【Geography China】27 Geography Universal Formulas, Hurry Up and Collect (Top Priority!)

@秦楚刊号

Geography is a universal formula

1. How to describe topographic features:

　　1. Type of terrain (plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc.)

　　2. Undulating terrain

　　3. (Under a variety of terrain conditions) the main terrain distribution

　　4. Important topographic profile features (in profile).

2. Factors influencing temperature:

1. Latitude (determinant): affects the solar altitude, day length, solar radiation, diurnal range of temperature, and annual range (the diurnal and annual range of temperature in low latitudes is smaller than that in high latitudes)

　　2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, valleys, basins at different altitudes (such as: valley basin terrain heat is not easy to dissipate, tall terrain blocks the winter wind, mountains at the same latitude are smaller than the plain daily and annual differences, etc.)

3. Location of sea and land: The intensity of the ocean causes the annual variation of temperature

4. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidification; cold current: cooling and humidity reduction)

5. Weather conditions (where there are more clouds and rain, the daily and annual temperature difference is less than where there are fewer clouds and rain)

6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high reflectivity of ice and snow, low temperature), and the daily and annual temperature range of green space is less than that of bare ground

7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc

3. Factors affecting precipitation:

1. Climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind belt, monsoon)

　　2. Terrain: windward slope, leeward slope

　　3. Topography (altitude): precipitation reaches its maximum at a certain altitude

　　4. Location of land and sea (distance from the sea)

　　5. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

　　6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers, vegetation coverage

　　7. Human activities: changing the underlying surface affects precipitation

4. Describe the hydrological characteristics of the river:

1. Flow: size, seasonal variation, whether there is a break in the flow (depending on the characteristics of precipitation, rainwater recharge, and the size of the river)

2. Sediment content: Depends on the vegetation status of the watershed

3. Freezing period: whether there is or not, and how long it is

4. Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on the type of river recharge, water conservancy project, lake storage effect)

5. Water energy: It is related to topography (the size of the river drop, the speed of the flow), and the climate (the amount of precipitation, the amount of runoff, and the amount of evaporation).

5. Describe the characteristics of the river system:

1. Length

　　2. Flow direction

　　3. The size of the watershed area

　　4. Drop size (hydro energy)

　　5. The river is straight

　　6. How many tributaries

　　7. Arrangement of river tributaries (fan-shaped, dendritic)

6. Factors influencing solar radiation:

1. Latitude (determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day)

2. Altitude (high altitude, thin air, strong solar radiation) < e.g. Continental Qinghai-Tibet Plateau >

3. Weather conditions (mostly sunny days, abundant solar radiation) < e.g. > in the northwest of the continent

4. Air density

7. Factors affecting the level of the snow line:

1. Precipitation (local climatic characteristics; more precipitation on the windward slope and low snow line) < e.The southern slope of the Himalayas is > lower than the snow line on the northern slope

2. Air temperature (snow line on sunny slopes is higher than on shady slopes; temperature changes at different latitudes, elevation of 0°C isotherms)

8. Factors influencing the vertical spectrum of mountains:

1. Latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum

2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountain, the more complex the band spectrum may be

3. Heat (i.e., sunny slope, shady slope): affects the altitude of the same band

9. Location factors affecting the city:

　　"Natural Factors"

　　1. Topography (a. flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, conducive to transportation links, saving construction investment, population concentration; b. tropical cities are distributed on plateaus; c. mountainous cities are distributed in river valleys and open lowlands)

　　2. Climate (warm in the middle and low latitudes, humid in the coastal areas)

　　3. Rivers (water supply, transportation functions)

　　4. Resource conditions

　　"Socio-economic factors"

　　1. Traffic conditions

　　2. Political factors

　　3. Military factors

　　4. Religious factors

　　5. Technological factors

　　6. Travel factor

10. Location factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets:

1. Convenient transportation conditions (establishment principle: optimal traffic < along the ring road or the edge of the urban area > along the highway)

　2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity source

　3. Broad market or economic hinterland (establishment principle: market optimal) 　　

11. Principles for the selection of transportation routes:

　　"Nature"

　　1. Terrain (a. flat: less restriction on choice; b. large undulations: if it is necessary to open mountains, build holes, build bridges, the project is difficult, if it is extended along the contour line, extend the mileage; c. river turbulence: not conducive to navigation)

