Guangdong Xingning Shatian grapefruit high quality and high yield efficient management technology
Zhong Huijuan
Sha Tin Grapefruit, scientific name [Citrus maxima (Burm.)) Merr. cv. Sha⁃tian Yu.] has a sweet taste and rich nutrition, known as "fruit treasures", which can moisturize the lungs, replenish blood, clean the intestines, and is widely favored by consumers, and the market demand is increasing year by year. Xingning City began to grow Sha Tin grapefruit as early as the 1990s, and has now formed a certain scale. In 2020, the output of grapefruit in Shatian in Xingning City reached about 30,000 tons, which played a positive role in promoting the income of local farmers and the development of the regional economy. At present, although the cultivation of Shatian grapefruit in Xingning City has achieved good results and accumulated certain experience, there are still some problems in production, such as inconsistent appearance, inconsistent quality, and low yield level, which is extremely unfavorable to the stable development of local Shatian grapefruit. To this end, the author summarizes the high-quality and efficient cultivation technology of Sha Tin grapefruit in combination with the actual situation of the planting area, in order to increase the yield and quality of Sha tin grapefruit.
1 Soil improvement
Sha tin teak tree body is tall, the soil requirements are high, requiring orchard soil ventilation, suitable water content, good fertility and not polluted by the "three wastes". Xingning City should open terraces to plant Shatian grapefruit on the slopes of the lower slopes with a slope of <30°. Before planting Sha Tin grapefruit, the bottom fertilizer is applied first, and then the hole is dug and planted to build a garden. In order to achieve high quality and high yield of Sha Tin grapefruit, the soil can be improved at the time of garden construction to improve soil permeability, increase organic nutrient content and promote root growth. Carry out deep soil transformation work in the early planting stage, and the winter development is the best. In the process of soil modification, green manure, crop straw and so on can be added.
2 Fertilizer water management
2.1 Fertilization First is the young tree stage. Fertilization management at this stage requires diligent fertilization and thin fertilization to provide sufficient nutrients for the growth of branches and leaves. The type of fertilizer can be selected from diluted organic fertilizers such as manure water, or compound fertilizer can be applied, etc., and is generally applied once before the shatin grapefruit tree is extracted and before the leaves are spread. As the canopy of shatin grapefruit gradually expands, the amount of fertilizer can be appropriately increased. Water diligently while fertilizing to keep the soil moisture content appropriate. The second is adulthood. After the shatin grapefruit tree reaches adulthood, the specific fertilization method should be determined in combination with the growth of the tree and the soil nutrient status. The type of fertilizer mainly chooses decomposed organic fertilizer, such as biogas liquid fertilizer, peanut bran, pig manure, etc. For the resulting Sha tin teak tree, if the yield level is 50kg/plant, pure N 1.8kg/plant, P 2O 5 0.8kg/plant, K 2O 700~800g/plant, organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer can be applied. With the increase of the tree body, the yield of shatin grapefruit tree will also be higher and higher, at this time to appropriately increase the amount of fertilizer in combination with the yield level, can be applied according to the proportions of budding fertilizer, stable fruit fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer accounting for 20%, 25%, 35% and 20% respectively.
2.2 Moisture The demand for water in the growth and development stage of Sha Tin grapefruit is relatively large, but sha tin grapefruit trees are not tolerant to waterlogging, so the soil is required to be in a wet state, and when there is water accumulation, it is necessary to drain water in time. The water demand for the grapefruit bud differentiation period in Shatian is relatively small, and the soil moisture content is 20%; the soil moisture content should not be too high when the autumn shoots turn green, and the soil moisture should be sufficient in other time periods. In the event of an arid climate, irrigation should be done in time to provide sufficient water for the growth of grapefruit in Sha tin. The general principles of water management are spring wetness, summer drainage, autumn irrigation, and winter control to ensure that the soil in the field is moist throughout the year and no flooding occurs. In addition, in order to improve the storage resistance of Sha tin grapefruit after harvesting, water should be cut off about 21 days before harvesting.
