【Geography of China】Summary of the geography of China

@秦楚刊号

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1. China's geographical location

China is located in the northern and eastern hemispheres: the eastern part of Asia, the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, and the eastern part of the Eurasian continent.

1. Sea and land location: East Asia, west coast of the Pacific Ocean, both sea and land

2. Territory four to: northernmost 53 degrees N, southernmost 4 degrees N, easternmost 135 degrees E, westernmost 73 degrees E

3. Longitude and latitude span: most temperate zones, less tropical, no cold zone. The time of Beijing East Zone 8 is used

4. Land boundary: from the mouth of the Yalu River to the mouth of the Beicang River

5. Sea area and maritime frontier: It is bordered by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Pacific Sea area east of Taiwan Island

6. China's Inland Sea: Bohai Sea

2. China's territorial composition

It has a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers and jurisdiction over 3 million square kilometers of sea area

3. Administrative divisions of China

At the provincial, county and township levels. There are 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions at the provincial level

Chinese population and ethnicity

1. Population profile of the mainland

1. Total population: 1.3 billion of the world's most populous countries

2. Characteristics of population distribution:

1) More in the southeast and less in the northwest

2) There are many plain basins and few mountains and plateaus

3. Demographic characteristics

The base is large, the growth rate is fast, there are many agricultural areas, but few areas engaged in forestry and animal husbandry, there are many areas with early development and few areas with late development, and there are many areas along the rivers, coastal areas, and along the main railway lines, but there are few areas with inconvenient transportation.

2. Characteristics of ethnic distribution

1. Large mixed and small settlements

2. The Han nationality is distributed throughout the country, concentrated in the east and middle, and the ethnic minorities are distributed in the northwest, southwest and northeast.

Topography of China

1. Characteristics of China's topography

1. The terrain is diverse, mainly plateaus and mountains

The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, showing a three-level distribution.

The first and second dividing lines: Kunlun Mountain - Altun Mountain - Qilian Mountain - Hengduan Mountain:

The second and third level of demarcation: Daxing'an Mountains - Taihang Mountain - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain

2. The characteristics and distribution of different types of terrain in China

1. Major mountain ranges

East-west direction: Tianshan Mountains - Ashan Kunlun Mountains - Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains

Southeast-southwest trend: Daxing'an Mountains - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountains - Wuyi Mountains - Taiwan Mountains

Northwest-southeast trending: Altai Mountains, Taiwan Mountains

North-south direction, Helan Mountain, Hengduan Mountain, Taiwan Mountains

Arc-shaped mountain ranges, Himalayas

2. Four plateaus

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: The terrain is high, the area is large, there are many snow-capped mountains, glaciers, and river sources

Inner Mongolia Plateau: The ground is gently undulating, open and open

Loess Plateau: Loess distribution, less vegetation, soil erosion, ravines and ravines

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: rugged terrain, limestone is widely distributed, many small dams, and karst landforms are typical

3. Four major basins

Tarim Basin: Southern Xinjiang, Tianshan-Kunlun Mountains have a large area, wide desert, high in the west and low in the east, and there are oases at the edge

Junggar Basin: Northern Xinjiang, the desert between the Tianshan Mountains and the Altai Mountains is small, with wind-eroded landforms, and there is a gap on the west side

Qaidam Basin: The terrain is high, the Gobi Desert is multi-Gobi, and there are swampy salt lakes in the east

Sichuan Basin: high in the north and low in the south, with hilly plains inside, the largest outflow basin in the mainland

4. Characteristics and distribution of the three plains

Northeast Plain: large area, wide black soil, some areas with swamps

North China Plain: Flat terrain

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain: the terrain is low and flat, the river network is vertical and horizontal, and the lakes are dense

5. Main hills: Liaodong hills, Shandong hills, southeast hills, low terrain, gentle undulations, mostly economic forests or tourist areas

