up, and a minister was sent to investigate, and the officials were re-administered.

　　The minister of the case dispatched to investigate the officials, the story of Ben Han and Tang.

　　Later Han Shu Zhou Ju Chuan: When the officials ruled over many evils, they sent eight envoys to patrol the customs, and selected those who were known as prestige: Zhou Ju, Du Qiao, Zhou Xu, Feng Xian, Luan Ba, Zhang Gang, Guo Zun, Liu Ban, and Shou Guanglu Dafu, who branched the world, and those who had committed crimes in the two thousand stones of their assassination history were taken on the horse, and those who were below the ink silk were collected, and those who were loyal to the Qing Dynasty were to be represented. Therefore, he impeached the greedy, recommended the public, and the world number was Eight Jun.

　　Emperor Taizong of Tang also dispatched twenty-two men, including Sun Fujia of Dali, to inspect the four directions, depose officials, and the emperor decided to make a decision to guard the pastor, and twenty people who were promoted to the rank of virtuous, seven people who were sentenced to death, and hundreds of people who were exiled and deposed, and they had frequently sent envoys to investigate.　　Emperor Xuanzong also ordered Shang Shu Xi Yu and others to be deposed.

　　Jinyuan also has this system.

　　Emperor Xizong sent an envoy to ask the officials about their gains and losses. (Zong Xiong Biography)

　　Sejong ascended the throne, and all who were several years old were sent to the throne. Therefore, between Dading, the officials all obeyed the law, and the people multiplied, and they were called well-off. Liu Qiu's so-called inspection has not been held for a long time, so the officials are greedy and the people are not happy. Gai Cheng's peacetime is long, the officials play with relaxation, send the ministers to strictly assess the dethronement, and gu also rectify the law of the officials.

　　And it depends on whoever is sent,

　　For example, during the reign of Emperor Yuan Shun, he also tried to send envoys to patrol, and those who were guilty of crimes applied for suspension of posts below four pins, and below five pins, they were executed. All the stakes of the people are held. For example, Cheng Dao sent envoys to Shandong and Huaibei, nine incorruptible officials, and twenty-one people who were deposed as greedy and cowardly. Su Tianjue was sent to Gyeonggi, and there were more than 940 people who were impeached, and at that time there was a reputation for Bao and Han. (See The Biographies of the Yuan Dynasty) Gu yi can also play impeachment. However, according to Tao Zongyi's record of quitting farming: At that time, the envoys were bribed a lot, and the folk rumor said that "the officials' black patent-leather lanterns add a heavy weight when the envoys come." In Yongle, Zou Ji said, "Corrupt officials and corrupt officials are all over the world, and every time the imperial court sends one person, it is a plan for their people to support them." There is a division of flattery, but I am afraid that it will not be enough. It is the messenger who comes, and the priest bribes. Later, Liang Tingdong also said, "The evils of the patrol and the imperial history, the investigation and investigation, the donation of the will, the recommendation, the division, the more than 20,000 to 30,000 gold." The country has one more patrol, and the world will send a million more. "It is to detect the disadvantages and to encourage the disadvantages, and to care about the simple use of people."

　　Punish corrupt officials severely

　　In the eighteenth year of Hongwu, he commanded, "Arrest the officials of the world and the victims of the people, and go to the capital to build a city." "(XiaoYi Chuan, Zhu Xu Chuan Nei) The emperor took the throne at the beginning of the reign, punished the Yuan government for being lax and indulgent, and used the law too strictly, and the practitioners stood on their feet. (Zhou Zhenchuan) Officials who are guilty of flogging or above, who Fengyang Tuntian, to more than 10,000 people. (Han Yike)

　　Another case of grass and wood, remembering that the ancestors of Mingzu were strict in the rule of officials, and those who obeyed the orders and were greedy, Xu Min went to Beijing to sue Chen, and those who stole to sixty-two or more, showed their heads to the public, still peeled the real grass, the left side of the county guard of Fuzhou County, and set up a temple to worship the land, as a field for peeling, known as the temple of the leather field, and a bag of peeling grass was hung next to the official palace seat, making it shocking to the eye. (Later Hai Ruishu also cited Taizu's stripping of skin bags and Hongwu's determination to bend the law of the eighty consecutive hangings in order to regulate the current politics.) See Rui Chuan) strict decrees, hundreds of duties, ancestral training so-called pre-revolutionary yuan appeasement of the government, the treatment of old customs and polluters also.

