I hope to popularize some basic knowledge of computers, and today's issue of Xiaobian will bring you the most basic knowledge of computers.
1. Components of a computer
1. Software system
Software systems include: operating systems, application software, etc.
The management software of the computer industry in the application software, the necessary tool for the development of the IT computer industry, and the ERP software of the computer industry.
2. Hardware system
The hardware system includes: chassis (power supply, hard disk, disk, memory, motherboard, CPU-central processing unit, CPU fan, optical drive, sound card, network card, graphics card), monitor, UPS (uninterruptible power supply system), keyboard, mouse, etc. (can also be equipped with headphones, microphones, speakers, printers, cameras, etc.).
Home computers generally have onboard sound cards, network cards, and some motherboards are equipped with integrated graphics cards.
1, the full English name of CPU CPU is "Central Processor Unit", translated into Chinese is "Central Processor Unit", which is made of gold-plated materials one by one.
Its role in the PC can be said to be equivalent to the role of the brain in the human body. All computer programs are run by it.
Note: Do not touch the metal strip on the CPU, otherwise it will cause poor contact and the machine will not turn on. The motherboard is also called the mother board.
It's actually a circuit board, and it's densely packed with all kinds of circuits. It can be said to be the nervous system of the PC, the CPU, memory, graphics card, sound card, etc. are directly installed on the motherboard, and the hard disk, floppy drive and other components also need to be connected to the motherboard through wiring.
2. The host computer is generally called the "host" of the computer parts placed in the chassis. It is the most important component of the computer, and the main components such as the motherboard, CPU, and hard disk are all inside the main unit.
3. Memory Compared with external memory such as disks, memory refers to internal memory that can be directly read by the CPU, mainly in the form of chips. Memory is also known as "main memory", or "main memory" for short.
The memory chip commonly seen is strip-shaped, also called "memory module", which needs to be plugged into the memory slot on the motherboard to work. There is also a type of memory called "cache", which is usually built into the CPU or motherboard.
Generally speaking, how many gigabytes of memory a machine has, mainly refers to the capacity of the memory module. You can see the memory capacity display in the screen when the computer starts to start, you can also use commands to view the memory capacity in the DOS system, and you can also view the memory capacity in the Windows system to view the system resources.
4. Graphics card The graphics card is an important component to connect the monitor and the PC motherboard. It is plugged into the expansion slot on the motherboard.
It is mainly responsible for converting the display signal sent by the host computer to the display into a general electrical signal, so that the monitor can understand what the PC is asking it to do. There is also memory on the graphics card, called "display memory", and its amount will directly affect the display effect of the display, such as clarity and color richness.
5. Monitor The monitor is one of the output devices of the computer, and the early display is similar to the shape of the TV is the picture tube, that is, the CRT monitor. Most of today's displays are LCD or LED.
6. Disk and disk drive Disk is one of the external storage of PC, which is divided into two types: hard disk and floppy disk. What both have in common is that they both use magnetic media to store data, so they are called "disks".
In order for a PC to use a disk, it must be placed in a special device, called a disk drive. The English word for hard disk is Hard Disk, which literally translates into Chinese as "hard disk".
Since hard drives are built into hard drives, hard drives and hard drives are generally confused. The size of the hard disk is generally 3.5 inches.
The capacity of hard disks is generally calculated in M (megabytes) and G (1024 megabytes). The capacity of the hard disk that is commonly seen ranges from tens of megabytes (tens of M) to several gigabytes (several gigabytes).
The C disk and D disk that are commonly referred to are not exactly the same thing as real hard disks. A real hard disk term is called "physical hard disk", and a physical hard disk can be partitioned in the DOS operating system and divided into several "fake hard disks" such as C disk, D disk, E disk, etc., and the term is called "logical hard disk".
7. Computer power supply and chassis Of course, the computer must have a power supply, but the power supply of the computer cannot directly use an ordinary voltage of 220 volts. There is a transformer inside the computer's power supply, which converts the ordinary 220V mains power into the voltage required by the computer's components, such as the CPU's operating voltage, which is generally only a few volts.
For safety reasons, all parts of the computer (except for the monitor, of course) are placed in the chassis properly. There are many buttons on the case case, such as the power start button, the RESET button (for restarting the computer), and so on.
There are also some indicators on the case, such as the power indicator should be on when the computer is working, the hard disk indicator will flash when operating the hard drive, and so on. Floppy and optical drives can be used directly at the front of the chassis.
8. Expansion card and expansion slot When you need to use the computer to watch VCD and listen to music, you need to configure a sound card. The sound card is not a necessary part of the PC, it is a functional expansion card of the PC.
