Painter Jun said
Shallow and interesting deep art and aesthetic dry goods
The first appraisal enlightenment book I bought when I studied calligraphy and painting was Zhang Heng's "How to Identify Calligraphy and Painting".
This was a small book, at that time, I only knew that Zhang Liangyu was very powerful, but I didn't know where he was strong. When you open the book, it is also very simple to talk, telling you what is going on, where to start, what books you should read, and what points to pay attention to. Then you clearly form a correct framework and concept in your head, basically you can't go wrong.
Similarly, compared with Liu Jiu'an's calligraphy and painting appraisal works, I found that the styles of the two are completely different, Liu Jiu'an is a variety of specific practice tricks, and Zhang Heng Zhang Liangyu is the foundation of the theoretical level, turning appraisal into a discipline.
To learn a thing, the way to start should be correct, so it is certainly right to look at Zhang Heng first, he has established a complete set of scientific theories for the identification of calligraphy and painting, which has become the standard for the identification of calligraphy and painting in the field of culture and literature. He participated in the appraisal of Sanxitang's "Mid-Autumn Festival" and "Boyuan Ti", as well as the appraisal of ancient calligraphy and paintings in major museums after the founding of New China, etc. What he has collected, recorded and appraised is about equivalent to "covering the coffin".
However, our optical theory, without practice, can not work? Zhang Liangyu couldn't have imagined this. The book "How to Identify Calligraphy and Painting" was just an introduction, a general outline, and could reflect even one-tenth of his appraisal knowledge.
So he began to write a very cattle calligraphy and painting appraisal work, called "Notes on the Painting of Muyan Zhai".
Zhang Heng, who made the calligraphy and painting version of the "Xinhua Dictionary"
Zhang Heng once made a plan, planning to spend 20 years to sort out the about 6,000 pieces of calligraphy and paintings that he believes have survived, compile the catalog texts, and examine and evaluate them one by one.
Zhang Heng
He began to compile it in 1960, and if completed, it would be an immortal work of calligraphy and painting appraisal in the past, but unfortunately Zhang Heng died of illness in 1963, and his plan was suspended by time.
But in just those three years, Zhang Heng has completed one-third of the work, combing 2192 pieces of calligraphy and painting works since the two Jin Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties until modern times, including 1380 paintings and 812 calligraphy, which basically include the most representative and excellent calligraphy and painting works in ancient China.
Of these 2192 works, each work has a detailed record of the name, texture, size, content, inscription, seal, collection unit, and historical bibliography. Most of the works collected are collected in major museums at home and abroad, and a few works are private collections. Some of these overseas calligraphy and painting works are still rare to see.
What is particularly precious is that many of the works in the bibliography include Zhang Heng's deficiencies in making up for the shortcomings of his predecessors, correcting the errors of his predecessors, and making lofty remarks that have not been issued by his predecessors, which are unique in the bibliographies of calligraphy and painting in previous dynasties and have irreplaceable reference value.
Why is Zhang Heng so authoritative in the identification, because he himself is an extremely powerful collector.
Zhang Heng was born in the Wuxingwang clan, and his ancestors and fathers learned the customs of collecting, accumulated three generations of merit, and continued to inherit them, and the family hid the old things, benefiting the prosperity. Before he could reach the crown, he took the giant to collect the famous paintings of the Fa, and within a few years, he refined a pair of giant eyes in the midst of the real forgery, and swirled the sound of calligraphy and painting to vibrate in the world. In 1934 and 1946, he was appointed twice as an appraisal committee member of the Palace Museum.
When he was first hired as a member of the appraisal committee of the Palace Museum, he was only 20 years old, young but talented, and Wu Hufan, a collector and appraiser of the same era, also admired him: "The green jade year is only twenty-six, and the collection of law books is a private Jiaguan in the sea, and the self-book imitation yuan people are also the best, and the handsome talents among the young people are also handsome." ”
In 1947, the fine works of famous paintings of the past dynasties in his collection were compiled by Mr. Zheng Zhenduo into the "Collection of Famous Paintings Since the Tang and Song Dynasties of Yunhui Zhaizang".
