Continuing with our "Shuowen Jiezi" lesson, this lesson will talk about a Chinese character in the "歺" part: "Shu". Shu is a commonly used Chinese character in modern Chinese, which was included in the List of Commonly Used Words in Modern Chinese promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988. As we said earlier, at the beginning of the creation of characters, the Chinese characters that included the "evil" part were associated with death and bad luck. So, why does the "special" "special" "special" have a "bad" side?
Special. Read shū. The explanation given in "Shuowen Jie Zi" is: "Shu, death also." Cong, Zhu Sheng. Han Ling said: 'The barbarians are guilty, and they should be punished. '" Morphophonetic characters. Xu Shen believed that the original meaning was to behead, to kill.
But in fact, "to behead, to kill" is a special extension.
Xu Shen believes that the original meaning of Shu is "death", and the basis is that "Han Ling said: 'The barbarian is guilty of being guilty, and he should be punished.'" That is, the decree of the Han Dynasty said: "The barbarians are guilty, and they are sentenced to behead them." But this is clearly not convincing enough.
The later "Guangya" has another explanation: among them, "Commentary 1" says: "Exceptional, broken." "Commentary II" said, "Yes, absolutely." Wang Niansun's "Guangya Sparse Evidence" quoted "Zuo Chuan: Zhaogong Twenty-three Years": "Break the wood after it. What does this mean? Yang Bojun explained: "This means cutting down trees and not cutting them off. That is, (the people of Wucheng) cut down the trees on both sides of the retreat road but did not cut them down (when the people arrived, they knocked down the trees, blocked the road and stoned the people to death). Of course, "Zuo Chuan" was written earlier than "Shuowen".
In this way, "Shu" has two original meanings: 1. Death. Those who hold this view are Xu Shen; 2. Severe. From "Guangya".
To determine the original meaning of Shu, we also analyze the glyphs (usually, we do not analyze the glyphs for morphophonetic characters):
The "evil" on the left, as mentioned in the previous lesson, is "歺", that is, the so-called "remnants of the bones", that is, the remnants of the bones after removing the flesh, which can be interpreted as broken, and the "Zhu" on the right, the original meaning is red heart wood, broken trees, in fact, it is to cut down trees. Therefore, the meaning of direct expression is severe. There is a "evil" in the word "shu", because it wants to show the meaning of cutting off and severing.
However, the cutting off of trees is basically equivalent to "killing" the trees, therefore, Duan Yuju's "Commentary on the Text" said: "One is broken." There are no such four words in each book, and they are supplemented according to the interpretation of "Zuo Chuan". Breaking is no different from death. Xu is allowed to follow the word, so death is justice, and the judgment of everything is a different meaning. Duan believes that the four characters "Yishu" should be added to the commentary, and "shu" should have two original meanings: 1. to behead, to kill, and 2. to cut off.
In this regard, in Li Xueqin's "Etymology", Mr. Qi Hangfu believes that the original meaning of Shu is "to cut off", "to behead, to kill", which is the extended meaning of Shu, and we believe that this statement is reasonable.
(severed)
Conclusion: The original meaning of Shu is to sever. By extension, it is to behead.
"Hanshu Xuandi Ji": "Gai Wenxiang is guilty, Shun seals it, and the relatives of flesh and blood are not different." Yan Shigu notes: "Yes, absolutely." "I once heard that Brother Shun was guilty, and Shun was the emperor and sealed him in the country with a nose. The kinship of flesh and blood is clear and endless. This is a use case that is unique in its original sense. In this sense, it can also refer to separation; For example, "Guanzi Entering the Country": "The official and the food and clothing, the body and then stop, this is called recuperation." Yin Zhizhang noted: "Yes, it is still away." Leave the body and then stop recuperating. The official family was kept in the "disease hall" and provided food. Until you get well and leave. This is called "healing." Many translations translate the word "death" as "death," which is incorrect.
"Zhuangzi Zaiyou": "The dead in this world also sleep together." "In today's world, the bodies of those who have been killed are pressed one by one. This is a use case in the sense of "killing". In this sense, it can also refer to fatal wounds. For example, "Historical Records: The Biography of Su Qin": "Make people stab Su Qin, don't die, and leave." So he sent someone to assassinate Su Qin, who did not die at that time and ran away with a fatal wound.
In addition to the above two meanings, there are many other uses:
(1) Different; "Jade Chapter: Bad Department": "Shu, "Cangjie" cloud: Shu, different. "Yi Department Resignation": "The world has the same end but different paths." Kong Yingda Shu: "It is said that everything in the world will eventually come to one, but at the beginning, it was different. "The World Speaks New Language": "The scenery is not different, but it is different from the mountains and rivers. "The scenery here is no different from the Central Plains, but the mountains and rivers are different!
(Different scenery)
(2) Points: Distinctions. "Vocabulary and Bad Department": "Special, don't." "Historical Records: Taishi Gong's Self-Preface": "Legalists do not have relatives and relatives, they are not noble and lowly, and they are judged by the law. "Legalists do not distinguish between relatives and relatives, nor between the noble and the low, and they all make decisions according to laws and regulations.
(3) Special; "On Balance and Knowing the Truth": "The husband is also a sage, and the difference between people is called holy." "A saint is like a sage, and only a special person can be called a saint.
(Sages are special people)
Also refers to prominence. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi, Gaogui Township Princess": "He took Long and Jiezi as the captains of the horses, and gave them gifts, showing the distance and nearness, and being loyal and righteous. "Now I hereby order to promote the sons of Xuanlong and Qin Yi to be knighted lieutenants, to be rewarded, and widely publicized to highlight those who are loyal to the imperial court.
(Those who have made outstanding contributions)
(4) Exceeding. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Liang Tong": "My mother's family is seventy years old. Li Xian's note: "Yes, it's too much." That is, he was over seventy years old.
(5) Large. "Anthology Zhang Heng<西京赋>": "Super hazelnut, flying flying." Li Shanzhu quoted Xue Zong as saying: "Yes, Judas also." ”
(6) Adverbs. There are two ways to use it:
a. Degree of representation. It is equivalent to "extreme" and "very". "Poetry, Wei Feng, Fen Frustration": "(The son of Piqi) is beautiful, and it is very different from the highway. "He looks so handsome and immeasurable, and he is too different from the officials of the prince's family!
b. Frequency. It is equivalent to "yet", "yet", "still". "Warring States Policy: Qi Ce I": "There are few people, but everyone doesn't know this. "I'm too young to understand these things.
The small seal is written as shown in the figure:
(Special small seal writing)
([Shuowen Jiezi] No. 792, some pictures come from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original copyright owner)