Selection of suitable varieties in grape leisure and sightseeing parks in northern Fujian
Li Hang et al
Funds: Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province (2021S0058)
Nanping City is located in the northern part of Fujian Province (referred to as northern Fujian), the southern foot of the Wuyi Mountains, mostly gentle slope terrain, is the transition area from oceanic climate to continental climate, sufficient light and heat resources, unique climate and geographical conditions, conducive to the production of high-quality table grapes, in 2012 the grape planting area reached 692.1 hm 2, becoming the largest grape production base in the southeast coast of the mainland. In 2020, the grape planting area in northern Fujian was about 4 000 hm 2, with a yield of 1.25~1.5 t per 667 m 2, and grape planting has become a new growth point of agricultural economy in northern Fujian. However, with the continuous growth of viticulture area and output, the price of fruit market fluctuates greatly, and the main cultivar in northern Fujian is still 'Jufeng' grape, and the variety is relatively single, which restricts the development of grape industry to a certain extent. In recent years, with the continuous advancement of rural revitalization in Nanping, Jianyang has actively explored the development of grape leisure and sightseeing agriculture on the basis of the development of the grape industry, and has built a number of grape leisure and sightseeing parks with idyllic scenery and complete supporting facilities. In order to solve the problem of single grape variety in the leisure and sightseeing garden, the Wuyi Vineyard and Horticulture Research Institute of Nanping City has established a grape variety resource garden in the Kaoting Jianhu Garden, and 13 varieties such as "Zaofeng", "Sunshine Rose", "Thorn Grape" and "Sapphire" have been selected from 120 grape varieties in the early stage, and they are now introduced to the Grape Variety Demonstration Garden of Qigu Village, Tongyou Street, Jianyang District, Nanping City, to further carry out regional experiments to screen out the fruit shape, color, The suitable varieties of northern Fujian grape leisure and sightseeing garden with excellent flavor and other comprehensive characteristics provide variety reference for the construction of grape leisure and sightseeing park in northern Fujian.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Test Materials
With 'Zaofeng', 'Sunshine Rose', 'Thorn Grape', 'Sapphire', 'Portuguese Dream', 'Honey Light', 'Moldova', 'Early Summer Fragrance', 'Honey and Crisp', 'Beiol', 'Shennong Rose', 'Giant Rose' and 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' grapes as the test varieties, and 'Jufeng' grapes as the control, all seedlings were purchased from Shandong and other places, and they were grafted seedlings for 2 years, with a plant height of more than 40 cm, developed root system, 7 ~ 8 lateral roots, and more than 3 full buds, which were planted in February 2019.
1.2 Test site conditions
The experimental site is located in the grape variety demonstration garden of Qigu Village, Tongyou Street, Jianyang District, Nanping City, Fujian Province (118°07'57" E, 27°20'42" N, 244 m above sea level), the terrain of the park is flat, sandy loam soil, fertility is good, drainage and irrigation is convenient, the rain-shelter cultivation mode is adopted, and there are multi-building rain-sheltered plastic greenhouses, which are oriented east-west, with a shed length of 30 m, a single-span width of 7 m, a roof height of 3.5 m, a shoulder height of 1.9 m, and a flat scaffolding surface height of 1.8 m. The orchard has a good management level, and the occurrence of pests and diseases is relatively light, and it is a green grape production base.
1.3 Experimental design and fertilizer and water management
The test grapes were planted with a row spacing of 3.5 m and a plant spacing of 1.5 m, with a "one" tree shape and a ridge cultivation method, with a furrow width of 3 m, a height of 0.4 m, and a furrow width of 0.5 m. It adopts a completely random block design, 20 plants are planted per furrow, 3 plants per variety are 1 group, 3 replicates are set, and the remaining vacant spaces are planted with 'Jufeng' grapes to ensure that the planting density is the same. In 2020, the grapes began to be observed and the main phenological periods were recorded.
According to the fertilization level and cultivation method of the local 'Jufeng' grapes, the cultivation and management of new varieties were carried out, and the yield per 667 m 2 was controlled at 1.25~1.5 t, and fertilizer was applied 4 times a year, including 50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 1 000 kg of commercial organic fertilizer, 10 kg of potassium fertilizer was applied once during the veraison period of grapes, and 1 times the amount of fertilizer was applied to 'Early Summer Xiang' and 'Sunshine Rose'. 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' and 'Sunshine Rose' were deseeded, while other varieties were not treated. Timely cultivation and weeding, shaping and pruning, fertilizer and water management and pest control.
