Text | Lanzi Ji
Ed Lanzi Ji
In other words, the word "revolution" seems to have disappeared in today's changing world situation.
But a hundred years ago, on the land of Russia, the flames of intricate struggles between nations, families and people were burning there......
1917-1920 Makhno and anarchists
In 1907, the Ukrainian naturalist revolutionary, Nestor Makhno, was imprisoned for committing terrorist acts.
Four years later, however, he managed to escape from prison and create a peasant rebel army and control over an area.
The joy after his release from prison did not last long, and in 1914, World War I broke out, and Russia was involved. Realizing the horror of the war, Makhno began his legendary and twisted revolutionary journey.
In 1918, he led partisan detachments, raiding behind enemy lines and achieving many victories, including the defeat of the Austrian army at Tibiliv and the defeat of Ukrainian nationalists at Ekadilena.
Faced with the enemy's strength, he sought the support of the Bolshevik forces. After that, he assisted the Bolshevik personnel in the victory over the White Guards at Peregonovka. and defeated Wrangel's army on the battlefield of Crimea.
In 1920, the Communist secret police of the Soviet Union intensified its repressive operations against him and his followers.
Under pressure, he had to flee the Soviet Union and go into exile in France. Although he lived in France for a long time, he eventually died of illness in 1935. The revolutionary career of this great man has undoubtedly left an immortal chapter in the history of modern Ukraine.
Community of Ukrainians in the Asian part of the USSR as of 1937
According to historical records, the data shows that:
In 1960, more than 60 million Ukrainians lived around the world, nearly three-quarters of whom lived in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.
About 5 million people live in other federal countries, especially Kazakhstan, which has the highest percentage, and the Amur region, known as the "Green Ukraine".
Expeditions to the Kara Sea in 1920 and 1921
Under the leadership of the Bolshevik government, Soviet Russia carried out a series of expeditions and colonization in the 1920s.
Among them, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk in the Arctic region have become important nodes for the Soviet Union to promote modernization and economic development.
In fact, as early as the beginning of 1918, Lenin drew up a program of agrarian reform aimed at expanding into Siberia in the Far East.
In order to achieve this ambition, in 1919 the Soviets recaptured Murmansk and Arkhangelsk from foreign troops who had occupied the area.
Over the next two years, the Bolshevik government sent several scientific expeditions to the icy corners of the Kara Sea. These teams not only carried a large number of production tools, but also opened a number of small commercial sites to support the operation of Siberian farms.
In the summer of 1921, further Soviet surveys of the Arctic region began.
The Russian icebreaker "Lenin", led by a top Soviet captain, set sail and formed a huge research fleet with five other ships. The purpose of the trip was clearly not only to consider the natural ecosystems and ice cover in the harsh environment, but more importantly to improve the Soviet Union's infrastructure and trade network in the Arctic.
This expedition also laid a solid scientific research foundation for the Soviet Union to go deep into the Arctic in the future.
Under the painstaking management of the Soviet government, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk finally shone brightly. The in-depth development and exploration of the Arctic region also proved the great ambition of the Soviet political leadership and the steadfast pursuit of the long-term interests of the country.
The independent Far Eastern Republic in 1920-1922
Between 1918 and 1920, armed forces from all over the world competed with the Bolshevik forces of the Russian Revolution in the Far East, culminating in the creation of the "Far Eastern Republic" that existed only on paper.
Lured by the Far East's abundant mineral resources and the profits from the trade in large quantities of furs and fish, the forces of all sides joined the fray, and the focus of the confrontation was the vast territory from Lake Balar to Vladivostok, east of Leningrad.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the armies of Estonia and other countries, together with about 72,000 Japanese officers and soldiers, and 7,000 American, British, French, and Italian soldiers, participated in this great conflict.
They established a series of anti-Bolshevik regimes in the Russian Far East, most prominently a Russian militant force led by General Kolchak.
However, the conflict did not stop there.
In 1920, the Chita region was organized into the so-called "Far Eastern Republic", which was only formally an independent state, in fact under the strict control of the Bolsheviks.
Then, in 1922, with the gradual withdrawal of Western armies, the Far Eastern Republic extended its de facto control to Vladivostok.
After that, the country was officially incorporated into the territory of the USSR and became part of the territory of the USSR. To this day, the land still retains a densely populated city and rich mineral resources, as well as an important economic source for foreign trade.
The defeat of the world revolution of 1917-1927
The Bolsheviks had hoped that their brilliant results would inspire European communists to quickly come to power, but this vision did not materialize against the double difficult backdrop of the world war.
Despite the efforts of the Third International to advance propaganda and planning, the Communist organizations in Western Europe were unable to govern during World War I and World War II.