　　2. Geology (a. karst landform: collapse prevention, leakage; b. geological instability: strengthen the foundation and avoid faults)

　　3. Climate (a. Highway and railway: prevention of heavy rain, flood, frozen soil, debris flow; b. Water transportation and aviation: prevention of fog and high wind)

　　4. Land (less arable land, especially good land)

　　"Socio-economic aspects"

　　1. Population (as many people as possible through settlements, railway stations, docks, etc., to benefit as many people. <Applicable to: Local Highway >)

　　2. Mileage and operation time (try to build bridges and tunnels to shorten the mileage to save operation time; take proper care of important economic points along the line.) <Applicable to: National Highway >)

　　3. Others (try to stay away from important cultural relics and monuments, pay attention to ecological and environmental protection)

12. The positive significance of the construction of transportation lines:

1. Improve the local transportation network and make the transportation convenient and accessible

2. Accelerate the circulation of materials and promote local economic development

3. Politics: Consolidate national defense, maintain stability, and promote regional prosperity 　　

13. Analysis of industrial location factors:

1. Geographical location

　　2. Resource factors: raw materials, fuels

　　3. Agricultural factors

　　4. Transportation factors (including transportation convenience and accessibility of information network): convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information

　　5. Market factors

　　6. Technological factors

　　7. Labor factors: labor price and quality

　　8. Historical factors

　　9. Policy factors: national and regional policy support

　　10*. Military factors: national defense and security needs

　　11*. Personal factors: personal preference, emotional < returned overseas Chinese to invest in factories and >

14. Comprehensive measures for the economic improvement of the industrial zone:

1. Adjust the industrial layout, develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform traditional industries, ensure the balanced development of various industries, and promote the diversification of the economic structure

2. Rationally develop all kinds of resources according to local conditions

3. Eliminate pollution, improve and beautify the environment, do a good job in regional planning, and strengthen ecological construction

4. Develop transportation and improve the transportation network

5. Develop science and technology, improve the level of production, and prosper the economy

15. Analysis of agricultural location factors:

"Natural Factors"

　　1. Land: topography, soil

　　2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night

　　3. Water source (irrigation water source):

　　"Socio-economic factors"

　　1. Market:

　　2. Transportation:

　　3. National policy

　　4. Labor

　　5. Science and technology: the development of agricultural product preservation, refrigeration and other technologies

　　6. Industrial base

16. Location conditions for port construction:

"Natural Conditions (Determining Port Location)"

　　1. Water conditions: the harbor is wide and the water depth is dense (the depth contour is dense, which is conducive to berthing and sheltering from the wind)

　　 2. Port construction conditions: stable land geology, flat terrain, appropriate slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land, port equipment)

　　"Socio-economic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of ports)"

　　1. Conditions of the economic hinterland: whether the economic hinterland is vast, the size of the passenger and cargo flow, and the economic nature of the hinterland (whether the economic hinterland is vast or not affects the passenger and cargo flow; the passenger and cargo flow affects the rise and fall of the port; the economic nature of the hinterland determines the nature of the port <comprehensive port, professional port, etc>.)

　　2. Urban support (convenient transportation; human, material and financial support for ports)

　　3. Policy conditions: build a free trade port in the area open to the outside world

XVII. Evaluate the navigation value of rivers:

"Natural conditions"

　　1. Terrain: Flat, flowing through plains, gentle water flow

　　2. Climate: Abundant and uniform precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation, and short ice age

　　3. River channel: wide and straight, deep water

　　"Socio-economic conditions"

　　The basin has a large population, developed economy, dense connections, and large transportation volumes

　　☆ Principles and measures of river governance:

※ Governance principles

　　Upstream: Flood control

　　Midstream: flood distribution and flood storage

　　Downstream: flood discharge, water bunching

※ Governance measures

　　Upstream: Reservoir construction, afforestation

　　Midstream: Repair reservoirs, build flood distribution and flood storage projects

　　Downstream: Reinforcement of embankments, dredging and dredging of river channels, and excavation of river channels

XVIII. Causes of River Flood Disasters:

　　"Natural causes"

　　1. Characteristics of the river system (a. wide river basin with many tributaries; b. large sediment content; c. plain river channel is curved, the water flow is slow, and the water flow is not smooth. ）