In 1950, he served as an advisor to the Shanghai Municipal Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Relics, and in the same year, he was transferred to the deputy director of the Cultural Relics Department of the Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministry of Culture, and also the deputy editor-in-chief of the Cultural Relics Publishing House and the editorial board of the two periodicals "Cultural Relics" and "Archaeology".
Zhang Onionyu Old Collection Song Ouyang Xiu's "Burning Ai Ti" line book; It is now in the palace museum in Beijing.
Zhang Liangyu Old Collection, Tang Dynasty Zhou Fang's "Baby Drama"
Zhang Liangyu Old Tibet Yuan Ni Zhan 《虞山林壑圖》
In 1961, Zhang Heng led a cultural relics appraisal team to go to all parts of the country to sort, classify and appraise nearly 100,000 pieces of calligraphy and painting works, found and protected many calligraphy and painting treasures, and also laid the foundation for the collection and research of later generations.
At present, the authority of the ancient painting industry is the "five elders" of the calligraphy and painting appraisal team in that year, and the five elders who are now authoritative, when Zhang Jiajing lived in Nanluoguxiang, Qi Gong, Wang Shixiang, Xie Zhiliu, Xu Bangda, Yang Renkai, etc. often visited and consulted. It can be said that Zhang Heng is the teacher of the Five Elders, and Mr. Qi Gong is praised as "unparalleled in the four seas".
Zhang Heng's daughter Zhang Yiwen has a deep memory of Qi Gong and Wang Shixiang, and in an interview she laughed that she did not like to go to Wang Shixiang's house when she was a child, "because the furniture inside is all old, bulky and huge, and the house is full and dark." ”
Scientific theory of calligraphy and painting identification
Opening this set of "Notes on the Painting of Mu Yan Zhai", which only one-third of the writing was completed, Huanghuang three million words, Zhang Heng's identification method can be said to be very scientific.
For example, he sorted out the ancient people's imitation of so-and-so family law into genealogy and family law, believing that this is not only a traditional way of calligraphy and painting creation, but also a method for identifying the authenticity of calligraphy and painting;
There are also Song people meteorology, Yuanren meteorology, Song personality tone, Yuan personality tone, early years pen, middle age pen, late life pen and other languages, which are the methods of breaking the generation and staging. Among them, there are also words such as imitation of a certain work that is not angry enough or imitation of a certain work, which is Zhang Heng's method of distinguishing between good and bad;
The four eyes, namely the era of the broken painting, the periodization of the painting of a broken painter, the identification of the authenticity of the painting, the distinction between the merits and demerits of a painter's paintings or the superiority or inferiority of his painters' paintings, constitute Zhang Heng's judgment on the style and personal style of the era of the work.
Let me give you a chestnut.
Zhang Heng wrote a commentary on the "Ten Zhi Scrolls of Lu Hong Caotang" now in the "National Palace Museum" in Taipei:
"This volume was old and was written by Hong Yi, and according to the volume, Yang Ningshi was also published. However, before each figure, there are inscriptions, and the style of the book imitates the right army below, and Ou, Yu, Chu, Xue, Yan, and Liu are all available. Hong, Kaiyuanjian people, Ande foresees yuan and foot samples? This is not the work of Hong B. Even if it is not accurately referred to as Lu in the condensed style, and the Zhou Yi Gongbao is only called Lu Haoran Caotang Tu, it refers to the Ten Zhi in general, and the meaning can also be understood. Hereby, the painting method of the scroll is thick and ancient, and the calligraphy has done its best to obtain the essence of the gods of all families, and it is not done by famous hands. Hongli suspected that Li Gonglin had written it, taking the "Mountain Villa Map" as evidence, and did not know that the "Mountain Villa Map" was not made by Bo Shi, but when he returned to Bo, then the former Trek was already in Shi Jin, and how to explain it? That is to say, zhou is only two hundred and fifty years away from Yang, and Yigong is not not a connoisseur, is it that Yang Shu cannot be recognized, and he has studied it in detail? It is incomprehensible. Yu suspected that this picture was made by the late Tang Dynasty, so the calligraphy was exquisite to Nell, but it could not be examined, and it was first attached to the end of the Tang Dynasty, in order to be the best of the later generations. ”
A three-million-word calligraphy and painting appraisal masterpiece
Due to his busy official duties, Zhang Heng could only write in his spare time, and in three years he left behind nearly three million words of research results, an unfinished but still precious chinese calligraphy and painting appraisal tool document.
