Learn the correct method of cultivation techniques in Guibei cowpea net shed facilities
Tang Linjia et al
Cowpea, also known as carob, is planted all over the country, and is widely planted in the Yangtze River basin and the southern region. Among them, Guangxi is one of the main cowpea producing areas in the country, with an annual cultivation area of more than 20,000 hm 2, and the northern region of Guangxi has the habit of cultivating cowpea, which is an important vegetable category for the northern transportation of vegetables in Guangxi, one of the main vegetables planted in summer and autumn, and an important supplementary variety of vegetables in the off-season. Cowpea is rich in nutrition, rich in protein, crude cellulose, carotene, amino acids, vitamins and a variety of mineral elements, etc., can be fried, can be made of capers or dried beans, to meet the different needs of people's daily life. Among them, capers with cowpeas as raw materials are one of the soul ingredients of Guangxi snail flour and Guilin rice noodles, which have a large market demand and have become a new driving force for the development and growth of the cowpea industry.
With the development and growth of cowpea industry, the planting area continues to expand, but the blind expansion of planting and the pursuit of high yield lead to serious obstacles to continuous cropping of cowpea, soil compaction, insufficient fertility, and serious pests and diseases. In particular, cowpea thrips, its control is very difficult, once the control is not timely, the migration is harmful, the yield loss caused by cowpea is 20%~30%, and the serious is 50%~80%. In terms of production, in order to pursue high yield and high efficiency, there are occasional farmers who use high-toxicity and high-residue pesticides banned by the state, increase the concentration and increase the number of uses according to the requirements of use, and pick without passing the pesticide safety interval, so that the "poisonous cowpea" with excessive pesticide residues flows into the market and table, which affects food safety and people's health. For a long time, the state attaches great importance to food safety issues. In 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and other 7 departments jointly launched a three-year action plan for edible agricultural products to "cure illegal products, control drug residues, and promote upgrading", and listed cowpea as one of the "three vegetables" to focus on, so as to effectively ensure the safety of people's "vegetable basket".
In order to further alleviate the problems of pesticide abuse and excessive pesticide use affecting the yield and quality of cowpea due to the serious occurrence of long-term continuous cropping pests and diseases of cowpea, and promote the ecological, green and high-quality development of cowpea industry, agricultural departments and scientific research institutes attach great importance to the problems existing in the green development of cowpea industry, and carry out relevant research on cowpea from the aspects of breeding and reproduction, cultivation technology, green prevention and control of diseases and pests, etc., in order to break the bottleneck restricting the development of cowpea industry. Jiang Wan et al. carried out research on EMS mutagenesis breeding technology in cowpea, which provided a basis for cowpea breeding. Sun Jiayan et al. analyzed the application status of new varieties of long cowpea in mainland China, and summarized the breeding technology of improved varieties of long cowpea. Luo Feng et al. carried out experimental research on the occurrence of cowpea pests and diseases in greenhouses and open fields, and the results showed that greenhouse facilities had a certain isolation effect on cowpea pests. Feng Xuejie et al. carried out an experimental study on the cultivation of cowpea with different insect nets in view of the characteristics of high temperature and high humidity climate in Hainan, and the results showed that the cultivation effect of cowpea cover with insect nets was significant, and the cultivation effect of 40 mesh insect nets was the best. Yun Tianhai et al. carried out a study on the technology of cowpea cultivation with fertilizer and water under the film of the insect-proof net canopy, and Li Xiang et al. carried out a study on the postharvest quality of cowpea under the cultivation of insect-proof net covering, and the results showed that the rot rate, rust index and crude fiber content of cowpea within 7 days after harvest were significantly lower than those cultivated in the open field under the condition of ice treatment, storage and transportation of cowpea.
Therefore, in order to further implement the goal of green and high-quality development of cowpea, combined with the actual production in northern Guangxi, the cultivation technology of cowpea net shed was explored from the aspects of variety selection, water and fertilizer management, and pest control and control, in order to provide a theoretical basis for growers.