6. Mountains form the topographical framework

north of the Tianshan Mountains, south of the Junggar Basin, and south of the Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is north of the Kunlun Mountains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is south of the Kunlun Mountains

Jiangnan hills to the north of Nanling and Liangguang hills to the south

The Loess Plateau, north of the Qinling Mountains, is the watershed of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River

West of the Great Khing'an Mountains, east of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and northeast plains

The Loess Plateau to the west of the Taihang Mountains and the North China Plain to the east

West of Wushan, east of Sichuan Basin, and plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The cloud plateau west of the Snow Peak Mountains

Northeast plain west of Changbai Mountain

Jiangnan hills to the west of Wuyi Mountain, Jiangnan hills to the east

West of the Hengduan Mountains and east of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin

West of Helan Mountain, east of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and east of the Ningxia Plain

The Altai Mountains are the border between China and Mongolia

The Hexi Corridor to the north of the Qilian Mountains and the Qaidam Basin to the south

Himalayas, borders of China, India, Nepal, Bhutan

3. The impact of topography on China's natural environment and economic development

1. Impact on climate

Temperature: Temperatures are lower at higher altitudes and higher temperatures on the leeward slope of cold air

Precipitation: High in the west and low in the east is conducive to the deep flow of water, warm and humid air, and the formation of topographic rain on the windward slope

Airflow movement: The east-west mountain range blocks the cold air from the south, and the warm air from the north in summer, causing the climate difference on the west side of the mountain range

2. Impact on the river:

Flow direction: Causes the river to flow from west to east into the sea

Watershed: Mountains are watersheds that affect the extent of the watershed

Flow velocity and drop: the terrain ladder transition zone, forming a huge drop, easy to form canyon rapids

3. Influence on vegetation: vegetation shows regular vertical changes, and there are obvious differences between sunny slope and shady slope vegetation

4. Impact on economic development:

The plains were developed early, which was conducive to habitation, and the towns appeared early, with developed production and developed economy

The mountainous area is rich in resources, but the transportation is inconvenient, the development is late, and the economic foundation is weak

The hilly and basin areas are economically developed

The economy of the Gaoyuan region is lagging behind

5. Distribution of mainland seismic zones: Taiwan-Fujian in the southeast, along the Taihang line in North China, Tianjin-Jing-Tang, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the southwest and Xin, Gansu and Ningbo in the northwest of Sichuan and Yunnan

6. Distribution of volcanic activity in mainland China: Datong (dead) in Shanxi, Changbai Mountain, Wudalianchi (dormant) in Heilongjiang, Datun and Qixing Mountain in Taiwan, and Huozhong (alive) in Kunlun Mountain near Yutian, Xinjiang

7. Distribution of debris flows on the mainland

It mostly occurs at the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west, in the mountainous areas, and at the junction of low mountains and plains in the east

Chinese climate

1. Distribution and causes of winter and summer temperature in China

1. Winter temperature distribution:

The temperature difference between north and south is large, and the 0 degree isotherm is roughly the Qinling-Huaihe line

Causes: Latitude location, influence of winter winds

2. Summer temperature distribution:

High temperatures are common throughout the country, except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temperature difference is not large

Causes: Latitude, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is high

2. Distribution and causes of annual precipitation in China

1. Spatial distribution

It decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland

Causes: Location of land and sea, considering the influence of the southeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon respectively

2. Time allocation

It is concentrated in summer and autumn, and the rainy season in the south is long and varies greatly from year to year.

