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During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the regime established by the northern minorities was stronger than the southern dynasties, but the culture was not as refined and elegant as the southern dynasties.
The Northern Qi Dynasty did not exist for a long time, and its regime lasted only 27 years, and it went through five emperors, including Emperor Gao Yang of Wenxuan, Emperor Gao Yin of the Abolished Dynasty, Emperor Gao Yan of Xiaozhao, Emperor Gao Zhan of Wucheng, and Gao Wei of the Later Lord.
Edicts, as orders issued by rulers, often pay attention to the use of dictionaries, battles, and words when drafting and writing edicts, in order to accurately reflect the holy will and highlight the royal prestige.
So, what are the obvious characteristics of the edict of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and what influence did it have on the literature of the times at that time?
Classification of the contents of the edict of the Northern Qi Dynasty
Announcement-type edicts refer to the government's public announcement of important matters to the public, so this kind of edict is more elegant and solemn, and is mostly written by Wenlin officials.
The edicts of the Northern Qi Dynasty proclamations covered agriculture, taxation, education, law, land planning, religion, etc.
For example, the "Edict on the Field Rent of the Four Counties of Taiyuan" is to reduce or exempt the land rent of the four counties of Taiyuan, Changle, Qi County, and Bohai, while the "Order of Taxation of Monks and Nuns" is to increase the tax of the temple.
Another example is the "<麟趾格>Revised Edict", which systematically changes the legal provisions of the state.
The "Edict of the Shifting Han Stone Scripture" and the "Edict of Lixue" are edicts on education.
The "Edict on Giving Compensation to Soldiers" is an edict to compensate the soldiers of the state.
The Imperial Decree on the Annexation of Provinces and Counties is an edict that redefines the scope of each prefecture and county and establishes the authority of local governments.
Finally, the edict on religious affairs, the Northern Qi Dynasty has had a major controversy over religious affairs for many years, which is the respect of Buddhism, or both, this controversy is the great revival of Buddhism in the end.
The most obvious manifestation is the "Hearing the Taoist Priest for Shamen Edict", which requires Taoist priests to convert to Buddhism, drawing an end to the dispute between Buddhism and Taoism.
The edict that is usually issued at the ceremony is the text of the speech of the important leader of the state, although it is only for the guests attending the ceremony.
However, all the guests present were high-ranking state officials or some other important figures, so compared with the announcement, it was more elegant and grand, and the wording was more elaborate.
It represents the power and will of the ruler and plays an important role in the value orientation of the people.
Therefore, the ceremonial edicts of the Northern Qi Dynasty pay attention to the ornate rhetoric, neat battle, easy to use allusions, and the main tone is positive and inspiring, in order to reflect the supreme majesty of the royal family.
Among the 15 ceremonial speeches, they involved four aspects, such as enthronement, edicts, teachers, and religious ceremonies, and some ceremonial edicts had long been dispersed due to various historical reasons, leaving only a few words.
For example, Gao Yin's "Enthronement Edict": "The soldiers of Kyushu have been appointed to the post of board in their seventies, and the military attachés who have been in their 60s and those who are ill and cannot be driven by leprosy, and they are all exempted, and the miscellaneous work of civil engineering and construction of gold, copper and iron has been stopped." ”
From this enthronement edict, we can get a glimpse of Gao Yin's accession to the throne, he granted amnesty to the world, divided meritorious heroes, and exempted them from labor, so as to play a role in winning people's hearts and consolidating his position.
The "Edict" issued in October of the 10th year of Tianbao (559) was the arrangement of Gao Yan for the successor to the throne after his death.
"For Emperor Xiaojing's Yuan Shenhe and Other Edicts" is the emperor's speech at the oath ceremony of attacking the rebel Yuan Shenhe, in order to encourage the soldiers and fight bravely to kill the enemy, this edict confirmed that it was written by Wei.
Wei Shui also wrote an edict for Emperor Wucheng of the Northern Qi Dynasty, "For Emperor Wucheng to use Santai Palace as the Great Xingsheng Temple", in which the emperor stated that he would give the three palaces to Buddhist monks for use as temples.
Judging from the signature, Wei Shui has 4 articles, Fan Xun 1, and Xing Shao 1, which shows that the Northern Qi Emperor relied on Wei Shu's writing very much.
An edict is an order or instruction given by the emperor to his courtiers or departments, and it has a small audience.
There are a total of 15 edicts in the Northern Qi Dynasty, involving the handling of government affairs, the handling of relics of the previous dynasty, and the ideological work of ministers.
