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When it comes to the state of Chu during the Warring States Period, people will probably think of the great poet Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan's image. Source/Portraits of Chinese Celebrities in Past Dynasties, edited by the Conservation Department of the Chinese History Museum, Strait Literature and Art Publishing House, 2003
"Hair and Yingdu go to the desolation, and the desolation is extremely desolate. Qu Yuan's song "Nine Chapters: Lamentation" sang all the resentment and sadness of the Chu people in the war. Among them, "Ying" is the capital of Chu State.
But "Ying" does not seem to represent just a specific place, but more like a name for the capital of the Chu people, or the spiritual capital of the Chu people. So, how many "Ying" are there in the Chu State, and where are they located?
How many capitals and where are the locations of Chu in history, there are different opinions in the historical circles. Qing Dynasty scholar Wang Mingsheng believed that the Chu State had five capitals, initially in Danyang, located at the junction of the two prefectures of Taiping and Ningguo in the south of the Yangtze River; the "Yingdu" that moved the capital for the first time was in Jiangling County, Jingzhou Prefecture, Hubei; then moved to the "Yandu" and was located in Gule County, Xiangyang Prefecture, Hubei, and then moved to "Chendu" in Huaining County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, and finally moved to Shouchun, located in Shouzhou, Fengyang Prefecture, Jiangnan. Another Qing scholar Sun Biwen also believes that there are two "Danyang", one is located in Badong County and the other is located in Zhijiang, so "Chu has six". Contemporary historian Feng Yongxuan believes that "Chu has ten", namely Danyang, Zhangfu, Ying, Yan, Yan, Xiyang, E, Chen, Juyang, and Shouchun. In addition, Feng Yongxuan also believes that "Ying" is the general name of the capital of Chu, and all Chu can add a word", that is, "Ying" is the general name of the capital of Chu, which can be added to all Chu capitals. At present, a large number of records such as "planting Ying", "Lanying" and "Hubei Ying" in the Chu Jian have been unearthed, which has made the study of Chu more complicated, and "Ying" has become a key part of the study of Chu culture.
Jade carved dragon shape pendant, Warring States, this vessel was unearthed in 1977 in the Warring States Tomb of Yanggong Township, Changfeng County, Anhui Province, the tomb is the Chu tomb group in the late Warring States period, only 20 kilometers away from Shouchun, the capital of Chu State. Source: The Palace Museum
According to the latest research results, "Ying" seems to be closer to the meaning of "Wang Yi", and the "Yue Jue Shu" interprets "Ying" as "the rule of the king of Chu". Therefore, some scholars believe that "Ying" is not a specific place, but a general term for "Chudu". There is also a view that "Ying" originated from "Xun", and "Chu Ju" records that Chudu has a large population and has to rely on "Jiang Xun", that is, filling in the lake, to expand the urban residence. After filling in the lake and becoming land, it was written from "阝" to "Ying", which was used as the name of the capital of Chu.
In recent years, it has also been confirmed in the unearthed documents that "Ying" is a special word for the capital of the Chu king, and the place name of Chu Jian or "Ying" in the literature can be interpreted as another capital, an important city or a place where the king of Chu is stationed (the place where the emperor or concubine travels, and when the emperor or the emperor travels, the road is opened and cleared, and the passage is prohibited. ）。 Therefore, the character "Ying" is closely related to "Chu State". For the Chu people who have "nostalgia for their ancestors", when they mention "Ying", they will think of all kinds of Chu countries, so it is not surprising that this word has become the spiritual capital of the Chu people. Even after the fall of the Chu State, the Chu people scattered all over the country still used "Ying" to name their place of residence.
In this way, why did the Chu people in history move their capitals frequently?
"Feng Xiong is in Chu Man, and he is named Zi Nan Zhitian, surnamed Mi, and lives in Danyang. ”
Sima Qian's research in "Historical Records of the Chu Family" proved that the first capital of Chu was in Danyang, but its specific location is disputed. Regarding the location of ancient Danyang, there are many theories in modern academic circles, such as the source of the Danjiang River, Zhijiang in Hubei Province, Zigui County in Hubei Province, Nanzhang County in Hubei Province, Xichuan County in Henan Province, etc. The more authoritative statement is that the Qing Dynasty scholar Song Xiangfeng identified Danxi said, he mentioned in the book "Chu Xiongju Danyang Wuwang Xiying Kao" that during the reign of King Zhao of Zhou, the Chu people continued to move south, and finally established a new capital in the lower reaches of the Danjiang River. In recent years, archaeological artifacts have also been unearthed to support this claim. However, Danyang was only the first capital of the Chu State, and after that, when did the Chu people move the capital to "Ying"?