Causes: The interannual variation of precipitation is related to the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon

3. The impact of monsoon activity on precipitation

1. It made landfall in May, south of Nanling, traveled to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in June, reached North China to Northeast China in July and August, and withdrew from the mainland in October

2. There is more precipitation in the southeast and less precipitation in the northwest, concentrated in summer, the rainy season in the south is long, the rainy season in the north is short, and the precipitation varies greatly between years

4. Boundaries between monsoon and non-monsoon zones

Daxing'an Mountains - Yinshan - Helan Mountains - Qilian Mountains - Bayankala Mountains - Gangdis Mountains

5. The main characteristics of continental climate and its impact on production and life

1. The main characteristics of climate

The climate is complex and diverse, with various monsoon climates, temperate continental climates, and alpine climates

Monsoon climate is significant: the thermal properties of land and sea are significantly different, and the monsoon prevails. Winters are cold and dry, summers are warm and rainy, and rain and heat are at the same time

6. Major disastrous weather in China

1. Cold tide

It occurs in late autumn, winter, and early spring, originating from Siberia, and invaded by strong cold air in Mongolia

2. Typhoon

Atmospheric eddies originating from the tropical ocean in summer and autumn are most abundant in the northwest Pacific Ocean

3. Drought

There are many droughts in spring and summer, waterlogging in summer and autumn, uneven precipitation seasons, large interannual variations, and heavy rains brought by typhoons

4. Sandstorms

In winter and spring, the desert originates from Mongolia and the mainland, and in spring the wind blows

Rivers and lakes

1. Inflow area and outflow area

1. Outflow area

The rivers that eventually flow into the ocean are outflow rivers, and their water supply areas are outflow areas

2. Inflow area

The rivers that eventually flow into the ocean are endorhes, and their water supply areas are endorhes

3. Boundaries

Daxing'an Mountains - Yinshan - Helan Mountains - Qilian Mountains - Bayankala Mountains - Gangdis Mountains

2. The main outflow rivers in China and their hydrological characteristics

1. Northeast China

The Songhua River in Heilongjiang Province has abundant flow, short flood season, large water level changes, small sediment content, and long ice period

2. Qinling-Huai River north (Irtysh River flows into the Arctic Ocean)

The Liaohe River, Haihe River and Yellow River have a small flow, a short flood season, a large change in water level, a large sediment content, and a short glacial period

3. Qinling-south of the Huai River

The Yangtze River and the Pearl River have abundant flows, long flood seasons, water level changes, small sediment content, and no ice periods

4. Southwest China (Nu River, Brahmaputra River flows into the Indian Ocean)

3. China's major inland rivers and their hydrological characteristics

1. Distribution: Inland, the Tarim River is the longest inland river

2. Hydrological characteristics: multi-seasonal rivers (ice and snow melt and mountain precipitation) have a short flow (disappearing deserts or flowing into inland lakes)

4. Characteristics of lakes in China

1. Freshwater lake: It is connected with the outflow river, and the lake water can enter and exit, and the salt content is low

2. Saltwater lake: At the end of the inland river, the lake water only enters and does not leave, and the evaporation salt content is high

5. Overview of the Yangtze River

1. Birthplace: Geladan Winter Peak, Tanggula Mountain, Qinghai

2. Flowing through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai

3. Flowing through the regional shape: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain

4. Main stream: the longest river in China

5. Injected into the ocean: East China Sea

6. The water system and cultural characteristics of the Yangtze River

1. Upstream: From the source to the source of Yichang in the north, the tributaries are the Yalong River, the Luo River, and the Jialing River, with a large drop, many canyons, and abundant water energy

2. Middle stream: from Yichang, Hubei to Hukou, Jiangxi, the tributaries are the Han River, the Xiang River, the Xianjiang River, and the Ganjiang River

3. Downstream: From the mouth of Jiangxi Lake to the estuary, the tributaries are the Qingge River and the Shuiyang River, the river is wide and deep, the flow is slow, and there are few tributaries

7. Development and governance of the Yangtze River Basin

1. Huge water energy resources

The Gezhouba Hydropower Hub is currently the largest hydropower station in terms of power generation, and the Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydropower station in the world

2. The most important inland river waterway in the mainland

The main artery of east-west traffic, known as the golden waterway, is navigable in all seasons of the main tributaries below Yibin

3. The Yangtze River basin is rich in resources and economically developed

The main stream intersects with a number of north-south communication lines, which plays an important role in the economic development of the Yangtze River, coastal and inland areas, and Shanghai is the economic leader of the Yangtze River Basin