Zhang Heng's manuscript was kept by his wife Gu Mei until 2000, when the Cultural Relics Publishing House photocopied and published "Notes on the Appreciation of Muyan Zhai Calligraphy and Painting" (real name "Muyan Fax"), and Mr. Qi Gong drew up the title, title and preface. Only 300 copies of the Cultural Relics Publishing House have been published, which are currently out of print, and a few years ago there was a full set of books at auction, and the transaction price was around 30,000.
Zhang Liangyu and Gu Mei wedding photos, taken in Shanghai in 1938.
At the beginning of 2011, entrusted by Gu Meinushi, Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House decided to edit and publish the Collected Works of Zhang Heng, and in July of the same year, it published "Zhang Liangyu's Diary and Poetry Manuscript" and "How to Identify Calligraphy and Painting". That's right, the one I bought.
After that, the Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House felt that the photocopy of the Cultural Relics Publishing House's "Notes on appreciation of Muyan Zhai Calligraphy and Painting" was vague and unclear, and it was inconvenient to interpret and read, and was determined to organize forces to collate and sort out Zhang Heng's original works and typeset them for publication. It's a big project, three million words, interpretation, punctuation, proofreading, collation, and, with pictures! A calligraphy and painting appraisal book is completely unreadable without pictures, but what a big project the world is to find pictures and pictures! Just think about it and be moved!
The project lasted four years, and a number of art documentation experts and editorial teams worked overtime to finally publish a new punctuation collation on the occasion of Zhang Heng's centenary birthday.
This set of books also sold out quickly after publication, and most of the bookstores on the market are now out of stock, and a reader came to ask me a few days ago if there was a set of books to sell. Because the Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House is already an old friend of the Republic of China painting, I asked about it. The head of the distribution section actually went to the library to collect more than two dozen sets, which was also the last twenty sets available for sale in the world. Of course I have to grab it first.
The last twenty sets of out-of-print - punctuation arrangement with the plate version of "Muyan Zhai Calligraphy and Painting Appreciation Notes" has been on the shelves of the Republic of China Painting Micro Store, and the painter himself has bought a set of ~ recognize the goods on the order.
The punctuation collation is a total of five volumes, and its Chinese characters are rearranged in chronological order, counting into four volumes, which more accurately reflects the process of Mr. Zhang Heng's four-year calligraphy and painting bibliography, and the number of calligraphy and painting works he has written every year.
Zhang Heng's posthumous manuscript is an unfinished manuscript, although the handwriting is worked, there are still many vague and cursive, the inscription does not have a new style of broken sentences, and the collated version interprets and punctuates Zhang Heng's entire manuscript; with rigorous examples, inherits the ideas of Zhang Heng's original work, makes full use of the convenience of typography in font size and format, and reflects Zhang Heng's bibliographic and explanatory intentions to the greatest extent, so as to facilitate readers' reading.
A volume of "Plate Plates" was compiled and attached to the end of the book, and a total of 158 rare calligraphy and painting works were included. The selection of the plates can reflect Zhang Heng's appraisal concept and path method, so as to achieve the purpose of mutual verification of pictures and texts, so that readers can have a deeper understanding of Zhang Heng's bibliography and appraisal.
The punctuation collation book corrects many misplaced places in Zhang Heng's manuscript in the photocopy, corrects the wrong reporter of the calligraphy and painting documents noted in Zhang Heng's manuscript, interprets the original seals, cursive books and seals recorded by Zhang Heng, compares the existing original traces, corrects the errors in the original text of the original calligraphy and paintings, and greatly improves the editing quality of the original works. The punctuation book is compiled with an index of calligraphy and painting family names and an index of calligraphy and painting works, which is greatly convenient for readers to use and study.
——Wang Lixiang, President and Editor-in-Chief of Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House
"Painting in the Republic of China, telling artists affectionately, professionally interpreting works of art, and directly going deep into the art market." Committed to doing the best art self-media, write the best art articles. Life is not long, you need to read something good. Follow us and keep receiving good articles. ”
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