Greenhouse cultivation technology of Taiwan jujube facility in Nanjing County
Lin Nanping
Taiwanese jujube is scientifically known as the jujube, which is an evergreen fruit tree of the genus Jujube in the family Lyceumidae, which is made of Indian jujube after years of improvement and breeding, and is deeply loved by consumers. Nanjing County is located in the southeast of Fujian Province, belongs to the South Asian tropical oceanic monsoon climate zone, the annual sunshine is abundant, the rainfall is abundant, the average annual temperature is 21.3 °C, the average annual sunshine hours are 2 051 hours, and the average annual precipitation is 1 732 mm, which is suitable for the cultivation of jujube in Taiwan. The county began to introduce Taiwan jujube cultivation in 1993, mainly using the traditional open-field planting production mode, which has gradually developed since 2000. In 2019, the planting area of Taiwan jujube in Nanjing County was nearly 8 500 mu, with a total output of 21,000 t and a total output value of 75 million yuan, becoming one of the main jujube producing areas in Southern Fujian. Taiwanese jujubes in Nanjing County generally mature from October to early February of the following year, when the fruit is off-season, and it is also New Year's Day and Spring Festival, and the sales are very good. However, the low temperature rain and frost in winter and spring every year often greatly affects the production of jujube in Taiwan, and some years even suffer heavy losses. To this end, Nanjing County began to carry out taiwan jujube facility greenhouse cultivation and production test demonstration in 2013, through the construction of facility greenhouses, strengthen the management of thermal insulation cultivation, effectively overcome the local winter and spring low temperature rain and frost and other disasters, significantly reducing the winter and spring disaster losses. The late ripening period of Taiwanese jujube fruits cultivated in greenhouses can be extended to early to mid-April, generally with an annual yield of more than 3 t per mu and an output value of more than 18,000 yuan, which greatly improves the yield and planting efficiency compared with the traditional open-field planting method.
1 Garden selection
Taiwan jujube likes time and is afraid of shade, not resistant to frost, in the sunshine, the average annual temperature of more than 19 °C, basically frost-free areas can be cultivated in the open field conventional planting. Taiwan jujube is not strict on the soil requirements, wide adaptability, should choose the soil layer is deep, fertile and loose, good water permeability, pH 5.5 ~ 6.5, low groundwater level, easy drainage and irrigation loam or sandy loam land block to build a garden. Flat orchards generally have deep soil layers, but the groundwater level is high, and the high furrows should be repaired, and a drainage system should be established to reduce the groundwater level. Orchards on hilly slopes should choose gentle slopes with abundant light on the south slope, southeast slope or southwest slope.
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2 Set up a greenhouse
Column-type steel frame greenhouse is adopted. The main materials are made of hot-dip galvanized pipes, the weldments in the assembly accessories are welded first and treated with anti-rust, the on-site assembly is tightened with bolts or M5 self-tapping bolts, and the orchard is equipped with water and fertilizer integration facilities. When the greenhouse body span is greater than 8 m, the beam in the greenhouse is supported with columns of the same style. In production, the number of greenhouses is mostly used, and the number of greenhouses can be determined according to the layout of the orchard field. Taiwan jujube applicable facilities greenhouse generally requires shed height 3.5 ~4.0m, shed shoulder height 2.0 ~2.2 m, shed width span of 8 m; column square pipe 60 mm×40 mm×2 mm or 50 mm×50 mm×2 mm, round pipe 60 mm×2 mm, cement column 110 mm×110 mm, column spacing 3 m; shoulder pipe square pipe 40 mm×40 mm×1.8 mm, round pipe 47 mm×1.8 mm; arch pipe round pipe 32 mm×1.5 mm.
3 Selection of varieties and selection of seedlings
3.1 Variety selection The current main cultivars of Taiwan jujube in Nanjing County are crisp honey, Gaolang No. 1 and excellent strains, mainly brittle honey, with Gaolang No. 1, with higher yield and better efficiency. Taiwan jujube is a cross-pollinating plant, there are many varieties, the difference between varieties is large, must be configured pollination varieties, generally need to match between 10% to 25% pollination trees or graft pollination branches, any two Taiwan jujube varieties can be used as pollinator varieties.
3.2 Seedling selection Generally select high-quality grafted seedlings with developed root system, seedling height of more than 40cm, robust and disease-free pests, and fake seedlings in nutrition bags are preferred.