4. Causes of flooding

A. Natural factors: large basin area, large catchment water, obvious monsoon climate, concentrated precipitation, large drop between the upper and middle reaches, rapid water potential, low and flat terrain in the middle reaches, and curved river channels

B. Human factors: the destruction of vegetation in the upper and middle reaches, serious soil erosion, the enclosure of lakes and farmland, the decline of the flood distribution capacity of lakes, resulting in sediment deposition, riverbed uplift, Sichuan Basin, Hanjiang River, Xiangjiang River, Ganjiang River and other river basins concentrated catchment caused by the water level in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River rising sharply, poor flood discharge capacity, flood disasters occur at any time.

8. Overview of the Yellow River

1. Birthplace, the northern foot of Bayan Kala Mountain in Qinghai

2. Flowing through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningbo, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong

3. Flow through topographic areas: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, North China Plain

4. Length of the main stream: the second longest river in China

5. Inject into the Bohai Sea

6. It is easy to flood in winter and spring

9. The water system and hydrological characteristics of the Yellow River

1. Upstream: Every source to Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia, tributaries are Tao River, Huangshui. The source of the river is clear, the canyon section is rich in water energy, and the water flow in the loop section is slow.

2. Midstream: from Hekou Town to the old Mengjin in Henan, the main tributaries of the Fen River and the Wei River. Many tributaries, many canyons, and large sand content.

3. Downstream: from the old Mengjin to the estuary of Shandong, the main tributary Luohe. The water flows slowly, and the sediment is deposited, forming an above-ground river.

10. Development and governance of the Yellow River Basin

The Yellow River Basin is the birthplace of civilization, with developed agriculture, a large population and abundant energy

1. Cascade development of upstream and midstream hydroenergy

Large-scale water conservancy hubs include Longyang Gorge - Lijiaxia - Liujiaxia, Sanshenggong, Wanjiasai, Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi and so on

2. Yellow irrigation

Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain irrigation has a long history, the middle and lower reaches of the water diversion project: the introduction of the Yellow River into Jin, the diversion of the Yellow River to the Qinghai

3. Soil erosion and control

Strengthening soil and water conservation is the foundation of the Yellow River

In the middle and upper reaches, biological measures and engineering measures will be carried out, and the construction of the Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Hub will be carried out

4. Ground River

Causes: The soil layer of the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches is loose, the vegetation is destroyed, the soil erosion is serious, the downstream enters the plain area, the flow rate slows down, the sediment is deposited, the river bed is raised, and the above-ground river is formed

Hazards: Artificial damming to restrain water, flooding of river embankments

Governance: Construct water conservancy, dam and drain the upper and lower drains, return farmland to forests and grasslands, return flood storage areas, control deserts, and strengthen embankments

11. Analysis of the causes of the interruption of the lower reaches of the Yellow River

1. There is less water from the downstream

2. Large water consumption for industry and agriculture

3. The population consumes a lot of water

4. Large-area sewer funnel area

5. The atmosphere warms up and evaporates strongly

12. Overview of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal

1. Start and end point: Beijing-Hangzhou

2. Length: The longest canal in the world

3. River system: Haihuanghuai River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River, now the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

4. The current navigable river section: Jining, Shandong - Hangzhou, Zhejiang

13. Composition of the Pearl River system

1. Composition of water system

1) It flows to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Nanling Mountains, the Liangguang Hills, and the Pearl River Delta into the South China Sea

2) The navigable mileage is second only to the Yangtze River

3) There are many tributaries and dense water systems, which are composed of three major water systems: Xijiang, Beijiang and Dongjiang

14. Hydrological characteristics of the Pearl River

1. The water is abundant, second only to the Yangtze River

2. The water level is balanced, and the seasonal and interannual variations are small

3. The sand content is small, the vegetation is more, and the limestone is widely distributed

1. China's geographical location

China is located in the northern and eastern hemispheres: the eastern part of Asia, the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, and the eastern part of the Eurasian continent.

