Yu Xia Shang Zhou, some historians believe that there were four dynasties in the pre-Qin dynasty of China. Let's understand the Yu Dynasty from a historical and archaeological point of view
First, there is Yu's
There is the Yu clan, the name of a tribe in ancient China. Legend has it that its leader Shun Ai Yao Chan ( 舜都蒲阪 ) ( present-day southeast of Yongji County , Yuncheng , Shanxi Province ) ) is said to have been its leader. Yes, the prefix. "Zhou Li Kao Gong Chronicle": "There are Yu Clan Shangtao, Xia Hou Clan Shangshang, Yin Ren Shangzi." "Chinese Lu Shang": "The Xia Hou clan has the Yu clan, the Yellow Emperor and the Zu Fu, and the suburb yao and zong shun." Ming Wangjun's "Zhenze Long Sayings" scrolled down: "Shun is the Yu clan.
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The ancestor of the Yu tribe is Yu Mu (i.e., poor cicada). This person is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, who likes to sing since childhood, is good at making musical instruments, and often leads hundreds of birds and songs, and phoenix xiangji. With this merit, the Yellow Emperor sealed this person in the "Yu" land. This person took the fief as his surname, known as the Yu clan, and Shun was a descendant of Yu Mu, who was a sage known for filial piety at that time. Later, he became the leader of the Youyu tribe, accepted the Zen concession of Emperor Yao, and became the leader of the Central Plains Huaxia Tribal Alliance. Known in history as Emperor Yu Shun, he was one of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors of ancient China. Major achievements: one of the Five Emperors; Eight Yuan and Eight Kai; Release of Four Murderers; Commanding Officials; Flood Control; Patrolling the World.
After Shun Chan ceded to Yu, Yu staged a good play of "generation-skipping inheritance", allowing his son Qi to indirectly ascend to the throne and create the Xia Dynasty of "Family World". In order to maintain their rule, it is conceivable that Yu and Qi will persecute the Yu people who are still very strong. Yu renamed Shun's son Shang jun to Yucheng, Henan, effectively forcing the Yu clan to migrate. Most of the Yu clan migrated in large numbers to the south and east.
2. Yu Dynasty
The Yu Dynasty is a dynasty that actually existed for a long time in ancient history. "Han Feizi Xianxue" contains: "Yu Xia is more than 2,000 years old". According to this statement, there is more than one generation and fifty years of Yu clan. In addition, according to historical records such as "Chinese" and "Zuo Zhuan", it is possible to list the lineage of the Yu clan: Mu, Poor Cicada, Jing Kang, Ju Mang, Worm Qiao Niu, Qiu Zhen, Shun, Shang Jun, Yu Si, Ji Bo, Zhi Shan, Yu Sui, Bo Xi, Yu Fu Father, Hu Gongman and other 15 names. Since the lineage of the Yu clan can be determined, it is impossible not to recognize that the Yu clan is a dynasty.
"虞" is one of the independent dynastic theories. An academic "thesis" said that there was a Yu Dynasty before the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties. "Yu Dynasty" is the "Yu Shun" mentioned in the history books, referring to the Shun Emperor Yao Chonghua. Yao Chonghua is a clan of the Youyu clan, a clan commune. Why is the name "Chonghua"? Legend has it that Shun's eyes are double pupils, so they are "heavy". The word "Hua" may mean the Chinese of the Huaxia ethnic group. According to the Yuncheng scholar Wang Xueqiao's "Yuncheng Bao", the word "Huaxia" traces its roots back to "Xia" in Xia County and "Hua" in Hejin Hua Valley. These two places are the birthplaces of the Chinese nation in China. The "thesis" believes that in the ancient history of our country, the world is commonly known as xia, shang, and three generations. Some ancient texts are called Yu, Xia, Shang, and The Fourth Dynasty. Before the Xia Dynasty, the only political deeds that were explicitly praised were Yao, Shun, and Yu Xiang Zen, and said that Shun reigned for 50 years. The Xia Shang Zhou dynasty has been passed down for a hundred years, saying that the names of the emperors are more than 10 people. As a dynasty, the Yu clan seems to be very reluctant. However, the "Han Feizi Xianxue" says that "Yu Xia is more than 2,000 years old", according to this statement, there is not only one generation and fifty years of Yu Shi. Today's history books say that "the Xia Dynasty ruled for more than four hundred years", and the latest research results of historians' history of the Dynasty determine that the Xia is 471 years, according to which the Yu Dynasty is more than 1520 years. Wang Shumin, the author of the "thesis", examined the works of "Chinese", "Zuo Zhuan", "Historical Records", "Five Emperors", "Imperial Family Names" and other works, which can be listed as 15 names of the lineage of the Yu clan, that is to say, there are 15 emperors in the Yu Dynasty. Since there is a surname of the Yu clan that can be determined, it is not difficult to draw correct conclusions about its historical status.