4 Preparation before colonization
4.1 Land preparation, digging colonization holes, applying base fertilizer After the land preparation is made, the colonization holes are dug according to the row spacing of 4.0 m and the plant spacing is 5.0 m, and the length, width and height of the colonization pit are 0.8 to 1.0 m. After digging the colonization hole, let it be exposed to the sun for a period of time, and then use each hole with decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer 50 to 100 kg, calcium superphosphate 1.5 kg, lime 3 to 5 kg mixed with the cave soil and then applied into the hole, until it is level with the hole mouth, make a colonization tray with a growth, width and height of 100 cm× 100 cm×30 cm, and plant after settling.
4.2 Laying drip irrigation facilities Before the seedlings are colonized, use a special drip irrigation belt to lay the drip irrigation facilities.
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5 Colonization
5.1 Colonization period The colonization time of Taiwan jujube in Nanjing County is generally in spring and autumn, and the spring planting (March to April) has the best effect. Growing in summer when the temperature is too high is not easy to survive.
5.2 Colonization method It is best to choose to transport seedlings and colonize seedlings in the evening on cloudy or sunny days, and use nutrient bags or seedlings with soil for colonization. When planting, the bag is first unwrapped, and the roots of the seedlings are planted in the middle of the hole with soil or dipped in mud, requiring the root system to be stretched, straightened and solid, so that the root system is in close contact with the soil. Planting should not be too deep or too shallow, and it is advisable to raise the rhizomes of seedlings 10 to 15 cm above the surface. Some of the leaves can be cut off before colonization to reduce water evaporation of seedlings. After colonization, fix the main trunk with a pillar, and water the root water thoroughly, and finally cover the tree tray with mulch film or straw about 10 cm thick to keep the soil moist. Taiwan jujube growth rate is fast, the planting density should not be too large, generally colonized 30 to 35 plants per mu; it can also be planted densely in the early stage, and then thinned to the required planting density in the later stage.
6 Post-colonization management
6.1 Temperature and humidity management The suitable temperature for the nutritional growth period of Taiwan jujube is 20~35 °C, the suitable temperature for the flowering and fruit setting period is 25~30 °C, and the temperature and humidity management is carried out according to conventional cultivation during the period when there is no mulching in the greenhouse. Generally, the greenhouse is coated from the young fruit stage (October), and the film is removed after the fruit picking is completed in April of the following year, during which the temperature and humidity management of the greenhouse should be done. During the mulching period, the temperature in the greenhouse during the expansion period of the fruit is maintained at 25~35 °C during the day and 10 ~20 °C at night, and the temperature in the greenhouse during the fruit harvesting period is maintained at 18~30 °C during the day and 6 to 10 °C at night; when the humidity is high, Taiwan jujube is prone to disease, so the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse is not more than 75%. During the period of full closure of greenhouse filming, if the temperature is high, the degree of film coverage should be adjusted in time according to the temperature change in the shed, and the ventilation of the greenhouse should be paid attention to the ventilation and ventilation of the greenhouse in time to regulate the temperature and humidity in the shed.
6.2 Water management Taiwan jujube grows in large amounts, the water demand is also large, the growth process needs sufficient water, after colonization every 2 to 3 days irrigation once until it survives. In case of drought after survival, water should be filled in time to maintain an even supply of water. In general, the soil should be kept moderately dry 1 month before flowering and the fruit harvest period, and the soil should be kept moist during the branch growth period and the fruit growth and development period. During the closure period of greenhouses, attention should be paid to the water management of the orchard soil to ensure that the soil moisture can meet the needs of Taiwanese jujube trees and fruit growth in a timely manner.
Taiwan jujube is drought-tolerant but extremely waterlogged, orchards should be raised high, drainage ditches should be opened, groundwater levels should be lowered and drainage capacity enhanced, and water-saving irrigation facilities should be installed and drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation should be implemented. For orchards with low-lying terrain and high groundwater level, attention should be paid to removing stagnant water to create a good growth environment for the root system.
6.3 Fertilization management Taiwan jujube growth period of fertilizer demand, should pay attention to reasonable fertilization, especially with the growth of Taiwan jujube year by year, the nutrient content in the soil decreased year by year, more need to pay attention to fertilization. In the annual growth cycle, it should focus on applying 3 times of fertilizer, namely shoot-promoting fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer and strong fruit fertilizer, in addition to timely and appropriate application of trace element fertilizer.