　　The ancestral home of the Case Yuan Dynasty, Ahma, had a skin, and The Fu Queen cursed AhMa's son, Ah San, and also peeled his skin. It was the Yuan Dynasty that already had this illegal punishment.

　　Hisashi Ming Minister

　　After Yongle, in the decades, many ministers have been in office for a long time.

　　Yang Shiqi was in the cabinet for forty-three years, although he was only a bachelor at first, he had already pre-trained, and then he was added to the public orphan, always in the central area, not a step out of the cabinet. Unprecedented in ancient times.

　　At the same time, the direct cabinet, Jin Youzi thirty years, Yang Rong thirty-seven years, Yang Pu twenty-two years.

　　Liu Qing zhongjian yi was the official Shangshu for thirty-four years, Xia Yuanji was the Hubu Shangshu for twenty-nine years, and Hu Yi was the rebbe Shangshu for thirty-two years.

　　After the Qi Ai Manchu Dynasty, the old Cheng took over, and after the robbery, there will be a Taihe Yuanqi Zhou Huan universe, and the ministers should be appropriate, so Fu Lu Kang Qiang, the name is Tai. At that time, above the imperial court, the good old man raised the sage, which is conceivable. And the ministers have white eyebrows, and the glory of the dynasty is in the column, and the Chinese and foreign are solemn, saying that there are no different words for famous ministers, and they must have those who are popular with the people. If the monopoly of favor and the theft of authority, such as Wan An for the nineteenth year, Liu Ji for the eighteenth year, has been discussed, to Yan Song for the twenty-first year, then into the treacherous courtiers, for a thousand years of spit, then the three Yang Jian Xia people, Su De high hopes, always no defiance, inherently unreachable.

　　The case three Yang were also in the cabinet, and there were Huang Huai and Hu Guang, both of whom were sixteen years. Thereafter, Li Dongyang was eighteen years old and Xu Jie was seventeen years old. After the Xia Dynasty, lü Zhen was appointed as the Libu Shangshu for nineteen years, Ma Wensheng was promoted to the 22nd year of the Shangshu of each department, and Wang Zhi and Wang Ao were each fifteen years of the Shangshu of the Bureaucracy, all of which were also longer than their positions, and the name was really commensurate.

　　By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the seats were like chuanshe, the Taiwan province was like Jian Geng, and in the seventeen years of the Chongzhen Emperor, there were more than fifty people in Yi Xiang and seventeen people in the Punishment Department Shangshu. (Qiao Yunsheng) Bingbu Shangshu fourteen people. (Zhang Fengyi biography), the governor of the seven people who were cursed. (Zheng Chongjian's biography) The fortunes of the country will fall, the current affairs will be thorny, the talent is weak, the people are often killed, and the situation of the times is incomparable.

　　Recommended by the Minister

　　The officials in the articles of government, such as Guan, Zhong, Zhai, and Pu, were all recommended by the chancellor. Recommended by the ministers of RanHong, Xuan, and Orthodoxy, not special foreign officials.

　　For example, Gu Zuo was recommended by Yang Shiqi and Yang Rong, and was promoted to imperial history by the General Secretary of Communications.　　Chen Mian was recommended by Shi Qi and promoted by the deputy envoy to the vice capital Yushi.

　　Takaya was recommended by Shiki, and was appointed by the attendant to the Ministry of Works and into the cabinet.

　　Cao Nai was also recommended by Yang Rong and Yang Shiqi to be brought into the cabinet by the attendants.

　　Wang Lai was recommended by Shi Qi, and was promoted to the left by the inspector to participate in politics.　　Peng Xun was recommended by Shi Qi, promoted by the teaching staff to Yushi, and supervised Nanqi.

　　Sun Ding was recommended by Yang Pu, and was also promoted to imperial history by the teaching post, supervising Nanqi.

　　Jin Chun was recommended by Shu Yi and promoted to be a servant of the Punishment Department.

