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Geography knowledge is many and miscellaneous, and many students say they don't know where to start! The following is a summary of the required knowledge points of junior high school geography for the reference of students and parents!
1. The shape and size of the earth
The Earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 12,742.02 kilometers.
2. Latitude and latitude
On the globe, the circle that circles the globe in the east-west direction is called the parallel, the equator is the longest, and gradually shortens towards the poles, and finally becomes a point. The parallels indicate the east-west direction.
3. Longitude and longitude
On a globe, the line that connects the north and south poles and intersects perpendicular to the parallels is called the meridian, also called the meridian. All the meridians are semicircular, of equal length, indicating a north-south direction.
The meridian coils of 20°W and 160°E are the boundaries between the eastern and western hemispheres.
4. The rotation of the earth alternates with day and night
The Earth's rotation around the Earth's axis is constantly rotating from west to east, which is called the Earth's rotation. The rotation time is about 24 hours, which is one day. The alternation of day and night naturally arises.
5. Earth's revolution and seasonal changes
While the earth rotates, it revolves from west to east around the sun, and one revolution is a year. The rotation of the earth produces seasonal changes.
6. The division of the five belts
The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between the tropics and temperate zones. The polar circle is the dividing line between the cold and temperate zones. The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer, the temperate zone is between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle. In areas north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, the cold zone has polar night and polar day.
7. Three elements of the map
Scales, legends and annotations.
8. Altitude and relative altitude
The vertical distance above sea level at a certain point on the ground is called elevation. The vertical distance at which one location is higher than another is called relative height.
9. Contour lines
Contour lines are used to connect points at the same altitude into a line. Mr. Tan's geography studio is comprehensively organized
10. The distribution of land and sea in the world
The Earth's oceans cover 71 per cent of the Earth's oceans, while land covers only 29 per cent.
11. Land topography
It is divided into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins, and hills.
12. The power to change the terrain
The actions produced in the interior of the earth are called internal forces, such as crustal movements, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc., which are all manifestations of the action of the earth's internal forces. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as flowing water, wind, waves, and glaciers.
13. Weather and climate
Weather is the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short period of time, such as cloudy and sunny, wind and rain, hot and cold, etc. Climate is the average weather condition of a place over many years, generally not changing much.
14. Changes in temperature
During the day, the highest temperature on land generally occurs after noon (around 2 p.m.) and the lowest temperature occurs around sunrise.
15. The distribution of world temperature
The world temperature gradually decreases from low latitudes to the polar regions, and the sea and land at the same latitude have high land temperatures and low ocean temperatures in summer. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the elevation of the terrain, and the temperature decreases by about 0 for every 100 meters above sea level. 6℃。
16. Distribution of precipitation in the world
The general rule is that there is more precipitation near the equator, less precipitation in the polar regions, less precipitation on the west coast of the continent and more precipitation on the east coast of the continent on both sides of the Tropic of Capricorn, and more precipitation in the coastal areas of the middle latitudes and less precipitation in the inland areas.
17. The main types of tropical climate
(1) Tropical rainforest climate
(2) Savannah climate
(3) Tropical monsoon climate
(4) Tropical desert climate
18. The main climate types in the temperate zone
(1) Temperate and subtropical monsoon climate
(2) Mediterranean climate
(3) Temperate continental climate
(4) Temperate oceanic climate
19. Natural resources
Land, sunlight, water, minerals, forests, etc., which are valuable to human beings, are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources and the other is non-renewable resources.
20. Types of land use
The types of land use can be divided into cultivated land, forest land, grassland, building land and other types.
21. Distribution of land resources
The flat terrain of the temperate humid plains is the main distribution area of the world's arable land. The cold and humid subarctic region and the hot and rainy tropical regions retain large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests. Tropical and temperate semi-arid regions have a vast area of grassland and are the main distribution areas of animal husbandry in the world.
22. Distribution of water resources on Earth
There are three main forms of water on the earth: ocean water, land water, and atmospheric water.
23, Forest
Forests are called "nature's general regulating chambers". The world has 4 billion hectares of forests, the vast majority of which are located in the northern hemisphere.
24. Iron ore in the world
It is mainly found in Russia, Masi, China, Australia, India, Canada and the United States. Coal is mainly found in the northern hemisphere, Eurasia and central North America. The Middle East accounts for more than half of the world's oil reserves.