The so-called expansion card means that this kind of card can expand the functions of the PC, such as the sound card can make the PC sound, the fax card can make the PC have the fax function, the network card can allow you to connect to the network, and so on. The expansion card is plugged directly into the expansion slot on the motherboard that is designed specifically for the expansion card.
The graphics card is actually an extension card, because from the basic principle of the computer, "display" is actually an additional function, just to make the computer's work process under direct visual monitoring by people. Although the monitor is now one of the basic equipment of the computer, the graphics card is still regarded as a kind of expansion card due to habitual reasons.
Of course, sound cards, fax cards, and network cards are all standard expansion cards. 9. Keyboard and mouse Keyboard and mouse are input devices of PC, when the keyboard is struck, the key that is struck will send a signal to the motherboard of the PC, and continue to transmit to the CPU, and the CPU will confirm what reaction the key will cause according to the relevant programs in the operating system.
For example, when doing word processing, if you do not start the Chinese character input system, typing the English letters on the keyboard will directly enter English, and hitting the "a" key will display "a". When the Chinese character input system is activated, after typing the English letters on the keyboard, it will not directly enter English, but first determine whether the typed English meets the rules in the Chinese character input method, and if it can express a certain or certain Chinese characters, it will enter Chinese characters.
2. Tips on daily computer use
Let's take a look at what the "system resources" of the computer are, right-click "My Computer", select "Properties", and then select "Performance", and see what the "system resources" are, which should generally reach about 95%. -
1. The fewer things on the computer desktop, the better, and there are only "My Computer" and "Recycle Bin" on my computer desktop. There are more things that occupy the resources of the system. While it's more convenient on the desktop, it comes at the cost of consuming system resources and sacrificing speed. The solution is to delete all the shortcuts on the desktop, as they are in the Start menu and the Programs bar. Move all other files that are not shortcuts to drive D or E, not drive C. DRIVE C ONLY PUTS WINDOWS FILES AND SOME PROGRAMS INSTALLATION MUST BE INSTALLED ON DRIVE C, OTHERS SHOULD NOT BE PLACED ON DRIVE C, PLACED ON DRIVE D OR E. -
2. Right-click "My Computer", select "Properties", then select "Performance", click "File System" on the left, there is an "Main Purpose of This Computer (T)" option, pull down the arrow, change "Desktop" to "Network Server", and then OK. Then select "Virtual Memory" on the right, select "User Specified Virtual Memory Settings (M)", and then change the maximum and minimum values to the value of your computer's memory multiplied by 2, for example, if it is 128 trillion memory, set it to "256", and then OK, ignore the prompt displayed, and make sure that you need to restart later. -
3. Open "My Computer", open the C drive, there is a Windows folder, open it, find a "Temp folder", delete all the files in it, (you need to close other applications in advance). Next to the "Temp folder" there is a "Temporary Internet Files folder", open it and delete all the contents in it. Be sure to note that the "Temp folder" and "Temporary Internet Files folder" should not be deleted as well, but everything in the folder should be deleted.
4. Leave only the real-time monitoring icon of the antivirus software and the leftmost "start" at the bottom of the computer screen, and delete all the others, because they occupy system resources, and there are many things that are not used at all. Even if you use it, you can use it all in the Start menu. You can add shortcuts to the most frequently used software to the Start menu, and the least frequently used ones to the program menu. -
5. Set both the desktop wallpaper and the screen saver to "None".-
6. Select the "Start" in the lower left corner - "Programs" - "Accessories" - "System Tools" - "Maintenance Wizard", select "Modify My Maintenance Settings or Arrangement" OK, and then select "Custom", next, "Custom", and then next, a dialog box appears "Start Windows more quickly", cancel all the checks inside, this is the program that starts when you boot up, some don't use it at all, if you use it to start again, it will be very fast. Then next, select "No" and then "Next", then "No", then "Next", or "No", and then "Done".
3. The impact of computers on people
1. Computer radiation can cause 19 kinds of diseases
2. In the course of daily work, many people may not realize that the keyboard that is used regularly has the potential to trigger diseases.
First of all, the keyboard is a "garbage dump" with dust, hair, hair, eyelashes, and so on. According to statistics, this type of dirt accumulates at an average rate of 2 grams per month. In addition to this, the surface of the keyboard is also covered with a large number of bacteria such as streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and many more.
A study in the United Kingdom confirmed that low-frequency radiation and magnetic fields emitted by computer screens can cause 7-19 diseases, including itchy eyes, neck and back pain, temporary memory loss, irritability and depression. According to a survey of more than 200 computer operators in the banking system in Wuhan, more than 35 percent of women have symptoms such as dysmenorrhea and prolonged menstruation, and a small number of women have premature births or miscarriages. According to a study by the World Health Organization, pregnant women who use computers more than 20 hours a week are associated with an increase in the incidence of miscarriage by more than 80% and may also lead to fetal malformations.