　　Chen Shou was recommended by Natsuhara Yoshi, and was promoted to the ministry of political affairs.

　　Guo Dun was recommended by Hu Yi and promoted by the deputy envoy to the ceremonial department.　　Liu Qiu was recommended by Hu Yi and changed from the chief to Hanlin waiter.　　Zhou Xuan was directly recommended by Wang, and Lang Zhong was promoted to the rank of Shilang of the Punishment Department.

　　Yang Xinmin was directly recommended by Wang, promoted to the left by the Criminal Division, and later recommended by Yu Qian, to patrol Guangdong.

　　Luo Qi was recommended by Yu Qian and Jin Lian, and was reverted to dali Right Temple.

　　Luo Tong was promoted by Yu Qian and Chen Xun to be promoted by the officials of the Hebo Office to the rank of Wailang.

　　Li Xian, who participated in the government, used Wang Ao's play of the sage to be of great use, so he stayed as a servant of the bureaucracy, restored the Shangshu, and entered the cabinet as before.　　Cui Gong was recommended by Li Xian and Wang Ao, and was promoted by the inspector to the official shilang.

　　Li Shao was also recommended by Xian and Ao, and was promoted to be a waiter in the ceremonial department.

　　Wang Yue was recommended by Li Xian, and was promoted to Inspector Datong by the envoys.

　　Luo Jingfang was an official, recommended by Wang Shu, and promoted to Fujian.　　Qin Hong was recommended by Wang Shu and promoted by the envoy of the government to the vice capital Yushi, the governor of Caoyun.

　　Yu Zijun was recommended by Lin Cong, and was promoted by the prefect to Shaanxi to participate in politics.

　　Han Yong was impeached, Fang waited for the officials to discuss, and guangxi was in wanton chaos, and Wang Yu said that "Yong's talent is unmatched, and the thief must be a thief." "It is the imperial history of the capital, and the overseer is two broad." (See each biography above)

　　Shi also called Li Xian as xiang, and recommended Nian Fu, Xuan Shu, Geng Jiuyu, Wang Zhu, Li Bing, Cheng Xin, Yao Kui, Cui Gong, Li Shao, etc., all of whom were famous courtiers. Since Gaihong and Xuan, the style of the minister's recommendation has been like this. At that time, the sages were all recruited and looked forward to the nuclear talents and then went up.

　　Hearing that a county in Suzhou had eight million stones of grain, Emperor Xiaozong thought of the talent of the heavy minister to Lizhi, Yang Rong recommended Zhou Chen, so he patrolled Jiangnan as a servant of the Ministry of Works, and Guoxing eliminated the disadvantages and became a famous courtier.

　　Yang Shiqi did not know Chen Ji at first, Xia Yuan Jizhi Shui Su and Song, deqiwen, returned to ShiQi, Shi Qicaizhi, that is, recommended as a doctor, changed to Hanlin.

　　And Yu Qianzhi is the governor of Henan and Shanxi, and Sanyang is in the government, all of whom are humble, and all the requests are allowed. Every time the deliberations of the qian are discussed in Beijing, the empty bridge is entered, and the magnates cannot be hopeless. And the three Yang pawns, qian sui left to dali Shaoqing, it can be seen that the recommenders of the three Yangs and others are out of the public, not as the later city enzhi party also did.

　　At that time, the owner also poured out his trust.　　For example, in Yongle, the grandson of the Emperor Of Qi, Yang Shiqi and Jian Yi recommended Yi zhi, the prince suspected that he was old, and Shi Qi said that Zhi Ming was rational and righteous, and the emperor used it. Yu Qian surrendered, Yang Shiqili confessed his slander, said that he had experienced three dynasties, and obtained the dignity of the chancellor, and Emperor Xuanzong immediately reinstated him.　　Emperor Xuanzong tried to talk about the greed of the courtiers, and the scholars knew that "there is no more than Liu Guan." The emperor asked, "Who can substitute?" Shi Qi took Gu Zuo as the right, that is, he thought that Zuo Du Yushi.　　Nian Fu was slandered, and Emperor Yingzong knew that he was first recommended by Yang Pu, so he did not listen.　　The monarch believes that in this way, it is advisable for the righteous man to be a man and a man to be a man of great law and small incorruptibility.

