In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the sons rose up together and a hundred schools of thought contended.
Scholars of different schools have criticized each other and debated each other, forming an academic situation in which they are in contention and unprecedented pomp. For example —
Hundreds of schools of thought
Mencius attacked the two schools of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai: "The Yang clan is for me, and there is no junye; the Mo clan and love are fatherless." Fatherless and unduly, it is also a beast. ”
Xun Zi criticized the doctrine of the Sons: "Mozi hides in use but does not know the text, Song Zi hides in desire and does not know what he wants, Shenzi hides in the law but does not know the sage, Shenzi hides in the situation and does not know, Huizi hides in words but does not know the truth, and Zhuangzi hides in the sky and does not know people." ”
Han Feizi wrote the "Five Worms", denouncing the five kinds of grasshoppers (worms, moths) that endangered the country, the first of which was Confucianism, followed by the Zonghengjia.
Wait a minute.
The famous representative figure Gongsun Long was criticized by Zou Yan, the representative figure of the Yin and Yang family, and then dismissed by the Pingyuan Jun of the Zhao Kingdom, which can also be regarded as a footnote to the controversy of the sons of the pre-Qin Dynasty.
According to the "Chronicle of the Plains Junlie", "The Plains Jun treated Gongsun Long kindly. Gongsun Longshan defended Jianbai, and Zou Yan passed Zhao, and said to the Tao, it was Gongsun Long. ”
Famous representative figure: Gongsun Long
We know that Gongsun Long is the representative of the famous "Leaving Jianbai" faction. He has two very famous arguments, namely "away from the white" and "white horse not horse".
To put it simply, "leaving the solid white" means that a hard white stone cannot be seen with the eyes whether it is hard or not, only that it is white; while when touched by hand, it cannot feel its white, only its hardness.
When you see white, you can't feel firm; when you can't see white, you feel firm. Look and don't see, the result is separated. From this, it is inferred that the "firmness and whiteness" of the stone cannot coexist, so they are separated from each other.
For the proposition of "white horse is not a horse", Gongsun Long also has some arguments, such as: "horse" is life-shaped, "white" is life-colored, and life-color is different from life-shaped, so it is said that white horse is not a horse.
Youyun: If you want a "horse", then the yellow horse and the dark horse can be used; if you want the "white horse", then the yellow horse and the black horse will not work. If the white horse is a horse, then the "horse" and the "white horse" are exactly the same, but if there is no difference between the "horse" and the "white horse", then why can the yellow horse and the black horse correspond to the "horse" and not the "white horse"? This shows that there is a "horse" and there is a "white horse" is completely different. Therefore, the same yellow horse or black horse can correspond to a "horse", but not to a "white horse", "white horse is not a horse", it is a very clear thing.
White horses are not horses
It is said that Gongsun Long, with his sophistry of "white horses not horses", left many scholars at that time speechless.
He may have been a protégé of Pingyuan Jun (赵胜), a powerful minister of the Zhao state, for a long time. According to the above-mentioned "Records of History": "The Plain King treated Gongsun Long kindly. ”
However, when Zou Yan, the representative figure of the Yin and Yang family and the founder of the "Five Virtues Finally Begin" and the "Great Nine States Theory", visited the Zhao kingdom, he discussed the Tao to Pingyuan Jun and criticized Gongsun Long's famous argument, after which Pingyuan Jun dismissed Gongsun Long.
What kind of grand theory did Zou Yan talk about, causing the famous giant Gongsun Long to lose his job? The Chronicle of History does not dwell on this in detail.
Fortunately, the Commentary on the Collected Histories quotes a passage from Liu Xiang's Beilu, preserving Zou Yan's grand theory of refuting Gongsun Long. (The Tang Dynasty has been lost.) ）
This passage is very precious, and the original text is as follows:
Liu Xiang said to the "Beilu": Qi envoy Zou Yan passed Zhao, and Pingyuan Jun saw Gongsun Long and his disciple Qi Wuzi's genus, and argued about "white horses not horses" to ask Zou Zi. Zou Ziyi: "No." In the debate of the world, there are 'five victories and three to', and the word is the next (one work "and the word is placed"). Debaters, do not harm each other, order heresy makes not chaotic, lyrical generality, clear so-called, so that people and know, do not be confused with each other. Therefore the winner does not lose what he keeps, and the winner gets what he wants. If so, so argue for it. And to the annoyance of the text to be false, the ornamentation to be a "paradox"), the clever example to move between the two, to attract people to make it impossible to understand. In this way, the road of harm. Husbands who pay quarrels and compete for interest cannot be harmless to gentlemen. "Sit and be good.
Representative of the Yin and Yang Family: Zou Yan
The gist of this passage is that when zou Yan, an emissary of the State of Qi, visited the State of Zhao, The Plain Junzheng of the State of Zhao was engaged in a debate with Gongsun Long and his disciple Qi Wuzi and others on the "white horse not a horse".
PingYuanjun asked Zou Yan what he thought of the debate, and Zou Yan said, "This kind of debate is not possible. ”
He pointed out: "The world's famous debate has the principle of 'five victories and three to', and strong words and reasoning, only want to use words to win people, is the inferior in debate." ”
What is "five wins and three to three"? This is a difficult point in this passage.
According to the views of relevant scholars, the so-called "five victories" should be the five principles for analyzing the efficacy of "debate", and it is difficult for us to know the specific content of them now.
The "three to" is the "other special category", "order heresy", "lyrical general reference" mentioned in the text, and the so-called "three principles". Specifically —
Zou Yan refuted Gongsun Long
"Other special categories" refers to giving an appropriate name according to a specific thing, that is, "name" conforms to its "reality". In this way, it is possible to distinguish between various things so that they are not confused with each other.
"Order heresy" means that a definite relationship is formed between two concepts, and judgments are produced so that they can be distinguished from other judgments and not confused.
"Lyrical general refers to the so-called" refers to the derivation of a new judgment based on a known judgment. In this way, people will know the truth and will not be confused.
Zou Yan believes that in such a debate, the winner has not lost the principle he adheres to, and the loser can also understand the reason why he failed. Such a debate is worth having.
He refuted the Gongsun Long-style debate, saying: "If it comes to relying on each other with cumbersome ornamentation, modifying words to reverse each other, and using rhetorical metaphors to divert each other, making it difficult for people to understand the real meaning, it is harmful to the dao." Entangled disputes can only be calmed down for a long time, which is not harmless to a gentleman. ”
Everyone present said that Zou Yan spoke well.
"The debate under the heavens, there are 'five wins and three to'"
What do you think of Zou Yan's criticism of the Gongsun Dragon-style debate?
Welcome to leave a message to express your opinion!
(The translation of a passage quoted in the text by Liu Xiang to the Beilu mainly refers to Mr. Jin Dejian's "Interpretation of Zou Yan's "Five Victories and Three To" and Mr. Sun Kaitai's "The Relationship between Zou Yan and Taoism".) ）
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