Brief analysis of the characteristics and release kinetics of metronidazole carriers prepared from papaya leaf extract under silver nanoparticles
Foreword: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an environmentally friendly method using Carica papaya extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. 200 mg of metronidazole is loaded into silver nanoparticles as a model drug. Metronidazole nanoparticles have a high yield. The package efficiency is 85.60%, while the load capacity is 8.90%.
Differential scanning calorimetry showed no interaction between the reducing agent and the model drug. The properties of metronidazole vices were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Zeta Sizer, and scanning electron microscopy. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that the surface plasmon resonance wavelength of the silver nanoparticles was 435 nm. The average particle size is 250 nm and the coefficient of polydispersity is 0.22.
Metronidazole nanoparticles exhibit prolonged, controlled release properties. The release kinetics of metronidazole nanoparticles are of the zero order, whereas metronidazole common release tablets follow Higuchi kinetics. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular levels, where properties are significantly different from those of materials at larger scales.
It is a science in which matter with small dimensions exhibits new physical phenomena, collectively known as quantum effects, which depend on size and are markedly different from the properties of large-scale materials. Nanotechnology is the process of applying nanoscience to meet industrial and commercial needs. Nanotechnology can also be described as designing, characterizing, manufacturing, and applying devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.
Nanomedicine is simply the field of applying nanotechnology to medicine or health care, it is a well-defined application of nanotechnology in the field of healthcare, involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Nanomedicine is a relatively new field of science and technology. By interacting with biomolecules at the nanoscale, nanotechnology opens up a wide range of research and applications.
In recent years, silver nanoparticles have been considered particularly attractive for the production of a new class of antimicrobials, opening up entirely new avenues against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. The use of plants to prepare nanoparticles has become more important in the last decade because the technology is simple, environmentally friendly, and involves the use of plant extracts of biomolecules with medicinal properties.
Various chemical and physical methods have been developed to prepare silver nanoparticles, with chemical reduction being the most widely used. These methods are often associated with the use of hazardous chemicals. This may also involve special requirements for the technology used, such as high-energy radiation and microwave radiation. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the fruit and extract of watermelon.
Nanoparticles have also been synthesized using Murraya koenigii, apple extract, etc., and despite all these studies, information on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using papaya as a reducing agent is still limited. The materials used include silver nitrate, metronidazole powder, and papaya extract. Other chemicals and reagents used are laboratory and analytical purity.
Plant species are identified and certified by the Department of Medicinal Botany and Natural Medicine, University of Uyo, Nigeria, where the leaves of the plants are thoroughly washed with tap water to avoid the dust and other unwanted impurities that accumulate from their natural environment from attaching to the leaves. The dusted leaves are ground and dried for 24 h in the shade of the pharmacy laboratory.
Crush the dried leaves with an electric mixer, place 50 g of powdered plant material in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 250 ml of distilled water. Cover the flask with aluminum foil and place in a shaker with continuous stirring at 150 rpm for 24 h to ensure thorough mixing.
Filter the extract using gauze and then filter using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The resulting solution is used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. 10 mL of 1% silver nitrate was prepared by dissolving 0.1 g of silver nitrate in 10 mL of water and then adding 0.2 g of metronidazole to silver nitrate using an aqueous extract of carica papaya leaves.
Then, under the stirring of the magnetic stirrer assembly, 5 mL of papaya leaf extract was added dropwise for 5 minutes to obtain [Ag/Drug)] + dispersion. Then add 25 mL of freshly prepared papaya leaf aqueous extract to the resulting mixture and keep at 40 °C for 24 h.
The resulting suspension of Ag/drug is lyophilized for UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the determination of plasmon resonance on the surface of silver nanoparticles, using a quartz cuvette with a 10 mm pathlength, dispersing the sample in distilled water, and then UV-Vis spectroscopy using a dual-beam spectrophotometer.
Conclusion: Dissolve 50 mg of nanoparticles in 50 mL of phosphate buffer by dividing the actual yield by the initial weight of the sample and multiplying the result by 100 percent to calculate the yield percentage. Ultracentrifuge the suspension at 1,500 rpm for 30 min at 40 °C. The supernatant was analyzed for metronidazole at 248 nm.
The average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and potential of the nanoparticles were determined using Zetasizer Ver.7.01 using dynamic light scattering techniques. Lyophilized nanoparticle samples are dispersed in distilled water at 25 °C to obtain the appropriate scattering intensity for measurement. Three replicates of the assay were performed.
Thermal spectrometry of drug-polymers was used to determine the glass transition temperature, a sample of approximately 1 mg was placed in an aluminum dish and scanned at a rate of 50 °C/min in the temperature range of 25 °C to 250 °C, each sample was scanned by three consecutive DSC scans, and the nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy, Hitachi X650.