Compared with the edicts of the Northern Qi Dynasty and the edicts of ceremonies, the edicts of the Northern Qi Dynasty are more concise and clear, the language is simple, and even the emperor does not hide his likes and dislikes in the edicts, which makes the edicts have a little more "human touch".
The content of the Northern Qi edict can be said to be extremely meticulously classified, and the content is relatively simple and clear, but for the delicacy of the Southern Dynasty edict, what are the literary characteristics of the Northern Qi edict?
Literary characteristics of the edict of the Northern Qi Dynasty
After investigation, the formal characteristics of the edict of the Northern Qi Dynasty drafted by the Wenlin Pavilion were mainly composed of four or six sentences, neat battles, a preference for dictionaries, and precise metaphors.
As for the emperor's dictation, the language is simple, and it is obvious that although the emperors of the Northern Qi Dynasty are relatively sparse in culture, it does not prevent them from yearning for and pursuing the classical and elegant culture of the Han people.
The four-six-sentence style is mainly the edict of the Northern Qi Dynasty, most of which are neat sentences, mostly four-character sentences, and there are six-character sentences mixed with them.
Ancient Chinese writing language is mostly monosyllabic isolated language, the structure and rhythm of four-character sentences and six-character sentences, giving people a solemn and solemn feeling, so since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, until the Qing Dynasty, the edict is mainly in the form of four or six sentences.
In the "Edict on the Annexation of Provinces and Counties", the history of China's geographical division was changed from ancient times to the Xiaochang period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the decision was made to redefine the scope of each prefecture and county. The first sentence "Kunshan is a town, called Shenzhou, and Yinghai is a pond, which is called Chixian"
"Kunshan as a town" to "Yinghai as a pool", "Shenzhou" to "is called Chixian", the same is for the next sentence battle, Kunshan is the abbreviation of Kunlun Mountain,
The place where the immortals often live, Yinghai, that is, the sea, Han Wangchong's "On Heng and Talking about the Sky": "Beyond Kyushu, there is more Yinghai".
"Chixian" to "Shenzhou" is both a battle and an intertextuality, quoting the name of the Warring States Period for China, and the whole sentence has both a battle and an allusion, showing the elegance and solemnity of the edict.
In addition, "the bronze horse, the iron shin, the black mountain, the young calf couple", there are both the battle in the sentence, such as "copper horse" to "iron shin" and "black mountain" to "green calf", not only noun to noun, but also metal to metal, color to color, the battle is brilliant, giving people a bright eye.
There are also battles between sentences, such as "the bronze horse and the iron shin" and "the black mountain and the young calf couple", and the two six-character sentences are right.
These two sentences, there is a right in the sentence, and there is a right in the two sentences, which is extremely neat and exquisite, and it takes a lot of work to write, which shows the literary form and fashion of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and pursues the neatness of the battle.
For the content of the Northern Qi Edict, it can be said that he is extremely particular, and expresses his own views by quoting allusions, so how does the Northern Qi Edict make a metaphor?
Proper use of allusions, parables are precise
The use of allusions refers to the direct or indirect quotation of historical stories, myths and legends, poems and famous sentences of predecessors and other allusions in writing to illustrate one's own point of view.
The most popular quotation of allusions in the proclamation and ceremonial edicts of the Northern Qi Dynasty is to quote.
For example, there are many allusions to Buddhism and Taoism in "Asking Sha Tai Shi Lao Zhao", such as "Nine Liquids", "Six Years Old", "Taiyi Interpretation", "Rulai Reasoning", "Ancestral Dragon Bedding", "Liu Zhuang Feeling Dreams" and other ten allusions.
If the use of the edict makes the edict more cultural depth and ideological connotation, then the analogy that appeared at the right time embellishes the rigorous and jerky edict with some literary beauty.
For example, in "Posthumously Presenting Chen Yuankang's Edict", "Shen Fuzhi is in Longzhou, and the ovary is prosperous", comparing Chen Yuankang to Shen Fu and the ovary two great figures, and the combination of allusions and metaphors highlights the image of Chen Yuankang's national hero.
Similarly, there is also the "Edict of Seeking Straightforward Speech", "Speak like Zhu Yun, and speak like Zhou She", which means "Confession, loyalty, and integrity";
Compare the outspoken and righteous people to Zhu Yun, the courtier of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, and Zhou She, the retainer of the Zhao Ying family in the Spring and Autumn Period, they are both loyal and upright courtiers who dare to speak upright.