"Yu" is the second theory of independent dynasties. Yongji Local Chronicle, in the 12th year of the Qing Dynasty (1886 AD), the governor of Puzhou, Ying du Songnian, the first sentence of the "Continuation of the Chronicle of Yongji County" is: "Since Emperor Yu, Pusaka has been through the heavens and the earth, and the successive generations have seen and appeared in the annals of history, and the river is covered by humanities." Since it is called Emperor Yu, it can be seen that it is a dynasty. The longest generation of Chinese feudal dynasties was the Qing Kangxi Dynasty for 61 years, which estimates that the Yu Dynasty of slave society had at least twenty-four generations. If shun reigned for fifty years, there were at least thirty generations in the Yu Dynasty.
"Yu" is the third of the independent dynasties. The core theory of the ancient history school is the concept of "ancient history caused by layers", and the first layer of accumulation means, "The more the times are, the longer the ancient history period of the legend", "such as accumulating salaries, and then catching up". Initially, Mr. Gu Jiegang believed that Confucius already had Yao and Shun. Later, his disciples revised this statement, saying that several chapters of the Analects mentioning Yao Shun are not credible, that the literature before the Spring and Autumn Period traces ancient history only to Xia Yu, that the dynasties before the Zhou Dynasty were only Xia and Yin, and that the Yu Dynasty was added by the Mo family to propagate the Zen doctrine, and that in fact Yao and Shun were just divisions of "God" and not real historical figures. Based on this, they concluded that before the Spring and Autumn Period, people only had the concept of "three generations" of Xia Shang Zhou in their minds, and there was absolutely no concept of four generations of "Yu Xia Shang Zhou" or three generations of "Yu Xia Shang", and all the records in ancient books that named Yu as a dynasty were theories of late emergence after the Warring States. Although the concept of "ancient history caused by layers" has reasonable elements, the differentiation of Yao Shun as God obviously confuses the boundaries between historical legends and gods. It is even more arbitrary to say that the Yu Dynasty was created by the Warring States people. There are many texts in the Zuo Zhuan and Chinese that Yu Xia Shang's four generations are even more numerous, and most of them are paraphrasing the dialogues of people in the Spring and Autumn Period, and we cannot conclude that the dialogues of the people in the Spring and Autumn Period recorded in these two books are all false theories of the people of the Warring States period because these two books were written in the Warring States Period. Moreover, the "three generations" is a concept that changes with the migration of the times, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, the human base has the fact that the Western Zhou has died and the Eastern Zhou still exists, and when the conversation needs to distinguish the different angles of the Zhou Dynasty or the Zhou Continuation, the two different "Three Generations" concepts of "Xia Shang Zhou" and "Yu Xia Shang" were used respectively. The most obvious example is shi Mo's words as evidenced in the "Thirty-two Years of the Zhao Gong" of the Zuo Chuan: "The society is impermanent, the monarch is impermanent, and since ancient times... The surname of the three queens is now known to the Lord." 'After", Junye, Tianzi also "Shu", Tianzi's different surname also. Those who are "now shu" mean that these three queens were all noble and their surname was concubine before the Zhou Dynasty, but today they have long been reduced to the surname of Shu with the loss of the status of tianzi. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the surname Ji was still a surname, and the three queens who were "now Shu" were not the three generations of Yu Xia Shang? After the third "The second generation of the Middle Xia Shang Dynasty was an independent dynasty, so why did the Yu Dynasty have to be an exception?" Not only that, because the Yu Wei dynasty was no different from the Xia Shang, after the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it also gave preferential treatment to its descendants, "Yong used the Yuan daughter Daji to match Hu Gong, and sealed Zhu Chen in preparation for the Three Kes" (Zuo Chuan "Xiang Gong Twenty-five Years"). Chen, Song, and Qi, collectively known as the "Three Kes", were treated with courtesy by the Zhou people, which is the confirmation of the historical status of the three kings of Yu, Xia, and Shang, and it can be seen that the concept of three generations of Yu Xia Shang was formed as early as the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. If not, why didn't the Zhou people exclude Chen from the later Confucians' so-called "honorable sages but the second generation" of the Zhou Dynasty, but only Prepare Qi and Song Erke? Why not add the Yellow Emperor who was enfeoffed with Zhu and the Yaohou who was enfeoffed with Ji and collectively called "Five Ke"?