6.3.1 Reapply the seedling fertilizer. In the first year of planting, the seedlings were fertilized in 2 to 3 times after the seedlings became viable, with an interval of 20 to 30 days, and each time a high-quality compound fertilizer was applied 0.5 kg, and in the second year of planting and later, 10 to 15 kg of decomposing livestock manure, 2.5 kg of cake fertilizer, 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate, 1.0 to 1.5 kg of polytrophic fertilizer and a small amount of trace element fertilizer such as boron and magnesium could be applied after the canopy retraction and pruning. The fertilization method is to dig a strip trench and cover the soil after deep application of fertilizer.
6.3.2 Fertilize before flowering. In june to July of the first year of planting, each time applying high-quality compound fertilizer is 0.5 kg per plant in two times (about 20 days in the middle interval), and in the second year and beyond, each time in June to July, each time in 2 times (about 20 days in the middle interval), each time applying high-quality compound fertilizer is 1.2 kg per plant. If the plant grows at this time, the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased and organic fertilizer should be applied to promote flower bud differentiation.
6.3.3 Suitable for fertilization of strong fruits. 5-10 kg of organic fertilizer per plant was applied at the young fruit stage, 2 kg of high-quality compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate were applied per plant at the hard stage. In the young fruit stage and the hard core stage, it is necessary to apply magnesium, calcium, zinc, boron, molybdenum and other trace element fertilizers.
6.4 After tree management and colonization, 3 to 4 side branches are selected from 30 to 40 cm above the ground as the main branches, the excess branches and lateral branches below 30 cm from the ground are pruned, and the secondary lateral branches intersect into ribs on the main branches; the branches and young twigs are pruned from May to June. After planting the fruit in March to April of the second year, saw off the main trunk 30 to 40 cm from the ground, select the appropriate position to leave the main branches and side branches according to the above method; in May, the trellis around the fruit trees should be set up, the main branches will be evenly dragged to the trellis, and the main branches, side branches and fruit branches will be tied and fixed to prevent the branches from breaking due to the hanging fruit and reduce fruit abrasion. Through reasonable shaping and pruning, the cultivation forms a fruit tree type with good lighting and ventilation.
The canopy is retracted and renewed after the fruit is harvested from March to April every year. For Taiwanese jujubes that are more than 2 years old, the trunk is sawn off at about 30 cm from the ground, and 1 to 2 thick branches are selected as the new trunk, and the remaining branches are removed; later, the retraction position is appropriately increased with the increase of tree age. The trunk is updated every year, and some varieties need to be re-grafted, and the variety is renewed when the trunk is retracted, and the original variety or other excellent varieties are grafted. There are 3 ways to update the trunk of the canopy.
6.4.1 Trunk update trim. Young trees are dominated by single stems and whole branches. 1 year old tree cut 30 cm from the ground, select strong, obliquely around the 3 to 4 side branches as the trunk, before it grows to 1.5 m high to erase the small buds, after growing to 1.5 m high, let the side branches grow obliquely, cut off the long branches or young branches. The trunk of the tree needs to be renewed once a year for 2 years and beyond, after the harvest of the fruit in March to April.
6.4.2 Pruning of long shoots. At the end of the fruit harvest, the old main branches are left 1.0 to 1.5 m long, and the remaining branches are sawn off except for the canopy support.
6.4.3 Pruning of whole branches. After the main trunk is re-pruned, the branches grow vigorously, and the main branches are properly pruned before the full flowering period to promote branching. Excessively dense branches are pruned before flowering, and the tip of the branches that are too low or close to the ground should be pruned after the result.
6.5 Flowering and fruit preservation
6.5.1 Illumination induces flowers. Supplemental light is used to induce flowers to adjust the ripening period of Taiwan jujube fruit. The illumination device is 40 W fluorescent lamps, with 10 to 15 lamps per acre, hanging 1.0 to 1.5 m above the canopy. From the end of June, when the buds of the branches have formed, the lights are illuminated at night, the lights are turned on at sunset, and the lights are turned off at sunrise, and the light is illuminated for 7 to 10 hours per night, and the continuous light is illuminated for 30 to 45 days.