1.4 Main observation indicators and measurement methods
1.4.1 Observation of meteorological conditions
The average temperature, precipitation, number of precipitation days, relative humidity and sunshine hours of the grape growing season from March to October 2021-2022 were observed and provided by the Meteorological Bureau of Jianyang District, Nanping City. Comparing the changes in meteorological conditions with the same period in previous years, the difference between the average temperature, the relative humidity of precipitation days and the number of sunshine hours and the percentage of precipitation anomalies (△ R%) were calculated, where the difference = the value of the current year - (1991-2020 average (cumulative) value, that is, the 30-year average (cumulative) value); the grade standard of monthly precipitation anomaly was divided by the percentage of precipitation anomaly (△ R%), which was divided into: abnormal (80% ≤△ R%), significantly more (50% ≤△ R%< 80%), and more (25% ≤ △ R% < 50%), normal (-25% ≤ △ R% <25%), less (-50% ≤ △ R% < -25%), significantly less (-80% ≤ △ R% <-50%), less abnormal (△ R% <-80%).
1.4.2 Phenological observations
From 2021 to 2022, 3 plants of each variety were selected to grow normally, and the main phenological stages of grapes, such as bud break, first flowering, full flowering, berry veraison, ripening, and the latest picking, were observed and recorded.
1.4.3 Determination and evaluation of fruit quality indicators
In the berry ripening stage, each variety selected 1 plant, each plant randomly selected 3 fruit spikes, a total of 9 fruit spikes, and took 1 fruit in the upper, middle and lower parts of each panicle, a total of 27 fruits, the spike weight and grain weight of the fruit were measured by an electronic balance and the average value was taken, and the soluble solids content of the fruit was measured and the average value was taken by a hand-held refractometer. Observe and record the appearance and quality traits of each variety such as ear shape, fruit color, fruit powder thickness and fruit surface gloss, and hire 5 industry experts to form an expert group to taste and evaluate the fruit quality such as aroma, juice and texture of the pulp according to the standards in Table 1, and take the comprehensive evaluation results of most people as a reference.
Table 1 Grape fruit quality evaluation items and taste evaluation criteria
1.4.4 Investigation of major pest species and their degree of damage
Starting from bud break in spring, the types of diseases and pests of each grape variety were investigated, and the area of diseased leaves and fruits was visually measured, and the degree of pests and diseases was graded according to Fu Li and other methods, combined with the control experience of local fruit farmers. Grading criteria for the occurrence of insect pests: +, mild occurrence, generally do not need to be controlled; ++, moderate occurrence, need to be controlled by concurrent treatment measures, if not controlled, it will cause certain losses; +++, serious occurrence, need special control, if not controlled, it will cause obvious losses. Grading standards for the degree of disease occurrence: +, sporadic occurrence, generally do not need to be prevented; ++, mild occurrence, need to be prevented and controlled by concurrent treatment measures, if not controlled, it will cause certain losses; +++, moderate occurrence, need special prevention and control; ++++, serious occurrence, need to take a variety of measures to prevent and control many times.
2 Results and Analysis
2.1 Major agrometeorological conditions of the 2021-2022 grape growing season
Grape growth rate and fruit quality are closely related to agrometeorological conditions. From Table 2, it can be seen that the average agrometeorological conditions of the grape growing season in Jianyang District, Nanping City from March to October 2021-2022 were 24.0 and 23.8 °C, respectively, 1.3 and 1.1 °C higher, especially in 2021, except for August which was 0.1 °C lower, the other months were 0.5~2.7 °C higher, and in 2022, except for April to June, which was 0.1~2.1 °C lower, the other months were 1.5~3.2 °C higher. The cumulative precipitation was 1 453.7 mm and 1 465.4 mm, respectively, which were normal (+3% and +4%), and the precipitation in 2021 △ R% was 6%~99% less in all other months, except for 121% and 51% higher in May and August, which was abnormally more and significantly more, which was normal or less, and the precipitation △ R% in 2022 was 15%, 7% and 57% more in March, May and June, which was more, normal and significantly more, and the other months were 6%~99% less, which was normal ~ The abnormality is less, especially the △ R% from July to October is 57%~99% lower, which is significantly less or abnormally less, that is, there is a large area of summer and autumn drought in the whole region. The cumulative number of precipitation days was 100 days and 76 days, respectively, 8 days more in 2021 and 16 days less in 2022, especially the rainy days in the early part of 2022 and the few rainy days in the late part of 2022. The average relative humidity was 79% and 74%, respectively, which were 2% and 7% less, and the average relative humidity difference in 2021 was between -7%~+4%, while the average relative humidity difference in 2022 was between -17%~+2%, with a large variation. The cumulative sunshine hours were 1 211.3 h and 1 496.2 h, respectively, which were 10.3 h less and 274.6 h more, which were normal and abnormal, respectively, and in 2021, except for March, July and September, which were 13.6~83.6 h more, the other months were 5.1~47.8 h less, while in 2022, except for 23.5~35.5 h from May to June, the other months were 40.9~80.5 h more.
