Abstract:It was not until the 90s of the 20th century that the mainland finally determined the route based on wood pulp, and eliminated a large number of small factories below 10,000 tons through various methods such as shutting down, stopping, merging and transferring, and the focus of raw materials shifted to wood pulp and papermaking. According to statistics, as of 2022, the mainland's pulp output will be 85.87 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 5.01%.
1. Definitions and Classification
Pulp is a fibrous substance made of plant fiber as raw material and processed by different processing methods, which can be divided into many subdivisions according to the source of raw materials, processing methods, processing degrees, etc., and can be widely used in papermaking, man-made fibers, plastics, chemical and other fields. According to the pulping material, pulp can be divided into waste pulp, wood pulp and non-wood pulp. Among them, waste paper pulp is mostly used in the production of packaging paper, and its output accounts for the largest proportion. Wood pulp can be subdivided into softwood pulp and hardwood pulp, which is mainly used in the production of cultural paper, white cardboard, special paper and household paper. Non-wood pulp is mainly bamboo pulp, reed pulp, sugarcane pulp and other pulp varieties, which account for a relatively small proportion and are also used in the production of household paper.
Second, industry policies
The pulp industry is one of the industries encouraged and promoted in the mainland, and the relevant departments of the state have issued a number of policy documents to encourage and support. In 2023, the National Development and Reform Commission will issue the "Guiding Catalogue for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2024)", which will build "light industry - a single chemical wood pulp of 300,000 tons/year and above, chemical mechanical wood pulp of 100,000 tons/year and above, chemical bamboo pulp of 100,000 tons/year and above, and the corresponding supporting paper and cardboard production lines (except newsprint, coated paper, napkin base paper, facial tissue base paper, toilet paper base paper, and white cardboard), using cleaner production technology, non-wood fiber as raw materials, and a single 100,000 tons/ The construction of pulp production lines and the development and manufacture of advanced pulping and papermaking equipment are listed as encouragement.
3. Industry barriers
1. Financial barriers
The pulp industry is a capital- and technology-intensive basic raw material industry, the mainland pulp industry 100 yuan output value occupies fixed assets and metallurgy, chemical, petroleum industry is equivalent, and the pulp industry and other industries have a high degree of relevance, involving many areas of technological development and application, without certain capital and technical support, it is difficult to participate in and based on the fierce market competition in the paper industry. At present, the investment amount of pulp companies that have generally reached a certain economic scale is more than hundreds of millions of yuan.
2. Technical equipment barriers
Due to the complexity of its production process, pulp enterprises have higher requirements for the quality of management and technical personnel than general light chemical enterprises. High-quality and qualified products are completed by relying on advanced equipment in the modern paper industry, and the reasonable configuration of the manufacturing process is also a key factor.
3. Environmental barriers
The pulp industry is one of the main industries that cause water pollution, and the requirements for environmental protection are relatively high. On the other hand, the "Environmental Protection Law" adopts the policy of rectifying the existing enterprises, "closing the small and treating the large", and reducing the scattered pollution sources, and puts forward strict discharge standards for the pollution control capacity of new enterprises and new, renovated and expanded projects. Together, these two factors form the main key factors limiting entry into the pulp industry.
Fourth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream of the pulp industry chain is forest and fiber resources, and the downstream of pulp is used in medical packaging base paper, food packaging base paper and industrial specialty paper. The pulp industry is a typical long-cycle industry with a long chain, heavy assets and diverse demands: the typical industrial chain is "forest-pulp-paper-downstream paper". Among them, the cultivation of fast-growing forests for pulping requires reserve forest land and cultivation, and the maturity cycle of forest trees is long, and it takes at least 5 years to be harvested for production; The production of pulp and machine-made paper requires the purchase of large-scale papermaking equipment and supporting production capacity, although the cycle is relatively short, but it still takes 1 to 2 years; The downstream demand has slowed down after experiencing China's rapid growth stage, and cyclicality is gradually replacing growth.
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