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In the 18th century, the pattern of European international relations underwent a profound change, which triggered a series of conflicts and games on the European continent. Beginning with the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, Europe was locked in a competition for territory, wealth, and influence. Great powers, such as Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, competed with each other to form intricate diplomatic alliances and confrontations. The balance of power became the core issue of international politics at that time, and countries signed treaties and established alliances to maintain relative peace and avoid the outbreak of war. During this period, relations between European countries were influenced by multiple factors, including economic interests, military power, and political factors. The rise of colonialism and the expansion of overseas trade brought European countries closer together, but also led to economic competition and competing interests. On the military front, countries maintain their interests and security through the arms race and territorial contention. At the political level, the concentration of royal power under the monarchical system and the political decisions of the aristocracy and ruling elites directly affected the direction of international relations.
The early transformation dates back to the War of the Spanish Succession, which broke out in 1701 over the question of the heir after the death of King Charles II of Spain. During the war, major European countries joined and formed different alliances. Finally, the Treaty of Trisia of 1713 established the policy of balance and the balance of power in European international relations. The consequences of this war were far-reaching, not only limiting the merger of France and Spain, but also affecting the colonies in Europe, redefining the ownership of the colonies. The subsequent treaties of Utrecht and Rastresine further consolidated the European international order, defined spheres of power between states, and provided experience and examples for later diplomatic cooperation.
In the middle of the century, the Russian-Prussian wars of the 18th century had a major impact on the European landscape. The rise of Peter the Great's Russian Empire made Russia one of the major European powers. During the war, Russia successfully controlled places such as Ukraine and Podolia, weakening the rule of the Habsburgs in the eastern territories. This led to a focus on Eastern European affairs, and Western European powers began to re-examine the importance of Eastern Europe, which could lead to later conflicts and foreign policy adjustments.
The pattern of international relations in Europe in the late period was greatly influenced by the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the wars. Through his military conquests, Napoleon extended French power throughout Europe. His rise upset the traditional balance of power and threatened the interests and status of other European countries. Napoleon's actions triggered a series of anti-French alliances, including Prussia, Austria, and Russia, and a long war that brought deep disasters to all of Europe.
At the Vienna Conference, European delegates discussed the future of Europe and tried to restore the previous balance of power. The conference laid the foundation for the subsequent system of international relations, promoting the establishment of institutions and agreements to stabilize Europe. However, this change has also brought a series of challenges and problems, with major countries competing to expand to protect their own interests, leading to more territorial disputes and wars.
Ultimately, the transformation of the pattern of international relations in Europe in the 18th century had a broad and far-reaching impact on Europe as a whole. Rivalries, territorial changes, political alliances and military conflicts between countries shaped the situation and laid the foundation for later European history. The changes of this period led to the industrialization of Europe and the rise of the capitalist system, which influenced the evolution of modern international relations.
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