　　If the eyes and ears of one person are limited, if the minister recommends and introduces, it is easy to open the door of party aid, and it will be used by those who know himself, I am afraid that he will not be able to use one or two, but he can choose the old man to become a dozen people, put them in charge of the beggar, and let each of them know, then the eyes and ears of the united people, for the eyes and ears of one person, can be used for their own purposes, the so-called blind eyes and minds.

　　The Ming cabinet has the heaviest power

　　Ming Zu ge minister, with Hanlin Chunfang to see the various divisions in detail, and the division of the flat refutation. Although there are scholars of the Imperial Court, the officials are only five products, and they are only for advisors, and they are not in harmony with political affairs. Yongle Zhongzhong ordered Xie Jin, Hu Guang, and others to enter the Wenyuan Cabinet and prepare for the operation of the machine, but they were all officials who compiled and inspected and read, and did not disregard the subordinates of the officials, and could not despoticize the various divisions. In the end of the world of eternal happiness, there is no change in rank.

　　In the cabinet for a long time, Sanyang was in the cabinet for a long time, and the concurrent officials were repeatedly added to the master, so the official rank was honored, although there was no name, but there was already a weight of junheng.

　　However, in the same cabinet, there are also differences, and the major events are presided over by the first assistant, and the second one does not dare to compare with it.

　　Between Xuande and Orthodoxy, the World's Suggestions and Zhang Song were all three Yang Lords, and Chen Xun, Cao Nai, etc. entered the cabinet, Shi Qi and Rong were killed one after another, the Rebbe aided the story of the request, and the emperor proposed Yang Pulao, the first order to follow and so on. (Circulating) It can be seen that ordinary people who enter the cabinet are not allowed to rule with the ruling.

　　Later, although the first auxiliary and the second auxiliary were in the forbidden land, their power was completely different.　　Xia Yan was the first to take the lead, Yan Song did not dare to share the table, wanted to invite wine and invited, more than not allowed, even if he resigned the day before, then the red sheep and deer he had recruited had been wiped out. One day, Xu went to his feast, bo twilight began, three spoons and one soup, the guest and host did not hand over a word and left. (Ming. Jiao Yu Tang Cong) is the second bone of the Song title.　　and Song as the first word, Xu Jie so the matter, also as Song said. Because wu had a wokou, that is, in order to avoid the wo, he bought a mansion Yuzhang, married Song Zi Shifan, and talked about the friendship of the country song with Jiang Youshi. Whoever can marry and ask for forgiveness will do nothing. (Pen Crane) was later replaced by Song Song.

　　To Zhang Ju's kingdom, the second assistant Lü Qiuyang Gong (nervous and fearful) if he belongs to the official, Ju Zheng is bereaved by his mother, and he does not leave the cabinet for three days, and the official Seal Zhang plays the first vote, and the yang is seated in the cabinet, waiting for the ticket to be out. (Pen Crane) and Ju Zheng are buried, and major events will be punished by Yi Jiangling. (Ming Shi Ben Biography) This more ceremonial class line, almost with Jia XiangDao Xiu Mu Geling, the official holding the document on the first sign is no different!

　　Han Ye is the first assistant, Wei Guangwei enters the cabinet, wanting to divide his power, and the story: the cabinet is only the first assistant, and Guangwei is instructing Wei Zhongxian to pass on the edict to Ye Tongyin, and blame Guangwei not to accompany food. (Old Book of Tang Lu Huaishen's biography: HuaiShen and Ziwei ordered Yao Chong to be in charge of the Privy Council, huaishen thought that the official Dao was not as good as chong, and everything was pushed forward, and people were called companions to eat the prime minister.) By is the right to divide the vote widely.

　　This can be seen in the difference between the first auxiliary and the second auxiliary of the Ming Dynasty.

　　Although the power of the first auxiliary in the Ming Dynasty was heavy, the power of the celebrant was in the first auxiliary.

　　When Wang Zhen stole the handle, the vote was still in the cabinet. Ran Tu Tang said that "when Emperor Yingzong replied, he would mostly participate in the middle of the government, or the cabinet or not." "Then there are not enough cabinets.