Figure dragon and phoenix silk painting, Warring States Period, 31 long, 22.5 cm wide, unearthed in 1949 Changsha Chenjia Dashan Chu Tomb. Source/Hunan Provincial Museum
The historical records are not clear about this issue. Regarding the time of "Chu Shidu Ying", there are two different versions in the literature. One is the first capital of King Wu of Chu recorded in the "Shiben Shiju Chapter" and the "Spring and Autumn Interpretation", ("Shiben Shiju Chapter" contains "Wuwang Xiying"; "Spring and Autumn Interpretation" contains "Wuwang Juying") and the other is the first capital of King Wen of Chu recorded in "Historical Records of Chu Shijia" and "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles". ("Historical Records of the Chu Family" contains "King Wen Xiong Yunli, the first capital Ying"; "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles" contains "Jiangling, so Chu Yingdu, King Wen of Chu migrated here from Danyang.") ”）
In other words, whether King Wu of Chu or King Wen of Chu moved the capital to Ying, is still a very controversial topic in academic circles. Some scholars believe that Yingyang is Danyang, because one of the measures taken by King Wu of Chu to restructure the system is to call the capital "Ying"; some scholars believe that King Wu of Chu had begun to move the capital, and it was not completely completed until the period of King Wen, so it was King Wen of Chu who moved the capital to "Ying".
The main reason for this phenomenon is that the historical books record the time and specific location of the relocation of the capital of the Chu State in confusion, and the "Zuo Chuan", "Shiben", "Historical Records" and "Han Shu" have different accounts. However, fortunately, through the research of a large number of cultural relics unearthed by modern archaeology, it is generally believed in the academic community that from the early Spring and Autumn Period to the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Chu Qing, the location of Chu Yingdu is located in the southern city of today's Ji, that is, in the area of Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. This is the initial position of "Ying" and the starting point of the development and growth of the Chu State.
As for why the Chu State moved its capital here, it is generally believed that it was due to the fact that after the rise of the Chu State, it took a defensive position against the Central Plains countries and an offensive against the southern tribes. In order to better control the Jianghan region, it also made sense to move the capital to Ying, which was more in line with its political needs. In fact, Ying's ability to serve as the capital of Chu for more than 400 years also proves that this is a very correct strategic decision.
Ruins of Kinan Castle. Source/Screenshot of the documentary "Seeing Ji Nancheng".
As the state of Chu became increasingly powerful, the ambitions of the Chu people gradually expanded, triggering a high degree of vigilance among neighboring countries. During the reign of King Cheng of Chu, under the governance of Ling Yin Ziwen, the state of Chu became stronger and more prosperous. King Cheng of Chu was benevolent, reconciled an alliance with the princes, and sent people to pay tribute to Zhou Tianzi. Zhou Tianzi rewarded him with sacrificial meat and instructed him: "Defend the south, quell the turmoil of the various ethnic groups, and do not invade the countries of the Central Plains." After that, the Chu people further developed to the south to expand their power and influence. However, soon after, the state of Chu and the state of Qi had a conflict, and the two sides launched a contest that lasted for more than ten years. In this great game, King Cheng of Chu clashed with Duke Huan of Qi many times, and in the end, the state of Chu came from behind and won the victory after the death of Duke Huan of Qi. After the death of Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song attempted to dominate, and King Cheng of Chu crusaded against the disobedient Duke Xiang of Song. The Chu army engaged the Song army at Hongshui, shot and wounded Song Xianggong, who was trying to dominate, and defeated the Song army. Song Xianggong was wounded and died in this battle, and the prestige of the Chu army was greatly shaken. Since then, the state of Chu has had the strength to compete with the countries of the Central Plains.
With the gradual increase in the strength of the state of Chu, the development of its capital Ying, also became increasingly prosperous. Ying was not only the political center of the Chu State, but also the economic and cultural center. As Huan Tan recorded in the "New Treatise":
"Chu Zhiyingdu, the hub of the car hits, the people's shoulders, the city and the road are bursting, and the number is new and the twilight clothes are bad. ”
In just 20 words, it depicts the prosperous scene of Yingdu. In the late 50s of the 20th century, the ruins of Kinan Castle were discovered. After decades of archaeological work, the original appearance of the Yingdu of Chu has been gradually restored. According to archaeological findings, the scale of Kinan Castle was a large and prosperous city in ancient times. It far exceeds the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Wangcheng, the capital of Lu, the capital of Qin, and the capital of Jin, and is only slightly smaller than the capital of Qi, Linzi, Yanxia, and Handan, the capital of Zhao.