1. Sea and land location: East Asia, west coast of the Pacific Ocean, both sea and land

2. Territory four to: northernmost 53 degrees N, southernmost 4 degrees N, easternmost 135 degrees E, westernmost 73 degrees E

3. Longitude and latitude span: most temperate zones, less tropical, no cold zone. The time of Beijing East Zone 8 is used

4. Land boundary: from the mouth of the Yalu River to the mouth of the Beicang River

5. Sea area and maritime frontier: It is bordered by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Pacific Sea area east of Taiwan Island

6. China's Inland Sea: Bohai Sea

2. China's territorial composition

It has a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers and jurisdiction over 3 million square kilometers of sea area

3. Administrative divisions of China

At the provincial, county and township levels. There are 23 provinces at the provincial level, 5 self-smelting zones, 4 municipalities directly under the central government, and 2 special administrative regions

Chinese population and ethnicity

1. Population profile of the mainland

1. Total population: 1.3 billion of the world's most populous countries

2. Characteristics of population distribution:

1) More in the southeast and less in the northwest

2) There are many plain basins and few mountains and plateaus

3. Demographic characteristics

The base is large, the growth rate is fast, there are many agricultural areas, but few areas engaged in forestry and animal husbandry, there are many areas with early development and few areas with late development, and there are many areas along the rivers, coastal areas, and along the main railway lines, but there are few areas with inconvenient transportation.

2. Characteristics of ethnic distribution

1. Large mixed and small settlements

2. The Han nationality is distributed throughout the country, concentrated in the east and middle, and the ethnic minorities are distributed in the northwest, southwest and northeast.

Topography of China

1. Characteristics of China's topography

1. The terrain is diverse, mainly plateaus and mountains

The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, showing a three-level distribution.

The first and second dividing lines: Kunlun Mountain - Altun Mountain - Qilian Mountain - Hengduan Mountain:

The second and third level of demarcation: Daxing'an Mountains - Taihang Mountain - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain

2. The characteristics and distribution of different types of terrain in China

1. Major mountain ranges

East-west direction: Tianshan Mountains - Ashan Kunlun Mountains - Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains

Southeast-southwest trend: Daxing'an Mountains - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountains - Wuyi Mountains - Taiwan Mountains

Northwest-southeast trending: Altai Mountains, Taiwan Mountains

North-south direction, Helan Mountain, Hengduan Mountain, Taiwan Mountains

Arc-shaped mountain ranges, Himalayas

2. Four plateaus

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: The terrain is high, the area is large, there are many snow-capped mountains, glaciers, and river sources

Inner Mongolia Plateau: The ground is gently undulating, open and open

Loess Plateau: Loess distribution, less vegetation, soil erosion, ravines and ravines

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: rugged terrain, limestone is widely distributed, many small dams, and karst landforms are typical

3. Four major basins

Tarim Basin: Southern Xinjiang, Tianshan-Kunlun Mountains have a large area, wide desert, high in the west and low in the east, and there are oases at the edge

Junggar Basin: Northern Xinjiang, the desert between the Tianshan Mountains and the Altai Mountains is small, with wind-eroded landforms, and there is a gap on the west side

Qaidam Basin: The terrain is high, the Gobi Desert is multi-Gobi, and there are swampy salt lakes in the east

Sichuan Basin: high in the north and low in the south, with hilly plains inside, the largest outflow basin in the mainland

4. Characteristics and distribution of the three plains

Northeast Plain: large area, wide black soil, some areas with swamps

North China Plain: Flat terrain

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain: the terrain is low and flat, the river network is vertical and horizontal, and the lakes are dense

5. Main hills: Liaodong hills, Shandong hills, southeast hills, low terrain, gentle undulations, mostly economic forests or tourist areas