　　As for Liu Jin, he was in charge of the benefits. Liu Jian Shuyun "The purpose of the near one is from the middle down, slightly unheard of, and there is a proposal, and it is even changed from change." "It was Zhengde who had this drawback at the beginning. After that, whenever there was a chapter, Jin held the private title, and participated in the duel with his sister-in-law Sun Cong, Huating Daqi Zhang Wenmian, with a contemptuous word rate, Jiao Fang for the edit, and Li Dongyang bowed down. After the defeat of Jin, Dongyang shuffled that "the cabinet is related to Jin and his position, and whoever adjusts the edict is changed again and again, or is changed by himself, or holds it in his private room and fakes others." Although the subject has entrusted himself with perseverance, he has suffered a lot of losses by following the rules of forbearance. "(Dongyang Chuan) This GuDongyang is a disguised word. However, Liu Zhenshu Yiyun "Recently, the answer to the chapter was played, and the cabinet ministers were not allowed to hear it." "It can be seen that the facts at that time were also true.

　　Since Jin, the Superintendent of Ceremonies has been in charge of secrets, and there are no one who enters the Imperial Chapter and the Approval of the Edict, and there is no one who does not pass through his cashier.

　　Emperor Shenzong did not hesitate, and summoned the cabinet minister Shen to always enter the edict: "The mining tax matter can be stopped together with Jiangnan weaving and Jiangxi kiln ware, and its internal prisons are withdrawn, and it is recommended that all the ministers and prisoners be reinstated." "Consistently out, the envoy praises to the end, just as the emperor said." Tomorrow the emperor, repentance, the envoy of twenty generations to the cabinet, take the previous edict, still hand it in. It can be seen that the emperor's surrender, that is, there is a celebrant of ceremonies to write out the items on the side, and then pay the cabinet ministers to draft it, so the place is particularly close.

　　By the time of Wei Zhongxian, Wang Tigan was the si li, avoided Zhongxian, retreated from it, and Fan Zhang played in, and The body and the bingbi Li Yongzhen first summarized, and Bai Zhongxian discussed the action. Xu Yuqing impeached Zhongxian Shu, saying that "the cabinet is the center of government, and the vote is intended to be given to the inner court." Later, Yang Lian impeached Zhongxian, and Zhongxian corrected his own merits and said more than a hundred words, and the university scholar Ye Xianggao said, "This is not what anyone can do, there will be a substitute grass." "Exploring it, then Xu Dahua also." (To Gao Chuan) It can be seen that it is the edict of the time to learn the ceremony, and it is not polished by the cabinet!　　Wen Zhen Mengchuan: The minister entered the cabinet, such as throwing a stab ceremony, and the great eunuch and the ceremony. It is the honor of the si li, which has long been accustomed to the story, although the first assistant also looks up to his sniffles. In the final analysis, it is always because the owner is not close to government affairs, and the right to tell the story is moved down. The long prince is in the palace, and he still intends to return to the cabinet with a vote, and until the lord of the wilderness is faint, the rights and interests of the nearby are exclusive, and the cabinet ministers are also obedient!

　　Minghanlin Zhongshu Sheren is not an official

　　The Ming University scholars did not have subordinates, Yang Shiqi and other officials were respected, and the Zhongshu Sheren was set up, and those who took the able books were not selected by the officials. Huo Taoshu said that "since Sanyang and other party monopolies, Cage Hanlin is a subordinate official, Zhongshu is a door official, so Hanlin is promoted, not by the official, and zhongshu is straight for a long time, and there are those who have entered the rank to Shangshu." (Pan Chen et al. or Jia Tai Changqing, or Jia Hanlin Scholar Libu Shangshu.) ）

　　The electoral history of the case: Zhongshu Sheren originally had two ways, and those who were elected by jinshi had to be moved to the Branch Daobu Cao; the people of the two halls and two houses did not have to be selected by the ministry, and those who were able to write from the Jia Section and the Confucian Cloth Cloth Book could do it.　　For example, Lü Yuan was selected as a Zhongshu Sheren by Yin Supplement Guozisheng. Zhao Rong also gave the Zhongshu Shuren the title of Noh Shu (章衣) and later moved to Tai Changqing (太常卿), still serving the cabinet. Ye Xianggao was the first assistant, and used Wang Wenyan, a former prisoner, as a Zhongshu Sheren. This is also an example of self-selection by university scholars.