　　2. Hydrological characteristics (a) flow through humid areas with abundant precipitation; b. long flood season and large amount of water in the main stream. )

　　3. Climatic characteristics (the climate was abnormal in that year, and heavy rains fell in the basin, resulting in flooding. ）

　　"Human Causes"

　　1. Vegetation destruction (a. excessive deforestation, serious vegetation damage, and aggravation of soil erosion, resulting in the reduction of the basin's ability to conserve water sources, regulate runoff, and reduce peak shaving and replenish dryness; b. sediment entering the river and siltation raise the riverbed, so that the flood discharge capacity of the river channel is reduced. ）

　　2. Enclosing the lake and cultivating land (sediment accumulation leads to the shrinkage of the lake, and the capacity of the lake to regulate and store the peak flood decreases.) ）

19. Analysis and solution of the causes of water shortage in a certain area:

　　※Cause

　　"Natural causes"

1. Climate: less or less precipitation, high evaporation, uneven distribution of seasons

2. Rivers: Surface runoff is less

　　"Human Causes"

　　1. Large water consumption: densely populated, developed industry and agriculture

　　2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate and serious pollution waste

　　※Solution

　　1. Open source: cross-basin water transfer, construction of reservoirs, and desalination of seawater in coastal areas to improve water supply capacity

　　2. Drainage: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve the utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water resources, restrict the development of high-energy-consuming water industries, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), formulate laws and regulations, improve people's awareness of water conservation, and implement water price adjustment

20. Factors influencing the selection of reservoir dam sites:

1. The dam site is at the outlet of the river or canyon or basin and depression (the pocket-shaped area is conducive to dam construction: the amount of work is small, the cost is low, and the capacity of the reservoir area is large)

　　2. Choose a place with good geological conditions and avoid karst landforms and faults

　　3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water volume

　　4. Consider whether resettlement is required for the construction of reservoirs, and the relocation of land occupied to minimize the inundation of residential areas

21. The role of the reservoir:

1. Regulate the climate and improve the ecological environment

　　2. It is conducive to the development of aquaculture

　　3. It is conducive to the development of tourism

　　4. It has a flood control effect

　　5. It has power generation value

　　6. It has irrigation function

　　7. Increase the value of shipping

22. Location conditions for the formation of salt fields:

1. Climate: high temperature, less precipitation, windy, strong sunshine: conducive to evaporation

　　2. Topography: Wide area of flat beaches, silty coasts

23. Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:

1. Topography: Vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis, abundant bait)

　　2. Temperate seas: large changes in temperature and flooding of seawater

　　3. Estuary: The river brings abundant nutrients

　　4. Ocean currents: (confluence or upwelling) The sea water is flooded, bringing nutrients to the seabed and abundant bait

24. Location conditions for the location of the satellite launch base:

"Natural conditions"

　　1. Meteorological conditions: Weather is required to be clear

　　2. Latitude: The linear velocity of the Earth's rotation

　　3. Terrain: flat and open

　　"Human Conditions"

　　1. Population: The population density per unit area is low, and the land is vast and sparsely populated

　　2. Transportation: Convenient transportation

　　3. Military: in line with the needs of national defense and security

25. Site selection conditions for tunnels:

It is necessary to choose the anticline (a. the anticline rock layer arches upward, and the groundwater seeps to both sides, which is not easy to leak; b. the anticline is a dome structure and is not easy to collapse. ）

　　☆ Location conditions for the location of the bus station:

　　1. Road conditions: The surrounding roads are wide

　　2. Connecting with transportation inside and outside the city

　　3. The size of the engineering quantity

26. Location conditions for airport site selection:

"Natural conditions"

　　1. Terrain: There is a flat and open terrain with an appropriate slope to ensure drainage;

　　2. Geology: There are good geological conditions

　　3. Climate: less clouds and fog.

　　"Socio-economic conditions"

　　1. Transportation conditions: There are convenient transportation links with the city.

　　2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas.

27. The direction of the construction of the new socialist countryside:

1. Pay attention to the construction of the ecological environment: increase greening, return farmland to forests and grasslands in a planned way, and improve the ecological environment;

2. Control the number of the population and improve the quality of the population;

　　3. Adjust the rural industrial structure, develop a variety of rural economies (the development of agricultural product processing industry, commercial agriculture, etc.), increase investment in science and technology, and increase peasant incomes.

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