The location of Kinan Castle. Source/Screenshot of the documentary "Seeing Ji Nancheng".
Some scholars believe that the scale of the ruins of the capitals of Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and other countries that we see today was actually formed after the construction of the capital city of Chu. From this point of view, Chu Yingdu was the largest capital of Zhou and the vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period. The population of Yingdu is not yet recorded in detail in historical books, but according to the inference of academic circles, the population of Yingdu during its prosperity was at least 300,000.
Map of the Princes' Domination (350 BC). Source/Historical Atlas of China, edited by Tan Qixiang
At the same time, the Chu people attached great importance to commerce, and Yingdu was also a prosperous commercial city at that time. Thanks to the developed water system near Yingdu, countless commodities from all over the north and south are gathered in Yingdu and then transported to various places. According to Mozi Guiyi, merchants from all over the world came to the state of Chu and sold goods on the avenues of the state of Chu in order to obtain rich economic benefits. The terminus of the commercial and land routes of the Ejun Mansion recorded in the inscription of the famous Ejun Qijie is Yingdu, which shows the prosperity of the commercial trade of Yingdu. In addition, "Zuo Chuan" and "Zhuangzi" also record that merchants gathered in the city of Yingdu, and there were many shops. Due to the development of commerce, the earliest used gold currency found on the mainland also appeared in the Chu State.
In addition, a large number of bamboo slips of hundreds of schools of thought have been unearthed in the ruins, which shows that as the cultural center of the Chu State, the cultural atmosphere of Yingdu must be very strong, and the theories of all schools coexist and compete with each other, and its activity must be not inferior to the "Jixia School Palace" of the Qi State. At the same time, such a strong cultural atmosphere also reflects the development of education in Yingdu, so it is not an exaggeration to say that Yingdu was the center of southern culture in the pre-Qin period of the mainland.
Chu Silk Book. Source/Hunan Provincial Museum
Yingdu, the capital city with a glorious history, has undoubtedly left a deep spiritual imprint on all Chu people, so much so that when Chu people mention their country, they will proudly refer to it as "Ying" at the first time.
However, the world is impermanent, and with the escalation of the contradictions between Chu and Jin, it triggered the Jin and Chu hegemony, and many major wars occurred between the two countries. In order to attack the Chu State, the Jin State decided to adopt a two-sided strategy and formed an alliance with the emerging Wu State in the south, so that the Chu State fell into the predicament of being attacked on the back of the enemy. In the fourteenth year of King Jing of Zhou (506 BC), the ministers of King Zhou participated in the alliance of the princes of the Eighteen Kingdoms of the Central Plains at Zhaoling, preparing to attack the state of Chu. And Cai and Tang, which originally belonged to the state of Chu, also volunteered to assist the state of Wu in the attack. Sun Wu and others believed that the state of Chu had been completely isolated and its strength had been greatly weakened, so the state of Wu jointly attacked with Cai and Tang, and launched a strategic decisive battle of "crossing the Huai and Si and fighting for thousands of miles".
After the decisive battle of the Battle of Wu and Chu began, the Wu army first defeated the main force of the Chu army at Baiju (now northeast of Macheng, Hubei), and then followed the pursuit, winning five battles and five victories, and attacked the Chu capital Yingdu in only 10 days. This is the first time that Yingdu has been breached, and the historical records record that after the Wu army entered Yingdu, discipline was relaxed, "the monarch and the minister lived separately in the palace of the Chu monarch, and each wife was the wife of the Chu monarch." At the same time, the Wu army also burned down the temples of the Chu State and removed the treasures and classics of the Chu State, causing the once prosperous Yingdu to suffer unprecedented damage.
Copper nose button "Lian Yin Zhiji" 鉨, Warring States Chu. Source: The Palace Museum
However, Wu Jun did not have the last laugh in the end. Soon, Chu Dafu Shen Baoxu went to Qin to ask for help, but Qin did not respond at first. But Bao Xu stood on the palace of King Qin, crying day and night, and mourning for seven days and seven nights. Qin Aigong took pity on him and said:
"Although the king of Chu is brutal, how can he not save the state of Chu with a courtier like this?"