Despite the continued propaganda and orchestration of the Third International, founded in 1919, not a single Communist flag was inserted on the continent between 1914 and 1945.
The hope of revolution is like a bubble under the scorching sun, shattered in the storm of reality.
The Communist parties of Western Europe were unsuccessful in gaining control of government institutions, and only held a handful of municipal or local power.
According to the author, these limited achievements are actually caused by a variety of factors, including the resistance of domestic reactionary forces and the interference of external imperialist powers.
Although the Bolsheviks hoped to use Russia as an opportunity to lead the Communists in Western Europe to quickly seize power and demonstrate the superiority of the Soviet-style socialist system, history did not go their way.
In any case, the influence of the Third International on a global scale cannot be ignored, and as an important international communist organization, it has witnessed a magnificent history of communist struggle.
1917-1936 Labor camp in the European part of Russia
After the release of political prisoners in February 1917, many of the former Tsar's criminals and exiles were freed. However, this release, which once gave hope to many, was exchanged for even darker oppression.
The so-called "heroes" became traitors, and the enthusiasm for returning to the motherland did not translate into support for the Bolsheviks.
On the contrary, their criticism and accusations have alarmed the nascent regime. The Bolsheviks immediately mobilized their police forces and sent these opposition to the so-called "concentration camps".
Over time, the camp evolved into a hierarchical prison system, the Kara Mine, with the same level of cruelty as the tsarist penal colonies.
Built in the early 1930s, the site housed at least 75,000 suspects, most of them former political leaders and other government-compliant criminals.
Many people are fading into this oppressive and painful history, but we must not forget that this is a history that can be thought-provoking. We should learn from history, pay attention to issues such as social justice and equality, and avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.
1918-1958 labor camps east of the Ural Mountains
According to historical records, the Soviet labor camp system involved a wide range of people from all walks of life, including peasants, foreign citizens, fellow Soviets, and even some government officials suspected of political unrest.
Many people from various fields are involved, ranging from railway construction and timber harvesting operations to mining development and related light industry and agricultural production.
These prisoners are scattered throughout the country and are assigned to a variety of tasks.
The details of the management and operation of this system of labor camps are not yet known. However, its existence is also a reflection of the complexity and diversity of Soviet society.
It is reported that the government had provided assistance to foreign Communist Party members seeking refuge in Moscow.
At the same time, there are also some state officials who are considered "suspects" because of policy issues, such as artists, writers, university professors, and representatives of ethnic minorities with leading positions, such as Mongolians, Uzbeks, Georgians, etc.
Sea route in the north in 1920-1970
The northwestern sea route of Russia is an important passage connecting the Eurasian continent and the main bridge of economic cooperation between Europe and Russia. However, this vast land has undergone tremendous changes over the past 60 years.
As a sea communication artery connecting Eurasia, the sea route of the northern part of Russia is constantly being renewed.
Back in 1917, the route was not clearly delineated, and now, after efforts in the 1970s, it is a busy and promising maritime trade route.
The undersea route is subject to severe cold for more than 250 days a year, but with the help of advanced technology such as nuclear-powered icebreakers, the problem of winter passage has been solved.
In order to better conduct coastal surveys, fishery and hunting supervision, and reindeer breeding, the Russian government established the Northern Sea Route Commission in 1920. After the institutional reform of 1932, the commission was reorganized into the Northern Sea Route Authority.
In recent years, through its in-depth research into medical technologies, especially the salmon harvesting and storage, and the strengthening of land and sea transport controls, the great potential of the northern sea route has been further opened.
In addition, on the banks of the Northern Sea Route and the Siberian rivers, they built port facilities. It can be seen that huge breakthroughs have been made in oil and gas extraction, fish fishing, reindeer breeding and fur processing.
According to the author, the current situation of Russia's northern sea routes is that its rich resources need to be exploited and utilized, its surrounding industries are gradually rising, its safe and stable environment provides a guarantee for rapid economic development, and at the same time, with the help of science and technology, its future development is full of infinite possibilities.
In the context of global integration, Russia's northern sea route will continue to effectively promote exchanges between Europe and Russia, promote regional economic growth, and make greater contributions to world peace and prosperity.
epilogue
As a special art form, maps depict the amazing history of Russia with their concise and precise spatial expressions.
Through this detailed and delicate map, the viewer can appreciate the intricate relationships between cultures and the harmony and unity of beliefs. In addition, they will witness the strong vitality of the country, as well as its rich historical and cultural heritage.
A good map is not just an outward form, but a complete textbook of Russian history.
Each river and mountain range in the map has a unique history to tell.
As you delve deeper into this information, you will gain a deeper understanding of the richness of Russia, and you will see the course of Russia's ever-changing history and all its precious traditions.
This shift in perspective gives us a glimpse of a richer side of Russia's history.
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