Abstract:With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous progress of society, radar technology, as a bright pearl in the field of wireless communication technology, is undergoing unprecedented innovation and development. At present, radar technology has been widely used in many key fields such as military, aerospace, meteorology, ocean, transportation, etc., and its importance is increasingly prominent and irreplaceable. In 2022, the scale of China's radar equipment market will reach 41.9 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 11.14%. As an important wireless communication technology, radar technology has shown broad application prospects in continuous development and innovation. In the future, with the deep integration of artificial intelligence, millimeter wave technology and communication technology, radar technology will further improve its performance and application range, bringing more convenience and safety to our lives.
1. Definitions and Classification
Radar is a device that discovers a target and determines the spatial position of the target by emitting electromagnetic waves and receiving electromagnetic waves reflected by the target. According to the signal form, radar can be divided into pulse radar, continuous wave radar, pulse compression radar and frequency agility radar. According to the classification of use, radar can be divided into early warning radar, search and warning radar, guidance and command radar, artillery aiming radar, altimetry radar, battlefield surveillance radar, airborne radar, radio altimetry radar, radar fuze, weather radar, navigation control radar, navigation radar, and collision avoidance and friend or foe identification radar.
Second, industry policies
1. Competent authorities and regulatory system
The competent authorities of China's radar industry are the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, and the Ministry of Equipment Development. Its industry self-discipline associations are mainly China Radar Industry Association.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is responsible for the macro management of the industry, mainly responsible for researching and formulating industry development strategies, industrial policies and overall plans, guiding technological transformation, and approving and managing investment projects. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is responsible for proposing new industrialization development strategies and policies, coordinating and solving major problems in the process of new industrialization, formulating and organizing the implementation of development plans for industry, communications and informatization, promoting the strategic adjustment, optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, promoting the integration of informatization and industrialization, and promoting the construction of a scientific research and production system for weapons and equipment. The Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense is responsible for managing the administrative organs of science, technology and industry for national defense, and is responsible for the organization and coordination of major matters related to the scientific research and production of weapons and equipment in the fields of nuclear, aerospace, aviation, shipbuilding, weapons, electronics, and the core capacity building of the military industry. Units engaged in scientific research and production of weapons and equipment shall be subject to the management of the licensing system. Organize and manage intergovernmental international exchanges and cooperation in the field of science, technology, and industry for national defense, and organize, coordinate, supervise, and manage the export of military products. The armament development department mainly performs the functions of equipment development planning and planning, R&D, test and appraisal, procurement management, and information system construction of the whole army, and strives to build an institutional framework under the centralized management of the equipment department of the Central Military Commission, the specific construction and management of the services, and the joint use of the theater.
The main task of China Radar Industry Association is to build seven platforms of high-end think tank, industry media, global exhibition, professional training, data services, international cooperation and capital docking under the guidance of planning.
2. Industry-related policies
In recent years, the mainland radar industry policy has focused on terminal applications, especially in the fields of minerals, highways, aviation, robotics, etc., reflecting the country's attention to and promotion of the diversified application of radar technology. These policies not only help to improve the market application breadth of radar technology, but also promote the development and innovation of related industries. Taking the Action Plan for the Development of Key Areas of Safety Emergency Equipment (2023-2025) issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other five departments in September 2023 as an example, the policy proposes to develop radar detection equipment, robots, and tunnel rescue equipment for the complex space of underground mines, so as to improve the detection, risk perception and rescue capabilities of underground space. This will effectively identify the layout, structure and potential risks of the underground space. At the same time, combined with robot technology, autonomous navigation, real-time data transmission and other functions can be realized, further improving the efficiency and accuracy of detection and monitoring, and providing a strong guarantee for safe production.
Third, the development process
The development of the radar industry in mainland China has gone through five stages.