6. Mountains form the topographical framework

north of the Tianshan Mountains, south of the Junggar Basin, and south of the Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is north of the Kunlun Mountains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is south of the Kunlun Mountains

Jiangnan hills to the north of Nanling and Liangguang hills to the south

The Loess Plateau, north of the Qinling Mountains, is the watershed of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River

West of the Great Khing'an Mountains, east of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and northeast plains

The Loess Plateau to the west of the Taihang Mountains and the North China Plain to the east

West of Wushan, east of Sichuan Basin, and plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The cloud plateau west of the Snow Peak Mountains

Northeast plain west of Changbai Mountain

Jiangnan hills to the west of Wuyi Mountain, Jiangnan hills to the east

West of the Hengduan Mountains and east of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin

West of Helan Mountain, east of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and east of the Ningxia Plain

The Altai Mountains are the border between China and Mongolia

The Hexi Corridor to the north of the Qilian Mountains and the Qaidam Basin to the south

Himalayas, borders of China, India, Nepal, Bhutan

3. The impact of topography on China's natural environment and economic development

1. Impact on climate

Temperature: Temperatures are lower at higher altitudes and higher temperatures on the leeward slope of cold air

Precipitation: High in the west and low in the east is conducive to the deep flow of water, warm and humid air, and the formation of topographic rain on the windward slope

Airflow movement: The east-west mountain range blocks the cold air from the south, and the warm air from the north in summer, causing the climate difference on the west side of the mountain range

2. Impact on the river:

Flow direction: Causes the river to flow from west to east into the sea

Watershed: Mountains are watersheds that affect the extent of the watershed

Flow velocity and drop: the terrain ladder transition zone, forming a huge drop, easy to form canyon rapids

3. Influence on vegetation: vegetation shows regular vertical changes, and there are obvious differences between sunny slope and shady slope vegetation

4. Impact on economic development:

The plains were developed early, which was conducive to habitation, and the towns appeared early, with developed production and developed economy

The mountainous area is rich in resources, but the transportation is inconvenient, the development is late, and the economic foundation is weak

The hilly and basin areas are economically developed

The economy of the Gaoyuan region is lagging behind

5. Distribution of mainland seismic zones: Taiwan-Fujian in the southeast, along the Taihang line in North China, Tianjin-Jing-Tang, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the southwest and Xin, Gansu and Ningbo in the northwest of Sichuan and Yunnan

6. Distribution of volcanic activity in mainland China: Datong (dead) in Shanxi, Changbai Mountain, Wudalianchi (dormant) in Heilongjiang, Datun and Qixing Mountain in Taiwan, and Huozhong (alive) in Kunlun Mountain near Yutian, Xinjiang

7. Distribution of debris flows on the mainland

It mostly occurs at the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west, in the mountainous areas, and at the junction of low mountains and plains in the east

Chinese climate

1. Distribution and causes of winter and summer temperature in China

1. Winter temperature distribution:

The temperature difference between north and south is large, and the 0 degree isotherm is roughly the Qinling-Huaihe line

Causes: Latitude location, influence of winter winds

2. Summer temperature distribution:

High temperatures are common throughout the country, except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temperature difference is not large

Causes: Latitude, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is high

2. Distribution and causes of annual precipitation in China

1. Spatial distribution

It decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland

Causes: Location of land and sea, considering the influence of the southeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon respectively

2. Time allocation

It is concentrated in summer and autumn, and the rainy season in the south is long and varies greatly from year to year.