　　In the eleventh year of my reign in Shunzhi, fan Wencheng, a university scholar, asked zhan shi hanlin and other officials to be promoted to the ministry of officials, and it can be seen that the promotion of officials such as Ming Han zhan was also promoted by the cabinet.

　　The weight of the Ming officials In the early Ming Dynasty, the six ministries belonged to the Zhongshu Province, and they were more dependent on the will of the Minister. Hongwu thirteen years, Zhongshu Provincial Revolution, the ministry power is specialized, and the Quanbu is particularly important. Since then, the system has been repeatedly created: the entry officials have been known to each other, starting from Fushan Li Xin. The pilgrims created deeds, pictures, land, and people, starting from Yushan in Kunshan. Imitating the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, the compilation of the offices of the divisions below the royal palace is a book, known as the "office of the various divisions". The appointment of officials was given to You as the chief official, and the selection of the supervisor as the county official, and the removal of teaching positions, starting from Taixing Zhai Shan. Three years into the DPRK, the assessment rank, starting from Yishui Duze. This Hongwu Zhongquan government is also roughly. (Ming Shi Chen Xiu biography)

　　However, although there are such regulations, and the quantity can be conferred, and the nuclear merit is dethroned, only the official is the master. In Yongle, Guo Zhen was the official Shangshu, and asked the envoys to go to the prefect to listen to the recommendation of the three pins or more of the Jingguan, and also asked the Imperial History and the Zhixian to listen to the recommendation of the Jingguan five or more. Commentators say that they are too timid to do anything, and turn to the beginning of the fate. (琎傳) is a former official of the Government of the Dynasty, and is also selected by the officials.

　　In Xuande, the two capitals and six ministries were short of officials, and the emperor ordered his courtiers to push the officials to be internal. Zheng Chen was recommended by Jian Yi and obtained the Shangshu of the Ministry of Works in Nanjing. (Tatsumi) is that before this purpose, the six officials of the six ministries were also pushed by the officials.　　In Tianshun, the court was recommended by the court, and the officials were exclusive to the officials. (Li Xian's biography: Story: The official of the three pins of the capital is baoju, the sage is plagued by his camp competition, please order the official to lift two people for each time, please emperor Jian to use, and push the example to start here.) ）

　　Shi Wangzhi was a Shangshu, and appointed Lang Cao to suppress Benjing, and whenever the Inspector Fang Yushi returned, he ordered the Xian to be a candidate. (Direct transmission) Cui Gong was a servant of the bureaucracy, and he was dissuaded and punished, and everyone knew it, and King Shangshu relied on it. (Congratulations)

　　In Chenghua, Xuanlang Huang Kongzhao paid attention to extending the talents, using books to remove officials from high and low talents, with complicated and simple land, and by Quan Shu Pingyun.

　　Shang Shu Yin Min wanted to push his townspeople to be an inspector, Kong Zhao could not, his people came to bend their knees at night, Kong Zhaoyi despised it, and Min said that his people knew that "Huang Jun does not leave Quan Xuan, Ru can not get it." (Kong Zhaochuan)

　　It can be seen that officials such as inspectors are used by officials, and justice is selected by people, otherwise they can be high and low and take whatever they want.

　　Therefore, when Yan Song was in charge of the country, the officials and soldiers each held a book to ren Song to fill in, and at that time, they called WenXuan Lang Wancai as the wen butler, and The wu xuan fang Lang Fang Xiang was the wu butler. In the Wanli Calendar, Sun Piyang was forced to use the signature method to thank those who had bribed him, and for a time he was called Zhi Gong. (Pi Yang Chuan) also used the official to give official positions that could be up and down, so this law was set up to prevent fraud.

　　Zhao Nanxing's long official department, the search for the will, the Bu Lieshu position, and the Gao Panlong were all used by him. Shanxi Inspector is short of people, Guo Shangwen asks for it, Nanxing thins its people, and pushes Xie Yingxiang alone. It can be seen that although there are examples of pushing at that time, they are also the masters of the bureaucracy.