When the eyes are itchy, dry and sour, the eyes are only in the stage of functional damage, but if you do not pay attention to protecting the eyes at this time, so that the eyes continue to be dry for a long time, it will cause the shedding of corneal epithelial cells, causing organic damage, further worsening the symptoms, and seriously affecting vision.
If the neck muscles and soft tissues are not treated in time, the neck and back syndrome will develop into cervical spondylosis.
Women who have been involved in computer work for a long time have a 43% higher risk of breast cancer than the general non-computer worker. According to a survey in Taiwan, there are currently more than 3 million computers in Taiwan, and most of them are women. Working at the computer for a long time increases the risk of breast cancer, and premenopausal women are more likely to develop breast cancer than postmenopausal women. After the reproductive health of working women is damaged, the main manifestations are menstrual disorders, gestational hypertension syndrome, early menopause, decreased fertility, spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, congenital malformations and even fetal death.
The strongest radiation of the computer is the back, followed by the left and right sides, and the front of the screen has the weakest radiation. So try not to let the back of the screen face the place where there are people, the distance is to be able to read the words clearly, at least 50 cm to 75 cm distance, which can reduce the damage of electromagnetic radiation. How to minimize the harm of computer radiation to the human body?
1. Avoid continuous operation of the computer for a long time, and pay attention to the rest in between. To maintain an optimal posture, the distance between the eyes and the screen should be 40~50 cm, so that the eyes are at level or slightly downward at the fluorescent screen.
2. Maintain a good working environment indoors, such as comfortable temperature, clean air, appropriate anion concentration and ozone concentration, etc.
3. The light in the computer room should be suitable, not too bright or too dark, so as to avoid the light directly shining on the phosphor screen and causing interference light. The studio should be kept ventilated and dry.
4. Color filters should be used on the phosphor screen of the computer to reduce eye fatigue. It is best to use glass or a high-quality plastic filter.
5. Install protective devices to weaken the intensity of electromagnetic radiation.
6. Pay attention to keep your skin clean. There is a large amount of static electricity on the surface of the computer phosphor screen, and the dust can be transferred to the exposed skin of the face and hands, and after a long time, it is easy to cause rashes, pigmentation, and even skin lesions in severe cases.
7. Pay attention to nutritional supplements. Computer operators work too long in front of a phosphor screen, and rhodopsin is depleted on the retina, which is mainly synthesized by vitamin A. Therefore, computer operators should eat more carrots, cabbage, bean sprouts, tofu, red dates, oranges, milk, eggs, animal liver, lean meat and other foods to supplement vitamin A and protein in the human body. Drinking more tea, tea polyphenols and other active substances in tea will be conducive to the absorption and resistance of radioactive substances.
Fourth, learn the basic knowledge of computers
1. Understand the basic components of a computer
Desktop, mainly composed of host chassis, monitor, mouse and keyboard, external audio equipment, the above picture can clearly see these devices, the host chassis also: power supply, motherboard, CPU, memory module, graphics card, hard disk, optical drive (optional), network card, sound card (generally integrated on the motherboard), heat sink and other components.
2. Wiring of the computer
Display data cable, mainly divided into VGA, DVI, HDMI and other interfaces, no matter what kind of interface, one end plugs in the monitor, one end plugs in the interface behind the host, the computer interface has an error-proofing mechanism, the wrong interface can not be plugged in.
3. Basic computer operation
It's very simple to turn on the machine, just press the power button of the host directly, the display can not be turned off, if it is off, you can press the switch of the display directly. Understand the use of mouse, keyboard. Use the left mouse button, click (click) to select it, hold down to drag the file, and double-click (click twice in a row) to open the file or open the software.
To use the keyboard, you have to learn how to type and switch input methods.
5. Daily maintenance of computers
Computer Daily Maintenance Guide The same is a computer, why some people use it for a few years and still run well, while some people use it for less than half a year and often have blue screens, crashes or even can't start? The key here is whether you have done a good job in the daily maintenance and maintenance of the computer.
First of all, there is the maintenance of the CPU.
As the heart of the computer, the CPU has been running non-stop since the moment the computer is started, and its importance is naturally self-evident, so it is particularly important to maintain it. In the maintenance of the CPU, heat dissipation is the most critical.
Although the CPU is protected by fans, the heat generated as the current consumption increases, and the temperature of the CPU also rises. High temperature is easy to electronically migrate the internal circuits of the CPU, causing the computer to crash frequently, shortening the life of the CPU, and high voltage is even more dangerous, which is easy to burn your CPU.