3 Flower and fruit management
3.1 Flower thinning fruit Shatian grapefruit into the bud stage after the timely development of flower thinning, generally each fruit on the mother branch to retain 1 bunch of inflorescence, each inflorescence to retain 2 to 3 flowers can be, timely removal of excessive growth, too weak flowers, retain the medium growth of flowers. The fruit is retained according to the standard of 1/200 to 1/150 of the leaf size, and the remaining excessive fruits are all removed. Fruit thinning can be carried out once in early May and early June, and the fruits with poor growth, deformity, and pests and diseases can be cleaned up.
3.2 Thinning spring shoots If the branches of grapefruit trees in Shatian grow too strongly in spring, too many spring shoots can be removed, and an average of 2 to 3 spring shoots are retained on each base, generally retaining the strong spring shoots in the upper middle and upper branches, and removing the weak spring shoots.
3.3 Artificial pollination In order to improve the pollination rate of Sha Tin grapefruit, a certain density of bees can be artificially released in the orchard to increase the pollen pollination rate. You can also take the form of artificial assisted pollination, choose 8:00-11:00, 16:00-18:00 on sunny days to apply grapefruit pollen on the head of the female flower stigma, the action should be gentle, can not damage the female stigma. Each pollinating flower can be controlled at an average of 300 to 450 flowers, which can be divided into 3 to 4 times.
3.4 Spray growth regulator If there is a lack of zinc, boron and other elements in the soil, the growth and development of Sha tin grapefruit will be adversely affected, and the yield and quality will be reduced. Therefore, an appropriate amount of growth regulator can be sprayed, which is conducive to flower preservation and fruit preservation. When Shatian grapefruit is in the flowering and young fruit stage, borax, molybdenum acid, urea, dipotassium phosphate, etc. can be selected, and sprayed on the canopy according to a certain proportion, which has a good effect on improving the fruit set rate; it can also be selected 20, 60mg/L "920" to apply the fruit handle when the Shatian grapefruit is in the 1st and 2nd physiological fruit fall period, which is conducive to reducing fruit fall; in addition, measures such as circumcision and ringing can be taken in the late stage of the tree body, which is conducive to fruit preservation.
4 Trim properly
Summer shearing is performed 14 to 21 days before the tree body is released, and winter shearing is carried out from 14 to 21 days after fruit harvesting and 14 to 21 days before the spring shoots germinate. The spring shoots of Sha Tin grapefruit are the main fruiting mother branches, and the branches that grow on the inside of the canopy are drooping or leafless, which can be used as fruiting mother branches. The principle of pruning is to re-prune the top, lightly shear the surroundings, re-prune the outer branches, lightly cut the inner branches, grow for more than 2 years in the crown of the inner branches to be retained as much as possible, the outer side, the top of the branches are too dense to remove, the branches that grow too strong are stubbyized to improve the light transmittance of the tree body, reduce the probability of falling flowers and fruits. The branches are pulled to increase the angle between the retained branches and distribute them evenly, so as to create a high-yield and stable-yielding tree-shaped structure.
5 Pest control
In the prevention and control of grapefruit diseases and insect pests in Shatin, we should attach importance to the prevention work in the early stage and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures. In winter, all the withered branches, diseases and pests in the orchard are pruned, and the weeds and fallen leaves in the garden are cleaned up and burned in a concentrated manner. Apply stone sulfur compound to the crown of teak tree in Shatin and stone sulfur to the base of the trunk. After the Tianniu harmed the Shatin grapefruit, it left a moth hole, which could be filled with a stone sulfur compound. Different pests and diseases occur at different times, so targeted prevention and control should be carried out. The key period of canker disease prevention and control is in the new shoot stage and the fruit expansion stage, and it is also controlled once after each storm; the key period of anthrax and other prevention and control is in the bud stage and the young fruit stage; the key period of rust spider control is in May; and the key period of brown rot control is in July and August of each year. The type of agent requires rotation to prevent resistance.
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6 Timely harvesting
The harvest of grapefruit in Shatian, Xingning City is suitable from late October to early November. At this time, the outer skin of the fruit is smooth, and the color transitions from the initial green to yellow-green. The specific harvest time is preferably after 8:00 on a sunny day, when the dew in the orchard has dried up. The orchard should not be watered about 7 days before harvest to facilitate harvesting, and if it rains, it can be harvested after 7 days.
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