25. Population of each Ozu
Africa is the continent with the fastest population growth in the world, followed by South America and Europe with the slowest population growth.
26. There are three main forms of population migration.
The first is technology migration, the second is labor export, and the third is international refugee migration.
27. Distribution of the world's population
The most densely populated areas are in eastern and southern Asia, Europe, and eastern North America, and the densely populated areas are mainly located in the plains of the mid- and low-latitude coastal areas.
28. Urban population
More than 70 per cent of the world's population in developed countries is urban, while in developing countries it accounts for just over 30 per cent of the population.
29. The race of the world
Caucasian, yellow, black.
30. Countries in the world
There are more than 190 countries in the world, and Russia, the largest, has an area of more than 17 million square kilometers. China has an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third. The smallest is the Vatican.
31. Territory
Land, territorial sea, territorial waters and airspace within the limits of national boundaries are collectively referred to as territories.
32. Seven continents and four oceans
Seven continents: Asia, Africa, Antarctica, South America, North America, Europe, Oceania.
Four oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic
33. East Asian countries
East Asia is located in the eastern part of Asia and the western side of the Pacific Ocean, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan and other countries. Animal husbandry in Mongolia occupies an important position. Japan is a modern industrially developed country. East Asia has one of the most significant monsoon climates in the world, with northerly winds prevailing in winter and southerly winds in summer.
34. Population of East Asia
East Asia is the main distribution area of the yellow race in the world, and the vast majority of the inhabitants are yellow people.
35, Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, and its territory consists of four large islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, as well as a number of smaller islands. The Japanese archipelago is located in the Pacific Rim volcanic and seismic belt, and there are many volcanoes. Mount Fuji is one of the most famous active volcanoes and the highest mountain in Japan.
36. Japan's Economy
Japan's largest trading partner is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe. Japanese industry is mainly located in a narrow strip of land along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast.
37. Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is located in southeastern Asia and includes two major parts: the Indochina Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world. It is the country with the most volcanic activity in the world. Indochina and the northern part of the Philippine archipelago have a tropical monsoon climate.
38. Residents and Economy of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the region with the highest concentration of Chinese and overseas Chinese, and most of their ancestors are residents of Guangdong and Fujian, China. Southeast Asia is the world's largest producer of tropical cash crop products such as natural rubber, palm oil, coconut, and abaca. Tin and oil are the most important minerals in Southeast Asia. Singapore is known as the "Garden City".
39. South Asia
South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism. The Central Plains, formed by the alluvial Indus and Ganges rivers, are the main agricultural and densely populated areas of South Asia. The Indian peninsula is mostly occupied by the Deccan Plateau.
40. India
India has a wide area of arable land and is the largest country in Asia. The main food crops in India are rice and wheat, and the cash crops are cotton, tea, jute, etc. The main minerals in India are coal, iron, manganese, etc. It is mainly found in the northeastern part of the Deccan plateau. The capital is New Delhi. Kolkata is rich in jute. Located on the western coast, Mumbai is India's largest seaport and the center of the cotton textile industry.
41. Central Asia
Central Asia is located in the middle of the Eurasian continent and is deep in the Asian continent. The terrain is dominated by hills and plains. Uzbekistan is known as the "Land of Platinum" because of its abundance of cotton. Livestock are mainly fine-wool sheep and lambskin sheep.
42. West Asia and North Africa
West Asia and North Africa is located at the nexus of the three continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. At -400 meters above sea level, the Dead Sea is the lowest point on the land surface in the world. Most of the area has a tropical desert climate.
43. The Sahara Desert
The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. There is high temperature and little rain all year round, plants are scarce, and there is abundant oil under the desert.
44. Arabs and Islam
Western Asia and North Africa are multi-ethnic, predominantly white. Western Asia is the birthplace of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Jerusalem is considered a holy city by Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
45. West Asia and North Africa
Western Asia and North Africa are the regions that produce and export the most oil.
46. Animal Husbandry and Agriculture
The date palm is a representative plant of oasis agriculture.
47. Pakistan
Located on the west side of the Arabian Peninsula, it is a transportation hub for Europe, Asia and Africa. Development of drip and sprinkler irrigation technology.