So we have to choose a good quality cooling fan. The bottom layer of the heat sink should be thick, which is conducive to heat storage, so that it is easy for the fan to actively dissipate heat.
Usually pay attention to dust removal frequently, and do not let it accumulate on the surface of the CPU, so as not to cause a short circuit and burn the CPU. Silicone grease should be applied to the core on the surface of the CPU, a thin layer is sufficient, and excessive amount may seep into the CPU surface and socket, causing the destruction of the CPU.
There are many computer enthusiasts who like to overclock the CPU, in fact, the mainstream CPU frequency is now above 1GHz, and there is little point in overclocking at this time. More consideration should be given to extending the life of the CPU.
If you do need to overclock, consider reducing the voltage and overclocking. Don't increase the core voltage to help with overclocking, as this will not cost you.
High temperature and high pressure can easily cause electronic migration of CPU memory, and even break down and burn out the CPU circuit. And the manufacturer is not responsible for this man-made damage.
The second is the maintenance of the motherboard.
Most of the current computer motherboards are four-layer boards, six-layer boards, the components and wiring used are very precise, when the dust accumulates too much on the motherboard, it will absorb the moisture in the air, and the dust will show a certain conductivity, which may connect the different signals on the motherboard or short-circuit the resistance and capacitor, resulting in signal transmission errors or changes in the working point, resulting in the unstable work of the host or not starting. Most of the situations we encounter in the actual use of the computer are caused by the accumulation of a large amount of dust on the motherboard.
The motherboard provides power to the CPU, memory, etc. is a large and small capacitor, the capacitor is most afraid of high temperature, too high temperature can easily cause capacitor breakdown and affect normal use. In many cases, the electrolytic capacitors on the motherboard are bubbling or leaking, and the disability is not due to product quality problems, but due to the poor working environment of the motherboard.
Generally, most of the bubbling, leaking, and discapacing capacitors appear around the CPU, on the edge of the memory module, and next to the AGP slot, because the above components are the largest heat generators in the computer, and the aluminum electrolytic capacitors may have the above faults in long-term high-temperature baking. Knowing the above, you should consciously choose a spacious and ventilated chassis when you buy a machine.
In addition, it is also essential to open the case regularly to remove dust, usually with a brush to gently brush off the dust on the motherboard. Since some plug-in cards and chips on the motherboard are in the form of pins, they often have poor contact due to pin oxidation, so you can use an eraser to remove the surface oxide layer and re-plug it.
Of course, when possible, you can use trichloroethane, which has good volatile performance, to clean the motherboard.
The third is the maintenance of the hard disk.
The hard disk is the most important storage medium in the computer, but many people ignore the maintenance of the hard disk, as soon as the computer is turned on, the hard disk will run at full capacity: watching high-definition DVD movies, non-stop torrent downloads, using the Windows system restore function, so that the hard disk is always in a full load situation. The reason why torrent downloads are fast is that each user's downloads and uploads are carried out almost simultaneously, that is, you have to upload data to other users at the same time as you download.
In addition, the downloaded data is written directly to the hard disk during BT, so the loss of the hard disk is also very large. If you often use torrenting for downloading, increasing the cache should reduce hard disk reads and writes and improve performance.
Generally, it is set at 8-16MB, and it is best to set it to 32MB for large memory. Another thing to note is not to open too many download or upload windows at once, just 1 to 3.
Also, when BT is running, it's best to call up the task manager to set its priority below the standard. It is easy to cause hard disk abnormalities, as well as hard disk protection software.
For example, the "Restore Wizard", because many people do not pay attention to uninstalling the system normally before reinstalling or repartitioning, it often happens that the system cannot be fully installed. At this time, I want to install and uninstall the "Restore Wizard", but it prompts that the software has been installed and cannot be continued, and it is stuck in an endless loop.
This failure is due to the fact that the "restore wizard" takes over the INT13 interrupt and controls the boot of the hard disk before the operating system, which cannot be solved with the FDISK/MBR command. Originally, this is just a problem with the software, but many people are inexperienced, and if there is a problem, they will find a variety of partition tools to "experiment", or even rashly low-level formatting, under such a toss, the hard disk is likely to die early! It is recommended that users should ask more masters around them when they encounter a hard disk failure that they do not understand.
If there are no such people around, you can also download the Q&A software "Computer Expert 2005" and consult the computer experts inside, and avoid using various tools to format at a low level and cause fatal damage to the hard disk at every turn. The last thing to note is that you should never move or shake the hard drive while it is in use.