Table 2 Comparison of the main agrometeorological conditions in the grape growing season in Jianyang District, Nanping City, 2021-2022
2.2 Comparison of phenological periods of different grape varieties
As can be seen from Table 3, the bud break period of the 14 grape varieties was from March 10 to April 3, the first flowering period was from April 8 to 30, and the peak flowering period was from April 13 to May 15. The berry veraison period was from 1 June to 17 July, with 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' and 'Early Summer Xiang' berries turning veraison the earliest, and 'Thorn Grape' the latest, and the berry ripening period from 25 June to 20 August, with 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' being the earliest and 'Moldova' ripening the latest. In terms of ripening period, the early-maturing varieties were 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early', 'Early Summer Fragrance', 'Miguang' and 'Zaofeng', the berry ripening time was from June 25th to July 23rd, and the number of days from grape bud to berry ripening was 104~123 days, because the 'Early Peak' did not flower and bear fruit in 2021, the early ripening traits were not obvious only from the berry ripening time in 2022, which was similar to the phenological period of 'Jufeng' grapes, and the medium-ripening varieties were 'Honey and Crisp', 'Beiol', 'Shennong Rose', 'Giant Rose' and 'Jufeng', and the berry ripening time was From July 23rd to August 8th, the growth period was 123~149 days, and the late-maturing varieties were 'Thorn Grape', 'Sapphire', 'Sunshine Rose', 'Moldova' and 'Portuguese Dream', and the berry ripening time was from August 7 to August 20, and the growth period was 130~147 days. The cultivar with the longest fruiting period was 'Sunshine Rose' (55 days), and the cultivar with the shortest fruiting time was 'Lusang's Dream' (26 days). The 'Sunshine Rose' and 'Moldova' harvests can be postponed until 1 October at the latest.
Table 3 Phenological periods of different grape varieties from 2021 to 2022
Note: There is no data for 'Early Peak' in 2021 due to lack of flowering and fruiting.
Compared with 2022, the growth period of all varieties (except 'Giant Rose') in 2021 was shortened, among which the growth period of 'Beiol' was shortened by 9 days, followed by 'Moldova' and 'Thorn Grapes', which was shortened by 8 days, mainly due to the peak of precipitation in 2021 one month earlier, which appeared in May, followed by reduced precipitation, higher temperature, and sufficient sunshine in June-July, which also favored the berry veraison and ripening, resulting in a shortened growth period, while the peak of precipitation in 2022 occurred in June months, resulting in a delay in the temperature rise, and the corresponding ripening period is also delayed.
2.3 Comparison of fruit quality of different grape varieties
Table 4 shows the appearance and quality of the ripe fruits of the 14 grape varieties, with 13 varieties having conical shapes, with only 'Thorn Grape' having cylindrical spikes, and the fruit colours varieting from 'Honey and Crisp', Shennong Rose and Lusso Dream to the green, 'Sunshine Rose' and purple-black varieties. The variety with poor fruit surface finish is 'Portugal Dream', which has many cracked fruits and is not suitable for planting.
Table 4 shows the fruit quality evaluation and soluble solids content of each grape variety from 2021 to 2022. Among the medium-ripening varieties, the tasting results of 'Jufeng', 'Giant Rose' and 'Beiol' reached excellent results, and the taste was good. 'Sunshine Rose' has the best taste among the late-maturing varieties.
The flavor of 'Early Summer' and 'Beiol' grapes in different years was quite different, and 2021 was better than 2022, which was mainly due to the combined effects of heat, moisture and light conditions in different years and different periods of time during the growing season of each variety.
Table 4 Comparison of fruit quality of different grape varieties
Note: Due to the early harvest of 'South Taihu Lake Extra-Early' in 2021, the early harvest of 'Early Peak' did not bear fruit, and the early harvest of 'Honeylight' in 2022, the record is missing.