It may be that the Xia Dynasty itself is old and the written record is not developed; it may also be that the Xia Dynasty itself knows that it has replaced the Yu Dynasty, and no matter how it is argued, it is actually difficult to convince the public, and deliberately and completely bury the history of the Yu Dynasty in various ways, so that later generations can hardly know about the existence of the Yu Dynasty; it is also very likely that the founders of Confucianism deliberately described the Yu Dynasty as the Zen Era in order to beautify the ancient times.
If the argument of Yu Chaozhi is established and confirmed, then The general term of China's history will have to change. "Five thousand years of China" should be changed to "six thousand years of China", and "five thousand years of Chinese civilization" should be changed to "six thousand years of Chinese civilization".
Yu Shun
Emperor Shun, who inherited all the political legacies of the Tang Yao period, including the appointment of talents and the state system, was a continuation of the system of the Tang Yao period.
After Yao's death, Shun had another major political upheaval. At this time, Shun Mingyu served as a Sikong and governed the water and soil; Ordering Qi, Qi, Abandoning, And others who had already been cited as a "scholar" and taking charge of the criminal law; FengYi as a "co-worker" and in charge of hundreds of workers; Feng Boyi as a "Rank Sect" and presiding over ceremonies; Feng Boyi as a music official, in charge of music and education; and Feng Long as a "Na Yan", responsible for issuing orders and collecting opinions. It is also stipulated that the performance of the government will be examined once every three years, and the promotion or dismissal will be decided by the results of the three inspections. Through such rectification, "Xian Xi has achieved great success" and a new look has emerged in all aspects of work. He arranged for Dayu to control the flood, and as an example, he chiseled mountains and cleared rivers, and finally subdued the flood and made the people of the world live and work in peace and contentment. When the comparison was over, "the mingde of the world began with Yu Shun", showing an unprecedented peaceful situation.
Shun, like Yao, is the same
The State of Jin borrowed the State of Yu to fight against the State of Yu
Henan
In the pre-Qin period, the Confucian and Mo families respected the ancient saint king. And Shun has a special significance for Confucianism. Confucian doctrine values filial piety, and the legend of Shun is also known for filial piety, so his personality image is just a model for Confucian ethics. Mencius made great contributions to the development of Confucianism after Confucius, and he strongly admired Shun's filial piety and advocated that people strive to be on par with Shun and be a filial piety like Shun. He said, "Shun, man also, I, also man." Shun is the law of the world, can be passed on to future generations, I am (Judas) not exempted from the villagers, is also worried. How worried? Just like Shun. He even imagined that Shun was the Son of Heaven, and that Shun would not use his power to break the criminal law and pardon him, but would go to prison to secretly carry his father out, flee to the seashore together, live a carefree life, and forget the status of the Son of Heaven in order to share the joys of heaven. As a result of Confucian propaganda, the legendary deeds about Shun have left a profound impact on the Chinese cultural tradition.
When Shun was old, he thought that his son Shang Jun was not Xiao, so he identified Yu, the most prestigious, as his successor, and Yu took charge of the affairs.
In his later years, Emperor Shun lived in Mingtiao (the mausoleum of Emperor Shun of Northern Yuncheng, Shanxi), where he was buried after his death.