6.5.2 Thinning flowers and fruits, preserving flowers and fruits. Taiwan jujube flowers are large, long flowering period, fruit set, each branch leaf axillary growth 1 inflorescence, there are 20 to 30 small flowers, and while long branches while flowering; each inflorescence can grow into 4 to 5 small fruits, the need for artificial fruit thinning. Some young fruits can be selectively removed at the young fruit stage after fruit setting, and each fruit branch is retained in the proportion of 4 to 5 leaves and 1 fruit, and is carried out in batches when the fruit diameter is about 1 cm, so as to leave small and large, and leave inferior and excellent. At the same time, combined with pruning, slender branches, long branches, overlapping branches and near-ground branches are cut off. After the amount of hanging fruit is determined, the tail of the branch is cut off along with the flower spikes of other young fruits. During the flowering and fruit setting period, foliar sprays of 250 kg of water can be applied to foliar sprays of 250 kg of water at intervals of 7 days, 2 to 3 times in 7 days, 2 to 3 times.
6.6 Disease and bird pest control Common pests and diseases of jujube in Taiwan are powdery mildew, mesozoite, red spider, small white striped moth, etc., which should be comprehensively controlled by agricultural control, physical control and chemical control.
6.6.1 Agricultural control. Do a good job in ventilation, drainage, sunshine management and other work in greenhouses, timely remove closed branches, remove weeds, remove diseased fruits and diseased leaves, keep the orchard clean, and create a greenhouse environment with dry and wet controllable, disease reduction and insect avoidance and bird avoidance; use dwarf dense planting, soil disinfection + high temperature stuffiness, adding beneficial microorganisms and other facilities to cultivate continuous cropping obstacles to overcome practical techniques.
6.6.2 Physical control. Usually, the roof of the shed is covered with film to avoid rain, and a 25 mesh nylon insect-proof net is placed around the shed to prevent orange flies and various birds from flying into the shed as harmful fruits; 1 trellis is equipped with a single-layer insect-proof net, customized according to the shape of the trellis, becoming a pest-proof net greenhouse; the application of green control technologies such as insecticidal lamps + armyworm swatches; in early September, when the fruit diameter is about 1 cm, it is covered with insect-proof nets, and the fruit is collected at the end of fruit harvesting in March to April of the following year.
6.6.3 Chemical control. (1) Powdery mildew, the disease is easy to occur, spread quickly, mainly harmful to new shoots, leaves, flower ears and fruits, the diseased peel becomes brown and rough, the young fruit, leaves are more harmful. It can be prevented by regular fumigation and disinfection with a sulfur fumigator; at the beginning of the disease, it can be sprayed with 70% hexen zinc wettable powder 800 times liquid, 70% methylthiopramine wettable powder 1 000 times liquid, and 25% pyrazole ether ester 3 000 times liquid sprayed for prevention and control, once every 7 days, for 3 consecutive times. (2) Mesozoans, which can be controlled by spraying 1 500 times of 48% chlorpyrifos emulsion during the larval bloom period. (3) Red spider, at the beginning of the occurrence, can be controlled by alternating 11% acetazole suspension 3 000 times liquid, 30% ethazole nitrile suspension 3 000 times liquid, 1.8% avermectin emulsion 3 000 times liquid. (4) The small white-veined poison moth can be sprayed with 20% cypermethrin emulsion 2,000 times liquid, 10% cypermethrin emulsion 1,500 times liquid, and 2.5% cypermethrin emulsion 1,500 times liquid at the peak of young larvals. The drug should be discontinued 21 days before the fruit is ripe for harvest. Other pest control can be carried out in a timely manner in accordance with conventional control methods.
7 Harvesting
The harvesting period of Taiwanese jujube varies from variety to variety, and should be harvested in stages and batches. Fruit harvesting should be mastered in time when the skin color changes from turquoise to light green, the appearance is full, and the skin color is glossy. Over-ripe harvesting, the flesh of the fruit becomes soft and light, affecting the quality. Taiwanese jujubes cultivated in greenhouses are generally harvested from October to March of the following year, and can be harvested from late ripening to early to mid-April of the following year. When harvesting, try to leave fruit stalks to prevent nails and scissors from stabbing the fruit, and pay attention to handling it lightly to avoid mechanical damage to the fruit.