Breeding and pest control cultivation technology of Northeast black pine
1 Morphological characteristics
Northeast black pine is a coniferous evergreen tree, up to 35 m tall, chest diameter up to 1. ２ｍ。 The lower part of the bark is grayish brown, split into irregular scales, cracks and upper bark are reddish brown; large branches are flattened or obliquely upward, the old tree is flattened; the small branches are thick, yellowish brown, shiny, no white powder; winter buds are oblong, pointed at the apex, slightly resinous, and the bud scales are reddish brown. Conifers 2 needles 1 bunch, dark green, coarse and hard, 10 ~ 20 cm long, diameter 1. ０～１． 5mm, with fine serrations at the edges, stomata lines on both sides, semicircular cross-sectional surface, intermittent 2 layers of subcutaneous cells, marginal, horns and back occasionally mesophytic; leaf sheaths are initially light brown, and then pale black brown. Male bulbous flowers are columnar, 1.5 long. ５～２． 0 cm, polyphyllum in the lower part of the new shoots in the form of spikes; the young cones of the year are ovoid, yellowish brown or yellow-green, upright. The cones are ovate or ovate, 4 to 8 cm long, with a short stalk, almost at right angles to the branches, yellowish brown after maturity, often stored for several years; the central species scales are nearly oblong inverted ovate, long 1. ５～２． 0cm, width 1. ０～２． 0 cm, the scale shield is thick and shiny, flat diamond-shaped or flat diamond-shaped polygonal, the transverse ridge is obvious, the longitudinal ridge is almost absent, the scale umbilicus is obvious, and there are thorny tips. The seeds are 5 to 10 mm long, and the wings are 1. ５～２． 0 cm, the wings are 2 to 3 times longer than the seeds. The flowering period is May, and the cones ripen in early and mid-October of the following year. It is distributed in northeast China, north China, northwest China and Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and other places.
2 Seedling propagation
２． 1 Site selection
Northeast black pine seedlings do not like water wet low-lying land, must choose flat terrain, well-drained plots. Soil sticky, saline high, low-lying water plots, not suitable for nursery land.
２． 2 Land preparation
In autumn, the land is prepared, and the decomposed farm manure bottom fertilizer is applied before the land preparation, 1000 kg of fertilizer is applied per mu, and 12 kg of potassium permanganate powder is evenly sprinkled on mu, and turned into the soil for sterilization and disinfection. Deep turn 30cm, rake flat rake thin, north and south direction to make a large, 30cm high, width 1. 2m, set aside.
２． 3 Seed treatment
The seeds were sterilized with Bordeaux liquid soaking, soaked in warm water of 50 to 60 °C for 48 hours, and then mixed with sand according to 3:1 seeds to germinate. It can generally germinate in about 20 days, and when the seed opening germination rate reaches more than 40%, it can be sown.
２． 4 Sowing
The Northeast region chose to sow in the spring. It is better to sow seeds 10 to 20 days after the spring soil thaws. Before sowing, the surface is watered thoroughly, wide strip sowing is adopted, the ditch surface is trenched, the ditch depth is 5cm, and the sowing amount of 1m2 is about 0. １ｋｇ。 Cover the fine sand soil 2 cm thick after sowing, compacted and watered thoroughly. In order to prevent rat infestation, before building the arch cover film, some rat poison should be sprinkled on the surface. Cover with plastic film to increase seedbed temperature and humidity.
２． 5 Seedling management
After the seedlings are ready, increase the ventilation and light transmission of the seedbed, promote the growth of seedlings, and enhance the resistance of seedlings. The seedling stage is more shade-tolerant, remove the plastic film, and shade with a shade net to prevent poor growth of seedlings caused by high temperature and sun.
Entering the high temperature and dry season, watering should be carried out in time, and the seedbed should be dry and wet. In the rainy season, drain the water in time. According to the principle of early, small and clean weeding, timely weeding should be carried out, and the weeding should be gently pulled out when weeding to avoid harming the root system of the seedling when pulling out the grass. After pulling the grass, it is necessary to cover the fine soil in time and compact it.
When the seedlings are growing vigorously, they should be fertilized in time. To carry out 2 to 3 times of fertilization, mainly nitrogen fertilizer and decomposed farm manure, 15kg of farm manure per mu. 5 kg of urea per acre. Late growth of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to promote the lignification of seedlings, which is conducive to overwintering of seedlings.
２． 6 Transplanting
There are more large seedlings in production, and the cultivation of large-sized seedlings needs to be transplanted. 2-year seedlings in the early spring before the germination of the soil lump for transplanting, the plant spacing is 25cm, the row spacing is 55cm, do not hurt the top bud of the seedling when transplanting, and water in time after planting. Seedlings over 5 years old can be transplanted for the second time with soil balls, with a plant spacing of 60 cm and a row spacing of 120 cm. When transplanting, 5 kg of decomposed farmhouse fertilizer is applied to 1 plant, and a pit is dug around the plant to be applied, and then the soil is buried and watered once permeable.
When transplanting bare roots of 2-year-old seedlings, it is necessary to protect the root system from exposing its root system, resulting in physiological drought and death. With digging and planting, the survival rate is high. Large seedlings for greening. Transplanting time is best when winter dormant and spring frosting, large seedlings must be transplanted with soil balls, soil balls are fixed with grass rope, the soil balls should be prevented from breaking during handling, and the column should be fixed after planting to prevent high winds from lodging.
4 Pests and diseases
The pests in the cultivation of seedlings are mainly breeding flies and pine aphids. Seed flies feed on endosperm or cotyledons, causing the germ to deform, rot and fail to emerge. Prevention and control methods: (1) When fertilizing, decomposing farm manure should be applied to control the breeding of insect eggs. (2) At the peak of adult spawning, timely spraying 2. 5% cypermethrin 2500 times liquid, or 25% Eccarce emulsion 1300 times liquid, or 25% methyl isosylinphos emulsion 1800 times liquid. (3) Medicament treatment of soil or seeds. Using organophosphorus agents such as 25% octyl thion capsules or mixing seeds with insecticidal seed coating agents can also treat underground pests. Pine aphid mainly harms the young branches and leaves of seedlings, causing tree weakness, affecting growth, and causing plant death. Control method: When the pest occurs, timely spray 52% octylthion emulsion 2000 times liquid.