1 Preparation before sowing
(1) Build a net shed Choose a flat terrain, north-south direction, and no water accumulation all year round, according to the height of 5 m, horizontal and vertical intervals of 4~6 m, use a galvanized pipe with a diameter of 50 mm as a pillar, fix and connect the pillar with a plastic steel wire of 3~4 mm, and finally cover a white insect net with a diameter of 40 meshes, design two doors at the entrance and exit positions, and compact them with soil around them. Before land preparation, 3~4 kg of potassium permanganate, 4~6 kg of 200 million spores/g Beauveria aeruginosa granules were mixed with fine soil and 10~15 kg per 667 m 2 to carry out soil disinfection and underground pest control.
(2) Before rotary tillage and land preparation, 200~300 kg of bio-organic fertilizer, 5~10 kg of microbial fertilizer, 25~30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, or 1 500~2 000 kg of rotting farmhouse fertilizer, 1 kg of microbial agent (including 2 billion viable bacteria per 6 billion per g) of microbial agent (including Viophobacterium lavender and Bacillus lateralisporus brevifera) 1 kg, deep ploughing and deep ploughing 30 cm, rake and crush into a furrow with a width of 120 cm and a height of 30~35 cm, and a furrow width of 40 cm. According to the direction of the furrow, the drip irrigation belt under the film was laid, and finally the furrow was covered with a 1.5 m wide and 18 mm thick silver-gray plastic film, and the surrounding area was compacted with soil.
2 Varieties to choose from
Choose cowpea varieties with thick meat, crisp and tender quality, less cellulose, strong resistance, high quality and high yield, and resistance to storage and transportation, such as Thai oil white beans, fat beans, etc.
3 Hari
According to the stubble conditions, it is advisable to carry out summer and autumn direct planting from mid-May to mid-July. Planting holes were opened on the furrow surface according to the plant spacing of 20~25 cm and row spacing of 55~60 cm, and 3~4 seeds were seeded in each hole, and the sowing depth was 4~6 cm.
4 Field management
(1) Seedlings and seedlings when cowpea 3~4 true leaves are set seedlings, generally leave 2 strong seedlings per hole, and find that the lack of seedlings should be replenished in time to ensure that the seedlings are complete.
(2) Water and fertilizer management Due to the sufficient amount of basal fertilizer, it is enough to keep the soil moist at the cowpea seedling stage, and generally does not need top dressing. The demand for water and fertilizer at the flowering and podding stage is large, and water and fertilizer can be applied in time according to the condition of the plant. Generally, top dressing with water is done once every 7 days, and water-soluble fertilizer containing amino acids can be selected.
(3) When the cowpea grows to 15~20 cm, at a distance of 10 cm from the root, use a 2.5 m long bamboo pole as a shelf for each hole, build an "X" frame, fix it with a rope at a height of about 1.5 m, and lead the vine to the shelf.
(4) Pruning When the cowpea grows to 8~9 true leaves, pruning and pruning should be carried out in time. Remove all the side buds below the lth flower spike of the main vine to promote flowering, erase the side buds of the upper branches in time, and top and topping in time when the main vine grows to more than 2 m to promote the formation of flower buds.
(5) Remove the old leaves in time Remove the old leaves, yellow leaves, and diseased leaves in the lower part of the plant in time, and take them out of the shed for harmless treatment, so as to keep the ventilation and light transmission in the net shed.
5. Prevention and control of major diseases
(1) Rust a. Disease characteristics. Rust mainly damages leaves, and rust germs are transmitted by air currents. At the beginning of the disease, the back of the leaf produces small pale yellow spots, slightly raised, and dark brown protruding lesions after expansion, and reddish-brown powder is emitted after the epidermis is broken, and the leaves are covered with rusty brown lesions in severe cases, causing the leaves to fall off. High temperature and high humidity are conducive to the occurrence of rust, and water accumulation in the field, dew accumulation at night, overdense plants, poor ventilation and light transmission can aggravate the disease. b. Prevention and control methods. At the initial stage of the disease, spray 2 000 times of 15% triazolone wettable powder, 2 500~3 000 times of 40% mycloconazole wettable powder or 600 times of 70% sulfur and manganese-zinc wettable powder, and spray 1 time every 10 days for 2~3 times in a row.