Repair phase from 1949 to 1953. This stage is mainly marked by the creation of a foundation and the repair of old radars in the United States and Japan. In May 1949, our army took over the Kuomintang's radar research institute (the predecessor of the 14 institutes), marking the beginning of the development of the mainland's radar industry.
Imitation phase from 1953 to 1960. This stage was marked by the establishment of a radar production base and the imitation of Soviet-style radar products. After the birth of New China, radar accounted for 7 of the 156 projects aided by the Soviet Union, and a new radar and command instrument production plant was built, and later a relevant agreement was signed with the Soviet Union to begin to imitate Soviet-style radar products, such as warning radar, artillery sighting radar, naval radar, airborne radar, command instrument, guidance radar, and terminal guidance radar.
The self-reliant phase of the 1960s to the mid-70s. In 1960, the Soviet Union unilaterally tore up the contract and withdrew all its experts, which had a great impact on the mainland's radar industry, and the situation forced the mainland to take the road of independence and victory more resolutely. In 1960, the Central Military Commission put forward the principle of "giving priority to the two bombs, putting missiles first, and striving to develop electronic technology," which clearly defined the main direction of attack for the radar industry, and carried out research, trial production, and production of various radars around strategic weapons such as "two bombs and one satellite" and supporting the modernization of conventional weapons and equipment of the army, navy, and air force.
A stage of rapid development from the mid-70s to 1990. This stage is marked by the continuous breakthrough of new radar technology, the increase in variety, the "combination of military and civilian" and the entry of products into the international market. The common feature of the radar developed at this stage is that the technology has made a significant start, integrating the technology of single pulse tracking system, pulse compression system, Doppler system technology, phased array system technology and imaging system technology, and realizing the integration, digitization, automation and solidification of radar design. Therefore, the radar has the performance of long range, good anti-jamming performance, high resolution and high reliability.
Since 1991, it has been catching up with the world's advanced stage. The goal of this phase is to catch up and close the gap with the world's radar technology. The 1991 Gulf War not only reflected the irreplaceable role played by radar in intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, and evaluation of operational management effectiveness, but also reflected that radar was threatened by stealth technology, anti-radiation missiles, electronic jamming, low-altitude aircraft, and so on.
Fourth, industry barriers
1. Technical threshold
Radar technology is a highly specialized and complex field that involves a variety of disciplines such as electronics, communications, and signal processing. In the design of radar system, signal processing algorithm, antenna technology, etc., it is necessary to have a high technical level and professional knowledge. Foreign developed countries have a long period of technical accumulation and R&D experience in the field of radar technology, and they have certain technical advantages in key technologies. China's radar companies need to continuously improve their technology research and development capabilities, increase independent innovation, overcome technical barriers, and achieve technological breakthroughs and independent control.
2. Market access barriers
Since radar products belong to the military industry, they have certain security and confidentiality requirements, and the market access threshold is high. The government has strict management regulations and approval procedures for the production, sales and export of radar products, and has put forward corresponding requirements for the qualifications, technical capabilities and quality management systems of enterprises. Market access barriers make it difficult for new entrants to enter the market, requiring enterprises to have strong comprehensive strength and product quality that meets the standards, thus limiting the degree of competition in the industry.
3. Barriers to international competition
In the international market, Chinese radar companies compete fiercely with their counterparts from developed countries. These countries have certain advantages in radar technology, brand awareness, market penetration, etc., which pose competitive pressure on Chinese enterprises. At the same time, factors such as trade frictions and technical blockades in the international market have also brought certain difficulties to China's radar companies and increased the uncertainty of international competition. China's radar companies need to overcome international competition barriers and enhance their international competitiveness by improving product quality, reducing production costs, and expanding overseas markets.
Fifth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream of the radar industry chain includes simulation and testing equipment, electronic components, chips, T/R components, radar antennas, etc., the midstream industry chain is mainly radar manufacturers, and the downstream of the industrial chain includes surveying and mapping, mineral exploration, meteorological services, aircraft, tanks, satellites, ships, automobiles, etc.
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