As can be seen from Figure 1, the average spike weight of each grape variety was quite different, with 'Shennong Rose' being the smallest (less than 200 g) and 'Sunshine Rose' being the largest, nearly 1000 g. The varieties with panicles heavier than 800g include 'Sapphire' and 'Sunshine Rose', and the appearance quality is better. The average grain weight of each grape variety is shown in Figure 2, the average grain weight of 'Beiol', 'Shennong Rose' and 'Thorn Grape' is smaller, only 2~4 g, and the grain weight of 'Jufeng' is larger, reaching more than 16 g. From 2021 to 2022, there was a large difference in ear weight between 'Beiol' and 'Thorn Grape', and there was a large difference in the grain weight of 'Giant Rose', 'Red Grape' and 'Jufeng', which was greatly affected by meteorological changes.
Figure 1 Comparison of average spike weights of different grape varieties
Figure 2 Comparison of average grain weights of different grape varieties
2.4 Occurrence and control of major pests and diseases of different grape varieties
According to the field survey of the grape variety demonstration garden in Qigu Village and the observation and feedback of the growers, the occurrence of diseases and pests of different grape varieties from 2021 to 2022 is shown in Table 5 and Table 6. Moderate or mild insect pests occur on the leaves and branches of various grape varieties throughout the year, with green bugs being the main insect infestation, followed by beetles and leafhoppers, which damage the leaves and need to be controlled. Fruit insect pests are mild and generally do not need to be controlled. The white rot on the fruit ears of 'Honey and Crisp' and 'Shennong Rose' occurred moderately, resulting in fruit rot and reduced yield, which was not suitable for promotion as suitable varieties, and the disease of other grape varieties was mild. Based on the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", preventive measures should be taken before the occurrence of diseases, and therapeutic agents and protective agents should be sprayed in the early stage of disease to control diseases.
Table 5 Comparison of the occurrence of major insect pests and control measures of different grape varieties
Table 6 Comparison of the occurrence of major diseases and control measures of different grape varieties
3 Conclusion and Discussion
3.1 Due to the high average temperature from March to October 2021-2022, the growth period of grapes was shorter than that of normal years, and the quality of grapes was affected to varying degrees. The heavy precipitation in May and August 2021 affected the grape varieties in the expansion stage, mainly due to the small fruit and ear weight of the mid-to-late ripening varieties, which could not be fully compensated for despite the better weather in the later period. In June 2022, the precipitation was too high, which delayed the ripening period of early-maturing varieties, and the soluble solids of grape varieties in the veraison stage decreased, resulting in serious panicle diseases.
3.2 From 2021 to 2022, the results showed that the early-maturing varieties 'Nantaihu Extra Early', 'Early Summer Fragrance' and 'Honeylight', the medium-ripening varieties 'Giant Rose' and 'Beiol', and the late-maturing varieties 'Sunshine Rose', 'Thorn Grape', 'Sapphire' and 'Moldova', a total of 9 varieties had the characteristics of strong growth, easy cultivation, neat ears, good ornamentality, and excellent taste, and the occurrence of pests and diseases was moderate or mild, which could be prevented and controlled. Jufeng's grapes are complementary, and it is suitable for planting and promotion in grape leisure and sightseeing gardens in northern Fujian.
3.3 From the perspective of the construction goal of the Northern Fujian Grape Leisure and Sightseeing Park, first, the fresh fruit picking time is long, the second is to meet the preferences of customers, and the third is to have processability (winemaking), so it is recommended that the combination of grape varieties is: first, the combination of 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' + 'Jufeng' + 'Sunshine Rose' + 'Sapphire', the combination of grape picking period is the longest, and 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' has the earliest market time, which is the gap period for grape picking. 'Kyoho' and 'Sunshine Rose' are the most popular varieties with good taste and high yield, and 'Sapphire' has large spikes, unique fruit shape and strong ornamentality, which can meet the needs of customers in pursuit of novelty. The second is the combination of 'Early Summer Fragrance' + 'Jufeng' + 'Giant Rose' + 'Sunshine Rose', which has a higher content of soluble solids, a better taste and aroma in grape fruits, which is more popular in the market. Third, the tourist park with winemaking demand can also be planted with 'North Alcohol' and 'Thorn Grapes' to increase benefits.
3.4 This experiment has only been carried out for 2 years, and the observation objects are newly planted grapevines, which are weak, greatly affected by abnormal climatic factors, and the traits are not stable enough, and the quality measurement data of 'South Taihu Lake Extra Early' in 2021 and honeylight in 2022 are missing, the description of the characteristics of these two varieties is not complete, and the comprehensive performance of each variety is stable and needs to be further verified.