(2) Powdery mildew a. Disease characteristics. Powdery mildew is mainly a leaf damage, and powdery mildew is spread by means of mycelium and conidia that overwinter in the field with the remains of diseased plants, and can be transmitted by air currents or rainwater. In the early stage of the disease, a white powdery mold layer is produced on the front and back of the leaves, the powder layer is thick, the edge is not obvious, and the whole leaf can be covered in severe cases, so that the leaves quickly wither and yellow, causing a large number of defoliation. In continuous cropping land, the fields with poor drainage, poor ventilation and light transmittance, and insufficient fertility are seriously diseased.
b. Prevention and control methods. In the early stage of the disease, 0.4% osthole soluble liquid 600~800 times, 2% wuyimycin aqueous solution 200 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times liquid spray can be used for prevention and control, spray once every 7~10 days, 2~3 times in a row. The number of spraying can be increased according to the condition of the seriously ill field.
(3) Coal mold (leaf mold) a. Disease characteristics. The fungus mainly damages leaves, but can also damage stems, vines and pods, and often attaches to diseased residues and spreads through air currents. At the beginning of the disease, there are red or purple-brown dots on both sides of the leaves, which are enlarged and appear light brown or brown nearly round to polygonal lesions, with inconspicuous edges. When the humidity is high, a layer of gray-black soot-like mold grows densely on the back of the lesion. The disease is severe when there is high temperature and rain, water accumulation in the field, and high humidity. b. Prevention and control methods. In the early stage of the disease, 2% Chunleimycin aqueous solution 3 500 times liquid, 50% thiophanate-methyl suspension 800 times liquid or 5% polyantimycin aqueous solution 2 000 times liquid spray can be used for prevention and control, spraying once every 7~10 days, 2~3 times in a row.
(4) Anthrax a. Disease characteristics. Anthrax fungus is spread by rain and insects, and the leaf disease is diseased, and the leaf veins appear reddish-brown streaks at the beginning, and then turn black-brown or black, and expand into polygonal reticular spots; petioles and stems are infected with diseases, producing fusiform or elongated lesions, which are brown rust-colored; bean pods are infected, and brown to black round or oval spots appear at first, and after enlargement, they are brown to black round or oval spots, the periphery is slightly raised, and there are often reddish-brown or purple halos around them, and they are concave in the middle, and pink sticky matter overflows when the humidity is high. The disease is severe in rainy, dewy, cold and humid conditions, or in plots with too dense planting, heavy soil clay and dampness. b. Prevention and control methods. At the initial stage of the disease, 43% fluoromystrobin suspension 600 times, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times or 325 g/L benzoazoxystrobin suspension 1 200 times were sprayed for prevention and control, once every 7~10 days, 2~3 times in a row.
6 Pest control
Due to the use of net shed planting, cowpea thrips, aphids, bean pod borers and other damage are rare. Before sowing, thrips can be dressed with 300~450 mL of 40% bromoyl thiamethoxam seed treatment suspension per 100 kg of seeds, and during the growth period of cowpea, 20~30 tablets per 667 m 2 can be hung at a distance of 1.5 m from the ground. 1.5% pyrethrin aqueous emulsion 3 000 times or 10 billion spores/g Beauveria aeruginosa suspension 1 000 times can also be sprayed for control. Aphids can be sprayed with 30~35 tablets per 667 m 2, and 10% nicotine aqueous solution 1 500 times or 0.3% matrine soluble solution 300 times can be used for spray control. Pod borer can be hung 20 cm away from the top of the plant, with 1~2 sets per 667 m 2, and 16 000 IU/mg Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder 500~600 times, 15 billion spores/g Beauveria bassiana wettable powder 300 times or 25% ethylspinosabad water-dispersible granules 3 000~3 500 times can also be used for spray control. 1 time every 7~10 days, 2~3 times in a row.
7 Harvesting and processing
Cowpeas generally start harvesting young pods 60~70 days after sowing. 10~12 days after flowering, the pods can reach commercial maturity, and it is advisable to harvest and market in time with the pods being full and soft, and the seeds are slightly bulging. Under normal circumstances, it is harvested once every 3~5 days, and can be harvested once every other day during the peak pod-setting period. Top dressing in time after harvest to promote the maturity of the young pods and ensure the nutrition of the plants.