Causes: The interannual variation of precipitation is related to the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon

3. The impact of monsoon activity on precipitation

1. It made landfall in May, south of Nanling, traveled to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in June, reached North China to Northeast China in July and August, and withdrew from the mainland in October

2. There is more precipitation in the southeast and less precipitation in the northwest, concentrated in summer, the rainy season in the south is long, the rainy season in the north is short, and the precipitation varies greatly between years

4. Boundaries between monsoon and non-monsoon zones

Daxing'an Mountains - Yinshan - Helan Mountains - Qilian Mountains - Bayankala Mountains - Gangdis Mountains

5. The main characteristics of continental climate and its impact on production and life

1. The main characteristics of climate

The climate is complex and diverse, with various monsoon climates, temperate continental climates, and alpine climates

Monsoon climate is significant: the thermal properties of land and sea are significantly different, and the monsoon prevails. Winters are cold and dry, summers are warm and rainy, and rain and heat are at the same time

6. Major disastrous weather in China

1. Cold tide

It occurs in late autumn, winter, and early spring, originating from Siberia, and invaded by strong cold air in Mongolia

2. Typhoon

Atmospheric eddies originating from the tropical ocean in summer and autumn are most abundant in the northwest Pacific Ocean

3. Drought

There are many droughts in spring and summer, waterlogging in summer and autumn, uneven precipitation seasons, large interannual variations, and heavy rains brought by typhoons

4. Sandstorms

In winter and spring, the desert originates from Mongolia and the mainland, and in spring the wind blows

Rivers and lakes

1. Inflow area and outflow area

1. Outflow area

The rivers that eventually flow into the ocean are outflow rivers, and their water supply areas are outflow areas

2. Inflow area

The rivers that eventually flow into the ocean are endorhes, and their water supply areas are endorhes

3. Boundaries

Daxing'an Mountains - Yinshan - Helan Mountains - Qilian Mountains - Bayankala Mountains - Gangdis Mountains

2. The main outflow rivers in China and their hydrological characteristics

1. Northeast China

The Songhua River in Heilongjiang Province has abundant flow, short flood season, large water level changes, small sediment content, and long ice period

2. Qinling-Huai River north (Irtysh River flows into the Arctic Ocean)

The Liaohe River, Haihe River and Yellow River have a small flow, a short flood season, a large change in water level, a large sediment content, and a short glacial period

3. Qinling-south of the Huai River

The Yangtze River and the Pearl River have abundant flows, long flood seasons, water level changes, small sediment content, and no ice periods

4. Southwest China (Nu River, Brahmaputra River flows into the Indian Ocean)

3. China's major inland rivers and their hydrological characteristics

1. Distribution: Inland, the Tarim River is the longest inland river

2. Hydrological characteristics: multi-seasonal rivers (ice and snow melt and mountain precipitation) have a short flow (disappearing deserts or flowing into inland lakes)

4. Characteristics of lakes in China

1. Freshwater lake: It is connected with the outflow river, and the lake water can enter and exit, and the salt content is low

2. Saltwater lake: At the end of the inland river, the lake water only enters and does not leave, and the evaporation salt content is high

5. Overview of the Yangtze River

1. Birthplace: Geladan Winter Peak, Tanggula Mountain, Qinghai

2. Flowing through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai

3. Flowing through the regional shape: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain

4. Main stream: the longest river in China

5. Injected into the ocean: East China Sea

6. The water system and cultural characteristics of the Yangtze River

1. Upstream: From the source to the source of Yichang in the north, the tributaries are the Yalong River, the Luo River, and the Jialing River, with a large drop, many canyons, and abundant water energy

2. Middle stream: from Yichang, Hubei to Hukou, Jiangxi, the tributaries are the Han River, the Xiang River, the Xianjiang River, and the Ganjiang River

3. Downstream: From the mouth of Jiangxi Lake to the estuary, the tributaries are the Qingge River and the Shuiyang River, the river is wide and deep, the flow is slow, and there are few tributaries

7. Development and governance of the Yangtze River Basin

1. Huge water energy resources

The Gezhouba Hydropower Hub is currently the largest hydropower station in terms of power generation, and the Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydropower station in the world

2. The most important inland river waterway in the mainland

The main artery of east-west traffic, known as the golden waterway, is navigable in all seasons of the main tributaries below Yibin

3. The Yangtze River basin is rich in resources and economically developed

The main stream intersects with a number of north-south communication lines, which plays an important role in the economic development of the Yangtze River, coastal and inland areas, and Shanghai is the economic leader of the Yangtze River Basin