"Edict for Emperor Xiaojing" begins with the background of the abdication, and then uses "the world is so big, it will not be Wei You", as a summary of the background of the abdication and the beginning of the praise of the rulers of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the transition is natural and smooth.
Immediately followed by the narration of Gao Huan and Gao Cheng's exploits since he controlled the Wei Dynasty regime, "the sun and the moon are resuspended, the temples are removed, and the country is rebuilt", comparing Gao Huan's control of the government to the opening of the world.
"Thinking with the underworld, wisdom and God, Enbi spring, Wei with summer, frank heart to all things, by the road in all directions. ”
Since Gao Cheng's ascension to the throne, he has been likened to grace like spring, majesty like summer, and all things have been infected in all directions.
The two metaphors are quite skillful, Gao Huan is in front, Gao Cheng is behind, Gao Huan is the founder of the country, Gao Cheng guards the country, one is like the sun and the moon, the other is like spring and summer, the metaphor is clear in priority and secondary, the depth is different, and it is quite exquisite.
Dictionaries and metaphors are often used in ceremonies, proclamations, and edicts in the edicts of the Northern Qi Dynasty.
For the subtlety of the content, its role is also to have a certain impact on the literature of the Northern Qi Dynasty, how will this influence affect the direction of the literature of the Northern Qi Dynasty?
The influence of the Northern Qi Edict on Northern Qi literature
In ancient China, the emperor had supreme power, equal to the heavens, so his good taste for literature often penetrated into the society of the time through the deterrence of power and influenced the creation of literati.
When he was a junior official in Linzhang, Fan Xun wrote ten poems of "Ode to Qingde" and presented them to Pei Jian, the county commander, and promoted him to be the main bookkeeper, because he was rich and talented.
In the fifth year of Tianbao, the emperor issued an edict asking questions about five aspects, such as the enthronement and the date of the throne, the judge of seeking talents, the interpretation of Taoism and Taoism, the leniency of punishment, and the retribution of fortune and misfortune.
The article is a beautiful dual sentence:
"Chenwen: The Rite of Patrolling, Le in the Book of Yu, the Righteousness of the Provincial Party, Written in the "Easy Image". ”
The "Zhi" in the text is Zhilan, which is a high-grade herb, and the wormwood used for medical purposes is relatively poor.
Fan Xun was not qualified to draft the edict at this time, but in his creation, he had already imitated the formal characteristics of the Northern Qi edict, such as the four or six syntax, neat battles, easy use of allusions, and good use of metaphors.
Gao Longzhi himself has no culture, he is a military minister who started with Emperor Shenwu Gao Huan, according to the "Book of Northern Qi": "Although Longzhi is not involved in learning, he is still elegant and elegant, and he is a gentleman and celebrity, and he must be courteous." ”
Although Gao Longzhi does not like to read, he advocates elegance and courtesy, and "Full Text" includes two articles by Gao Longzhi, namely "Shangyan Song Youdao Crime" and "Playing Zhang Yi".
In the text, "the mouth is called Yiqi, and the heart is a thief" uses allusions, Yiqi is a famous hermit in ancient times, see "Historical Records: Boyi Shuqi Biography", stealing the famous avenue in ancient times.
According to the Book of Sui, Liu Song and Lu Sidao compared each other with a higher level of knowledge, who was more knowledgeable, who was more knowledgeable, and whose articles used more rare classics and rare characters.
There are so many that others can't understand them, and you can know that there was a fashion in the articles at that time to use rare classics and rare characters.
After Lu Sidao, he worshipped Xing Shao as his teacher, and borrowed all kinds of strange books from Wei Shu, Xing Shao and Wei Shu were both Wenchen who specialized in helping the emperor draft edicts.
Lu Sidao got the guidance of the two of them, and the text also appeared with the characteristics of easy allusions and the use of four or six sentences.
During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the north was a minority regime, and the national armed forces were stronger than those of the Southern Dynasties, but culturally they were not as refined and elegant as the Southern Dynasties.
The ruling class of the Northern Qi court, from the emperor down and even the ministers of the hundred officials, admired and longed for the literary style of the Southern Dynasty, which led to the Northern Qi edict drafted by the Wenlin Pavilion officials, which was mainly in the form of four or six sentences, neat battles, a penchant for allusions, and a good metaphor.
It can be seen that although the emperors of the Northern Qi Dynasty were culturally vulgar, it did not prevent them from yearning for and pursuing the beautiful culture of the Han people.