So he sent the great masters Zipu and Zihu to lead 500 chariots to rescue the Chu State. At Yiyi (present-day Zhengyang County, Henan), the army of King Wu's brother-in-law was defeated. The combined forces of Qin and Chu destroyed the Tang State (in present-day Tang Town, northwest of Suixian, Hubei). The Wu army defeated the army of the Chu counteroffensive at Yong, and then the Qin army defeated the Wu army. The Wu army retreated to Ludi (present-day Anlu, Hubei). The Chu general Xue Yan led Bai Ju's stragglers and defeated the Wu army together with the Chu state master Zixi Zaijunxiang (present-day Suixian West, Hubei). In the summer of this year, Yue took advantage of the emptiness of the Wu army in Chu and sent troops to invade Wu. The brother-in-law of King Wu led his army back to China after the defeat of Yiyi and established himself as king.
Seeing the changes in the country, King Lu of Wu led his army to retreat eastward, and was defeated by the combined forces of Qin and Chu at Gongyi. This great battle caused heavy losses to the state of Chu, and the scene of the capital city of Yingdu alone was: the white bones outside the city were like hemp, and half of the palace in the city had been destroyed. Later, Chu Guozhi took revenge and sent troops to attack Wu, but was defeated by Prince Wu. At the same time, the army led by Master Chu to attack Wu was also defeated by the Wu army in Fanyang (north of present-day Xincai County, Henan). As a result, the state of Chu shook up and down, and the monarchs and ministers were terrified. In order to avoid the edge of the Wu army, King Zhao of Chu had to move the capital to the capital of Yandu, which is the area southeast of today's Yicheng, Hubei. After the relocation of the capital, the new capital is still called Ying, to show that the old capital is not forgotten. As the capital of the Chu State, it has developed for more than 200 years.
Painted lacquer antlers tomb beast, this kind of tomb beast is a rare special thing in other Warring States tombs except for the Chu tomb. Source: The Palace Museum
However, after this change, the strength of the Chu State was greatly weakened, and although the successive Chu monarchs tried to regain their strength, the strategic situation around the Chu State had changed dramatically, and the rise of the Qin State had become unstoppable. Especially during the more than 20 years of the reign of King Huai of Chu, Chu suffered successive defeats in foreign wars. And the defeat of King Huai of Chu in the war against Qin had a serious negative impact on the state of Chu. In particular, the loss of important places in Hanzhong made Wan (i.e., Shen), an important town in the north of Chu State, lose its natural danger, and the capital Yanying was also in danger. Soon Qin attacked Chu again, and after several major battles, even King Huai of Chu died in Qin, and the state of Chu has been in a state of collapse since then. In 279 BC, the Qin general Bai Qi led tens of thousands of troops along the Han River to the east, captured the coastal towns, seized the abundant grain and grass in the Han River basin to supply military supplies, and unexpectedly invaded the Chu realm. After conquering Deng and Yancheng, Bai Qi rested his troops, replenished troops and supplies, and attacked again the following year, capturing the capital of Chu in one fell swoop.
According to records, Bai Qi did more thoroughly than the Wu army this time, not only destroying the temple of Chu Guozong, burning the tombs of the first kings of Chu, and slaughtering the local people, but also building a city in the southeast of the site to set up a county, called Yingcheng, which completely broke the foundation of Chu State. With the capital once again captured, King Xiang of Chu had to retreat to Chendi (in present-day Huaiyang, Henan) to rebuild the capital.
The film and television image of King Wu of Chu. Source/Screenshot of the documentary "The Kingdoms of the Warring States".
However, history no longer gives the state of Chu more chances. Under the successive rounds of attacks by the Qin state, the state of Chu had to move its capital frequently. In 253 BC, under the threat of the Qin army, King Chu Kaolie moved his capital from Chen to Juyang (present-day northern Fuyang, Anhui). Only more than 10 years later, in 241 BC, in order to continue to avoid the Qin army, King Chu Kaolie moved the capital from Juyang to Shouchun, which is now the area of Shou County, Anhui. This was the last capital of the Chu State, but it did not escape the clutches of the Qin army. In 223 BC, Shouchun was broken by the Qin army, the state of Chu was officially destroyed, and the Chu people were scattered into exile.
Although the state of Chu no longer exists, "Ying", as a symbol of the state of Chu, is deeply imprinted in the hearts of every Chu person. In the poetry and songs of countless Chu people and word of mouth, "Ying" is still a distant and immortal spiritual home, passed down from generation to generation. To this day, in the homeland of the former Chu State, there are still countless legends about "Ying" ......#细说十堰##十堰头条#