4. Causes of flooding

A. Natural factors: large basin area, large catchment water, obvious monsoon climate, concentrated precipitation, large drop between the upper and middle reaches, rapid water potential, low and flat terrain in the middle reaches, and curved river channels

B. Human factors: the destruction of vegetation in the upper and middle reaches, serious soil erosion, the enclosure of lakes and farmland, the decline of the flood distribution capacity of lakes, resulting in sediment deposition, riverbed uplift, Sichuan Basin, Hanjiang River, Xiangjiang River, Ganjiang River and other river basins concentrated catchment caused by the water level in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River rising sharply, poor flood discharge capacity, flood disasters occur at any time.

8. Overview of the Yellow River

1. Birthplace, the northern foot of Bayan Kala Mountain in Qinghai

2. Flowing through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningbo, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong

3. Flow through topographic areas: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, North China Plain

4. Length of the main stream: the second longest river in China

5. Inject into the Bohai Sea

6. It is easy to flood in winter and spring

9. The water system and hydrological characteristics of the Yellow River

1. Upstream: Every source to Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia, tributaries are Tao River, Huangshui. The source of the river is clear, the canyon section is rich in water energy, and the water flow in the loop section is slow.

2. Midstream: from Hekou Town to the old Mengjin in Henan, the main tributaries of the Fen River and the Wei River. Many tributaries, many canyons, and large sand content.

3. Downstream: from the old Mengjin to the estuary of Shandong, the main tributary Luohe. The water flows slowly, and the sediment is deposited, forming an above-ground river.

10. Development and governance of the Yellow River Basin

The Yellow River Basin is the birthplace of civilization, with developed agriculture, a large population and abundant energy

1. Cascade development of upstream and midstream hydroenergy

Large-scale water conservancy hubs include Longyang Gorge - Lijiaxia - Liujiaxia, Sanshenggong, Wanjiasai, Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi and so on

2. Yellow irrigation

Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain irrigation has a long history, the middle and lower reaches of the water diversion project: the introduction of the Yellow River into Jin, the diversion of the Yellow River to the Qinghai

3. Soil erosion and control

Strengthening soil and water conservation is the foundation of the Yellow River

In the middle and upper reaches, biological measures and engineering measures will be carried out, and the construction of the Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Hub will be carried out

4. Ground River

Causes: The soil layer of the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches is loose, the vegetation is destroyed, the soil erosion is serious, the downstream enters the plain area, the flow rate slows down, the sediment is deposited, the river bed is raised, and the above-ground river is formed

Hazards: Artificial damming to restrain water, flooding of river embankments

Governance: Construct water conservancy, dam and drain the upper and lower drains, return farmland to forests and grasslands, return flood storage areas, control deserts, and strengthen embankments

11. Analysis of the causes of the interruption of the lower reaches of the Yellow River

1. There is less water from the downstream

2. Large water consumption for industry and agriculture

3. The population consumes a lot of water

4. Large-area sewer funnel area

5. The atmosphere warms up and evaporates strongly

12. Overview of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal

1. Start and end point: Beijing-Hangzhou

2. Length: The longest canal in the world

3. River system: Haihuanghuai River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River, now the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

4. The current navigable river section: Jining, Shandong - Hangzhou, Zhejiang

13. Composition of the Pearl River system

1. Composition of water system

1) It flows to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Nanling Mountains, the Liangguang Hills, and the Pearl River Delta into the South China Sea

2) The navigable mileage is second only to the Yangtze River

3) There are many tributaries and dense water systems, which are composed of three major water systems: Xijiang, Beijiang and Dongjiang

14. Hydrological characteristics of the Pearl River

1. The water is abundant, second only to the Yangtze River

2. The water level is balanced, and the seasonal and interannual variations are small

3. The sand content is small, the vegetation is more, and the limestone is widely distributed

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