48. Egypt
Located in the northeast of Africa, more than 90% of the whole territory is desert, the Nile River is more than 6,600 kilometers long, is the longest river in the world, originating in the eastern African plateau, flowing into the Mediterranean. In the past, long-staple cotton has been a well-known export commodity from Egypt. In recent years, Egypt's oil, canals, remittances and tourism revenues have surpassed cotton as the main pillar of the country's economy.
49. Africa
The topography of the African continent is dominated by plateaus, with the East African Rift Belt, stretching from the Zambezi River in the south to the Red Sea in the north. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa. The Great Rift Valley is formed by the fracture of the earth's crust during movement. The animals are mainly zebras, antelopes, giraffes, lions and leopards. The reserves and production of gold and diamonds are the largest in the world.
50. African Residents and Economies
The economy as a whole is dominated by primary products.
51. South Africa
South Africa is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent, with its capital Pretoria. Cape Town, near the Cape of Good Hope, is the largest port in South Africa. Johannesburg is an industrial centre for gold mining and machine building.
52. Europe
Western Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the coastline is very tortuous. There is Scandinavia in the north and three large peninsulas of Iberia, Apennine and Malkan in the south. The terrain of western Europe is dominated by plains and mountains, the plains of Bould, and the plains of Western Europe. The climate is predominantly oceanic, with mild and cool winters, and a relatively even seasonal distribution of precipitation throughout the year. The Rhine flows through the Ruhr industrial region of Germany and is also an important international river.
53. European residents
The inhabitants of western Europe are predominantly Caucasians. The natural population growth rate is the lowest.
54, UK
The full name of the United Kingdom is "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". The territory consists mainly of the island of Great Britain and the northeastern part of the island of Northern Ireland. It is the earliest industrialized country. At present, the tonnage of merchant ships is still among the highest in the world.
55. France
France is the country with the largest territorial area in western Europe. There are favorable conditions for the development of agriculture, and the terrain dominated by plains and hills, the mild and humid climate, and the fertile soil are all conducive to the development of agriculture. The south-west and the Mediterranean coast have a well-developed horticultural industry, and the wines produced are world-famous.
56. Germany
Germany is the country with the most western neighbors in Europe. It is bordered by the North German plain in the north, mountains in the center, and plateaus and meadows in the south. The development of German industry is mainly based on the country's abundant coal resources, convenient water and land transportation conditions, and strong scientific and technological strength. The Ruhr area is an important industrial region in Germany. Munich, in the south of Germany, is the center of German aerospace, aircraft manufacturing and microelectronics, and Germany is the most economically powerful country in Europe. The Rhine is Germany's "golden waterway".
57. Eastern Europe and Eastern North Asia
Eastern Europe and North AsiaEastern Europe refers to the part of Europe that stretches from the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea in the west, to the Ural Mountains in the east, to the Arctic Ocean in the north, and to the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains in the south. North Asia refers to the part of northern Asia that belongs to Russia.
58. North America
are some of the predominantly English-speaking countries in the Americas. The western high mountainous area, the eastern plateau and mountain area, and the central plain area have the central great plain. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world. Most of North America belongs to the north temperate zone, and the temperate continental climate is the most widespread in North America.
60. United States
There are 48 states in the continental United States, located in Alaska in the northwest corner of North America, and Hawaii near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean. The full name of the United States is the "United States of America". With an area of more than 9.3 million square kilometers, the United States ranks fourth in the world.
Agricultural production in the United States can be divided into major agricultural belts such as the Cotton Belt, the Corn Belt, the Wheat Belt, the Dairy Belt, and the Livestock and Irrigated Agricultural Belts.
California is the most economically developed region in the West, San Francisco is the big port in the West, and the nearby "Silicon Valley" is the emerging center of the electronics industry.
61. Latin America
Latin America refers to the countries and regions of the Americas south of the United States. The northern part includes three geographical regions, the Mexican Plateau, the Central American Isthmus, and the West Indies. The Panama Canal is located at the narrowest point of the Central American Isthmus. The Andes is known as the "backbone of South America" and is the longest mountain range in the world. The Amazon is the largest plain in the world. The Brazilian plain is the largest plateau in the world. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world in terms of water volume and the widest basin area. The sea near Peru is one of the world's famous fishing grounds. The beef exported by Agenmaoting is the largest in the world.