　　Zhou Yanru said that although the name of the association was public, the host was only one or two, and Yu did not dare to speak. (Wen Tiren Biography) Xiong Kaiyuan Shu Yiyun: The Governor is missing, tomorrow Tingtui, today's leaflet, his name is not listed, to the end, the official is out of the sleeves, the ministers are only. (Kaiyuan Biography)

　　Taken together, it can be seen that the power of employing people in the Ming generation is all up to the officials, and the officials have obtained people, and all the people used are upright people, such as Wang Shu as the official Shangshu, who introduced Geng Yu, Peng Shao, He Qiaoxin, Zhou Wei, Li Min, Zhang Yue, Ni Yue, Liu Daxia, Dai Shan, Zhang Mao, etc., all of whom were temporarily old. Twenty years of Koji, Zhongzheng Ying Dynasty, professional repair, the number of the most prosperous, Shu Li also.　　In the early years of the following apocalypse, Zhou Jiamu, Zhang Wenta, and Zhao Nanxing successively took charge of the bureaucracy, deposed Zhu Zhengren, and used Gao Panlong, Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou Bingxian, Li Tengfang, Chen Yutingzuoquan, Wei Dazhong, Yuan Huazhong, And Zheng Sanjun, Li Banghua, Sun Juxiang, Rao Shen, Wang Zhicai, and others to set up QingYi, and after the abolition of Wanli, lai spent several years and slightly declined. It is easy to castrate the party, and the official can not ask!

　　This is probably also the ming generation of officials.

　　The king of the case could not use the right person, and the celebrant Huai'en was also forgiven and advised Emperor Xiaozong to use it, so he had to do his will. At the beginning of the apocalypse, Zou Yuanbiao and Wang Dequan were used to complete the sages, and wang An listened to Wang Wen's words, which was to be admired by the people, and the position of Breshu was the power of the officials and eunuchs, and their power was in the officials, and it was even more knowable!

　　Yangzhou is also the four prefects

　　When Jing Nanshi went to Yangzhou, Jiang Du ordered Zhang Ben to surrender, and Chengzu took the lead in annexing Chu, Tai Er Zhizhou Fang Ji, and Tian Tangcheng, and ordered Ben to be the prefect of Yangzhou, and the current prefect Tan Youde was the same as the governor of Yangzhou, and Yangzhou had four prefects for a while.

　　Yongle came to the Dynasty in china and overseas

　　Ming Shi foreign legend: In the third year of Yongle, the king of The Huan Dynasty, Munah Jana, led his concubines and brothers, sisters, and children to the sea to the dynasty, and the king died in the Huitongguan and was buried outside the Ande Gate. In the sixth year, feng jia shi lan chieftains tortoiseshell and Li Want came to the court. In the ninth year, the King of Manja, Baili Misura, led more than 500 wives and courtiers to the court. Ten years later, prince Huan Wang came to the dynasty with his mother. In the fifteenth year, the Eastern King of the Sulu Kingdom, Batu Ge Bahara, the Western King Maha La Ling Ge La Ma, and the Ding Zhi King's wife, Ding Du Ge Ba La Bu Ju, led their families and leaders to the sea to come to the dynasty, and the Eastern King returned to Dezhou. In the same year, the king of Guma Lalang, Hui Layi, led his wife to accompany his courtiers to the dynasty, and also went to Fujian. Seventeen years later, the Queen Mother of Manja came to the dynasty of Ersha. Twenty-two years later, King Siri Mahara, the king of Manchuria, brought his wife to the court. Xuande for six years, and then came to the dynasty.

　　Gaidu came greedily from small overseas countries, and it was when Zheng He, the internal supervisor, was ordered to go to sea, visit Jianwen's tracks, and lure all the people with heavy profits. After Xuande, there is no one to return. At that time, it was said that the three eunuchs went to the West to celebrate the Yongle Dynasty. (Old Tang Shu Shunzong Ji: The King of Japan returns his wife and returns the favor.) It can be seen that it is his custom for overseas kings to enter the dynasty and travel with their wives. ）